15 U.S.C. § 1681t

Relation to State laws

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(a) In general

Except as provided in subsections (b) and (c), this subchapter does not annul, alter, affect, or exempt any person subject to the provisions of this subchapter from complying with the laws of any State with respect to the collection, distribution, or use of any information on consumers, or for the prevention or mitigation of identity theft, except to the extent that those laws are inconsistent with any provision of this subchapter, and then only to the extent of the inconsistency.

(b) General exceptionsNo requirement or prohibition may be imposed under the laws of any State—(1) with respect to any subject matter regulated under—(A) subsection (c) or (e) of section 1681b of this title, relating to the prescreening of consumer reports;(B)section 1681i of this title, relating to the time by which a consumer reporting agency must take any action, including the provision of notification to a consumer or other person, in any procedure related to the disputed accuracy of information in a consumer’s file, except that this subparagraph shall not apply to any State law in effect on September 30, 1996;(C) subsections (a) and (b) of section 1681m of this title, relating to the duties of a person who takes any adverse action with respect to a consumer;(D)section 1681m(d) of this title, relating to the duties of persons who use a consumer report of a consumer in connection with any credit or insurance transaction that is not initiated by the consumer and that consists of a firm offer of credit or insurance;(E)section 1681c of this title, relating to information contained in consumer reports, except that this subparagraph shall not apply to any State law in effect on September 30, 1996;(F)section 1681s–2 of this title, relating to the responsibilities of persons who furnish information to consumer reporting agencies, except that this paragraph shall not apply—(i) with respect to section 54A(a) of chapter 93 of the Massachusetts Annotated Laws (as in effect on September 30, 1996); or(ii) with respect to section 1785.25(a) of the California Civil Code (as in effect on September 30, 1996);(G)section 1681g(e) of this title, relating to information available to victims under section 1681g(e) of this title;(H)section 1681s–3 of this title, relating to the exchange and use of information to make a solicitation for marketing purposes;(I)section 1681m(h) of this title, relating to the duties of users of consumer reports to provide notice with respect to terms in certain credit transactions;(J) subsections (i) and (j) of section 1681c–1 of this title relating to security freezes; or(K) subsection (k) of section 1681c–1 of this title, relating to credit monitoring for active duty military consumers, as defined in that subsection;(2) with respect to the exchange of information among persons affiliated by common ownership or common corporate control, except that this paragraph shall not apply with respect to subsection (a) or (c)(1) of section 2480e of title 9, Vermont Statutes Annotated (as in effect on September 30, 1996);(3) with respect to the disclosures required to be made under subsection (c), (d), (e), or (g) of section 1681g of this title, or subsection (f) of section 1681g of this title relating to the disclosure of credit scores for credit granting purposes, except that this paragraph—(A) shall not apply with respect to sections 1785.10, 1785.16, and 1785.20.2 of the California Civil Code (as in effect on December 4, 2003) and section 1785.15 through section 1785.15.2 of such Code (as in effect on such date);(B) shall not apply with respect to sections 5–3–106(2) and 212–14.3–104.3 of the Colorado Revised Statutes (as in effect on December 4, 2003); and(C) shall not be construed as limiting, annulling, affecting, or superseding any provision of the laws of any State regulating the use in an insurance activity, or regulating disclosures concerning such use, of a credit-based insurance score of a consumer by any person engaged in the business of insurance;(4) with respect to the frequency of any disclosure under section 1681j(a) of this title, except that this paragraph shall not apply—(A) with respect to section 12–14.3–105(1)(d) of the Colorado Revised Statutes (as in effect on December 4, 2003);(B) with respect to section 10–1–393(29)(C) of the Georgia Code (as in effect on December 4, 2003);(C) with respect to section 1316.2 of title 10 of the Maine Revised Statutes (as in effect on December 4, 2003);(D) with respect to sections 14–1209(a)(1) and 14–1209(b)(1)(i) of the Commercial Law Article of the Code of Maryland (as in effect on December 4, 2003);(E) with respect to section 59(d) and section 59(e) of chapter 93 of the General Laws of Massachusetts (as in effect on December 4, 2003);(F) with respect to section 56:11–37.10(a)(1) of the New Jersey Revised Statutes (as in effect on December 4, 2003); or(G) with respect to section 2480c(a)(1) of title 9 of the Vermont Statutes Annotated (as in effect on December 4, 2003); or(5) with respect to the conduct required by the specific provisions of—(A)section 1681c(g) of this title;(B)section 1681c–1 of this title;(C)section 1681c–2 of this title;(D)section 1681g(a)(1)(A) of this title;(E)section 1681j(a) of this title;(F) subsections (e), (f), and (g) of section 1681m of this title;(G)section 1681s(f) of this title;(H)section 1681s–2(a)(6) of this title; or(I)section 1681w of this title.(c) “Firm offer of credit or insurance” defined

Notwithstanding any definition of the term “firm offer of credit or insurance” (or any equivalent term) under the laws of any State, the definition of that term contained in section 1681a(l) of this title shall be construed to apply in the enforcement and interpretation of the laws of any State governing consumer reports.

(d) Limitations

Subsections (b) and (c) do not affect any settlement, agreement, or consent judgment between any State Attorney General and any consumer reporting agency in effect on September 30, 1996.

