Mont. Code Ann. » TITLE 3. JUDICIARY, COURTS · CHAPTER 10. JUSTICES' COURTS · Part 2. Justices of the Peace
Montana Code Annotated

Mont. Code Ann. § 3-10-231 (2026)

Circumstances In Which Acting Justice Called In -- By Whom

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  1. MCA Contents
  2. TITLE 3
  3. CHAPTER 10
  4. Part 2
  5. 3-10-231 Circumstances in which acting justice called in -- by whom

TITLE 3. JUDICIARY, COURTS

CHAPTER 10. JUSTICES' COURTS

Part 2. Justices of the Peace

Circumstances In Which Acting Justice Called In -- By Whom

3-10-231. Circumstances in which acting justice called in -- by whom. (1) Whenever a justice of the peace is disqualified from acting in any action because of the application of the supreme court's rules on disqualification and substitution of judges, provided for in 3-1-803 and 3-1-805, the justice of the peace shall:

(a) transfer the action to another justice's court in the same county; or

(b) request a district court judge presiding in the county to appoint a qualified substitute from the list provided in subsection (2) or call a justice from a neighboring county to preside.

(2) (a) The following requirements must be met to qualify a substitute for a justice of the peace:

(i) Within 30 days of taking office, a justice of the peace shall provide a list of persons who are qualified to hold court in the justice's place during a temporary absence. Each person listed must be a current or former judge, a current or former attorney, current court personnel, or a former law enforcement officer. The persons listed must also be of good moral character and have community support, a sense of community standards, and a basic knowledge of court procedure.

(ii) The sitting justice of the peace shall request and obtain from the commission on courts of limited jurisdiction established by the supreme court a waiver of training for the substitutes.

(iii) Each person on the list provided for in subsection (2)(a)(i) shall subscribe to the written oath of office as soon as possible after the person has received a waiver of training from the supreme court. The oath may be subscribed before any member of the board of county commissioners or before any other officer authorized to administer oaths.

(b) The list of qualified substitutes, the written oath, and the commission's written approval and waiver of training for those substitutes pursuant to subsection (2)(a)(ii) must be filed with the county clerk as provided in 3-10-202.

(c) A county clerk may provide a current list of qualified and sworn substitutes to local law enforcement officers.

(3) Whenever a justice is sick, disabled, absent, or otherwise unable to act, the justice may call in another justice or a city judge or a person from the list provided for in subsection (2) to hold court for the justice until the justice is able to act. If the justice is unable to call in a substitute, the county commissioners shall call in another justice, a city judge, or a person from the list provided for in subsection (2).

(4) During the time when a justice of the peace is on vacation or attending a training session, another justice of the peace of the same county is authorized to handle matters that otherwise would be handled by the absent justice. When there is no other justice of the peace in the county, the justice of the peace may designate another person in the same manner as provided in subsection (3).

(5) A justice of the peace of any county may hold the court of any other justice of the peace at that justice's request.

History: (1) thru (3)En. Sec. 626, p. 168, Bannack Stat.; re-en. Sec. 732, p. 184, Cod. Stat. 1871; re-en. Sec. 792, 1st Div. Rev. Stat. 1879; re-en. Sec. 812, 1st Div. Comp. Stat. 1887; amd. Sec. 1683, C. Civ. Proc. 1895; re-en. Sec. 7081, Rev. C. 1907; re-en. Sec. 9714, R.C.M. 1921; Cal. C. Civ. Proc. Sec. 922; re-en. Sec. 9714, R.C.M. 1935; amd. Sec. 24, Ch. 491, L. 1973; amd. Sec. 17, Ch. 420, L. 1975; amd. Sec. 51, Ch. 344, L. 1977; Sec. 93-7704, R.C.M. 1947; (4)En. Sec. 62, C. Civ. Proc. 1895; re-en. Sec. 6281, Rev. C. 1907; re-en. Sec. 8835, R.C.M. 1921; Cal. C. Civ. Proc. Sec. 105; amd. Sec. 2, Ch. 92, L. 1933; re-en. Sec. 8835, R.C.M. 1935; amd. Sec. 7, Ch. 491, L. 1973; amd. Sec. 10, Ch. 420, L. 1975; Sec. 93-403, R.C.M. 1947; R.C.M. 1947, 93-403(part), 93-7704(1); amd. Sec. 1, Ch. 482, L. 1985; amd. Sec. 5, Ch. 317, L. 1991; amd. Sec. 1, Ch. 150, L. 1997; amd. Sec. 1, Ch. 248, L. 2013.

Notes of Decisions
Cited in 6 cases, 1994–2012 · leading case: State v. Beaupre, 2004 MT 300, 102 P.3d 504.
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State v. Beaupre, 2004 MT 300, 102 P.3d 504. · cites it 111× “¶ 20 Section 3-10-231, MCA, provides: (1) Whenever a justice of the peace is disqualified from acting in any action because of the application of the supreme court's rules on disqualification and substitution of judges, 3-1-803 and 3-1-805, the justice of the peace shall either…”
State v. Vickers, 1998 MT 201, 964 P.2d 756. · cites it 49× “Second, the court found that Judge Larsen failed to use the proper method of calling in a substitute justice of the peace as prescribed by § 3-10-231, MCA, and Potter, 266 Mont. at 391 , 880 P.”
Potter v. Dist. Court of the Sixteenth Jud. Dist., 880 P.2d 1319 (Mont. 1994). · cites it 42× “The statute authorizing the appointment of substitute justices of the peace is found at § 3-10-231, MCA. That statute provides: (1) Whenever a justice of the peace is disqualified from acting in any action because of the application of the supreme court’s rules on…”
Potter v. Dist. Ct. of 16th Jud. Dist., 880 P.2d 1319 (Mont. 1994). · cites it 42× “The statute authorizing the appointment of substitute justices of the peace is found at § 3-10-231, MCA. That statute provides: (1) Whenever a justice of the peace is disqualified from acting in any action because of the application of the supreme court's rules on…”
Pinnow v. Montana State Fund, 2007 MT 332, 172 P.3d 1273. · cites it 4× “In Potter, we stated that unless the procedures for authorizing and calling in a substitute justice of the peace (see § 3-10-231, MCA) are followed, then no substitute justice is appointed and “the person seeking to exercise the powers of a judge as his substitute has no…”
Blodgett v. Missoula JP Court, 2012 MT 134, 280 P.3d 904. · cites it 32× “¶3 Judge Orzech has now filed her response in this case wherein she states that § 3-10-231, MCA, provided the authority for her to call in Judge Harkin as a substitute justice of the peace.”
Mont. Code Ann. § 3-10-231(1): 1 case
State v. Beaupre, 2004 MT 300, 102 P.3d 504. “¶ 20 Section 3-10-231, MCA, provides: (1) Whenever a justice of the peace is disqualified from acting in any action because of the application of the supreme court's rules on disqualification and substitution of judges, 3-1-803 and 3-1-805, the justice of the peace shall either…”
Mont. Code Ann. § 3-10-231(2): 5 cases
Potter v. Dist. Court of the Sixteenth Jud. Dist., 880 P.2d 1319 (Mont. 1994). “The statute authorizing the appointment of substitute justices of the peace is found at § 3-10-231, MCA. That statute provides: (1) Whenever a justice of the peace is disqualified from acting in any action because of the application of the supreme court’s rules on…”
Potter v. Dist. Ct. of 16th Jud. Dist., 880 P.2d 1319 (Mont. 1994). “The statute authorizing the appointment of substitute justices of the peace is found at § 3-10-231, MCA. That statute provides: (1) Whenever a justice of the peace is disqualified from acting in any action because of the application of the supreme court's rules on…”
State v. Vickers, 1998 MT 201, 964 P.2d 756. “Second, the court found that Judge Larsen failed to use the proper method of calling in a substitute justice of the peace as prescribed by § 3-10-231, MCA, and Potter, 266 Mont. at 391 , 880 P.”
State v. Beaupre, 2004 MT 300, 102 P.3d 504. “¶ 20 Section 3-10-231, MCA, provides: (1) Whenever a justice of the peace is disqualified from acting in any action because of the application of the supreme court's rules on disqualification and substitution of judges, 3-1-803 and 3-1-805, the justice of the peace shall either…”
Blodgett v. Missoula JP Court, 2012 MT 134, 280 P.3d 904. “¶3 Judge Orzech has now filed her response in this case wherein she states that § 3-10-231, MCA, provided the authority for her to call in Judge Harkin as a substitute justice of the peace.”
Mont. Code Ann. § 3-10-231(2)(a): 1 case
State v. Beaupre, 2004 MT 300, 102 P.3d 504. “¶ 20 Section 3-10-231, MCA, provides: (1) Whenever a justice of the peace is disqualified from acting in any action because of the application of the supreme court's rules on disqualification and substitution of judges, 3-1-803 and 3-1-805, the justice of the peace shall either…”
Mont. Code Ann. § 3-10-231(2)(a)(i): 2 cases
State v. Beaupre, 2004 MT 300, 102 P.3d 504. “¶ 20 Section 3-10-231, MCA, provides: (1) Whenever a justice of the peace is disqualified from acting in any action because of the application of the supreme court's rules on disqualification and substitution of judges, 3-1-803 and 3-1-805, the justice of the peace shall either…”
Blodgett v. Missoula JP Court, 2012 MT 134, 280 P.3d 904. “¶3 Judge Orzech has now filed her response in this case wherein she states that § 3-10-231, MCA, provided the authority for her to call in Judge Harkin as a substitute justice of the peace.”
Mont. Code Ann. § 3-10-231(2)(a)(ii): 1 case
Blodgett v. Missoula JP Court, 2012 MT 134, 280 P.3d 904. “¶3 Judge Orzech has now filed her response in this case wherein she states that § 3-10-231, MCA, provided the authority for her to call in Judge Harkin as a substitute justice of the peace.”
Mont. Code Ann. § 3-10-231(3): 5 cases
State v. Beaupre, 2004 MT 300, 102 P.3d 504. “¶ 20 Section 3-10-231, MCA, provides: (1) Whenever a justice of the peace is disqualified from acting in any action because of the application of the supreme court's rules on disqualification and substitution of judges, 3-1-803 and 3-1-805, the justice of the peace shall either…”
State v. Vickers, 1998 MT 201, 964 P.2d 756. “Second, the court found that Judge Larsen failed to use the proper method of calling in a substitute justice of the peace as prescribed by § 3-10-231, MCA, and Potter, 266 Mont. at 391 , 880 P.”
Potter v. Dist. Court of the Sixteenth Jud. Dist., 880 P.2d 1319 (Mont. 1994). “The statute authorizing the appointment of substitute justices of the peace is found at § 3-10-231, MCA. That statute provides: (1) Whenever a justice of the peace is disqualified from acting in any action because of the application of the supreme court’s rules on…”
Potter v. Dist. Ct. of 16th Jud. Dist., 880 P.2d 1319 (Mont. 1994). “The statute authorizing the appointment of substitute justices of the peace is found at § 3-10-231, MCA. That statute provides: (1) Whenever a justice of the peace is disqualified from acting in any action because of the application of the supreme court's rules on…”
Blodgett v. Missoula JP Court, 2012 MT 134, 280 P.3d 904. “¶3 Judge Orzech has now filed her response in this case wherein she states that § 3-10-231, MCA, provided the authority for her to call in Judge Harkin as a substitute justice of the peace.”
Mont. Code Ann. § 3-10-231(4): 1 case
State v. Beaupre, 2004 MT 300, 102 P.3d 504. “¶ 20 Section 3-10-231, MCA, provides: (1) Whenever a justice of the peace is disqualified from acting in any action because of the application of the supreme court's rules on disqualification and substitution of judges, 3-1-803 and 3-1-805, the justice of the peace shall either…”
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