(Pub. L. 90–321, title VI, § 625, formerly § 622, as added Pub. L. 91–508, title VI, § 601, Oct. 26, 1970, 84 Stat. 1136; renumbered § 623, Pub. L. 102–537, § 2(a), Oct. 27, 1992, 106 Stat. 3531; renumbered § 624 and amended Pub. L. 104–208, div. A, title II, §§ 2413(a)(1), 2419, Sept. 30, 1996, 110 Stat. 3009–447, 3009–452; renumbered § 625 and amended Pub. L. 108–159, title I, § 151(a)(2), title II, §§ 212(e), 214(a)(1), (c)(2), title III, § 311(b), title VII, § 711, Dec. 4, 2003, 117 Stat. 1964, 1977, 1980, 1983, 1989, 2011; Pub. L. 115–174, title III, §§ 301(b), 302(d)(2), May 24, 2018, 132 Stat. 1332, 1335.)Editorial NotesPrior Provisions

A prior section 625 of Pub. L. 90–321 was renumbered section 626 and is classified to section 1681u of this title.

Amendments

2018—Subsec. (b)(1)(J). Pub. L. 115–174, § 301(b), added subpar. (J).

Subsec. (b)(1)(K). Pub. L. 115–174, § 302(d)(2), added subpar. (K).

2003—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 108–159, § 711(1), inserted “or for the prevention or mitigation of identity theft,” after “information on consumers,”.

Subsec. (b)(1)(E). Pub. L. 108–159, § 214(c)(2)(A), struck out “or” after semicolon at end.

Subsec. (b)(1)(G). Pub. L. 108–159, § 151(a)(2), added subpar. (G).

Subsec. (b)(1)(H). Pub. L. 108–159, § 214(c)(2)(B), added subpar. (H).

Subsec. (b)(1)(I). Pub. L. 108–159, § 311(b), added subpar. (I).

Subsec. (b)(3), (4). Pub. L. 108–159, § 212(e), added pars. (3) and (4) and struck out former par. (3) which read as follows: “with respect to the form and content of any disclosure required to be made under section 1681g(c) of this title.”

Subsec. (b)(5). Pub. L. 108–159, § 711(2), added par. (5).

Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 108–159, § 711(3), substituted “(b) and (c)” for “(b) and (c)—”, struck out par. (1) designation before “do not affect”, substituted “1996.” for “1996; and”, and struck out par. (2) which read as follows:

“(2) do not apply to any provision of State law (including any provision of a State constitution) that—

“(A) is enacted after January 1, 2004;

“(B) states explicitly that the provision is intended to supplement this subchapter; and

“(C) gives greater protection to consumers than is provided under this subchapter.”

1996—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 104–208, § 2419(1), designated existing provisions as subsec. (a), inserted heading, and substituted “Except as provided in subsections (b) and (c), this subchapter” for “This subchapter”.

Subsecs. (b) to (d). Pub. L. 104–208, § 2419(2), added subsecs. (b) to (d).

Statutory Notes and Related SubsidiariesEffective Date of 2018 Amendment

Amendment by section 301(b) of Pub. L. 115–174 effective 120 days after May 24, 2018, see section 301(c) of Pub. L. 115–174, set out as a note under section 1681c–1 of this title.

Amendment by section 302(d)(2) of Pub. L. 115–174 effective 1 year after May 24, 2018, see section 302(e) of Pub. L. 115–174, set out as a note under section 1681a of this title.

Effective Date of 2003 Amendment

Amendment by Pub. L. 108–159 subject to joint regulations establishing effective dates as prescribed by Federal Reserve Board and Federal Trade Commission, except as otherwise provided, see section 3 of Pub. L. 108–159, set out as a note under section 1681 of this title.

Effective Date of 1996 Amendment

Amendment by Pub. L. 104–208 effective 365 days after Sept. 30, 1996, with special rule for early compliance, see section 2420 of Pub. L. 104–208, set out as a note under section 1681a of this title.

Effective Date

Section effective upon the expiration of one hundred and eighty days following Oct. 26, 1970, see section 504(d) of Pub. L. 90–321, as added by Pub. L. 91–508, set out as a note under section 1681 of this title.

Notes of Decisions

Cited in 284 cases (88 in the last 5 years), 1975–2026 · leading case: Galper v. JP Morgan Chase Bank, N.A., 802 F.3d 437 (2d Cir. 2015).

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Galper v. JP Morgan Chase Bank, N.A., 802 F.3d 437 (2d Cir. 2015). · cites it 9× “” 15 U.S.C. § 1681t(a). *445 Congress, however, provided for certain exceptions to this general rule.”

Ross v. Fed. Deposit Ins., 625 F.3d 808 (4th Cir. 2010). · cites it 9× “With but few exceptions, the original preemption provision, 15 U.S.C. § 1681t(a), preempted state laws only “to the extent that those *813 laws are inconsistent with any provision of [the FCRA].”

Carvalho v. Equifax Info. Servs., LLC, 629 F.3d 876 (9th Cir. 2010). · cites it 3× “There, we concluded that the provisions creating a private right of action do not constitute a “requirement or prohibition” within the meaning of 15 U.S.C. § 1681t(b)(1)(F) because they merely provide a vehicle for enforcing actual requirements or prohibitions.”

Riley v. Gen. Motors Acceptance Corp., 226 F. Supp. 2d 1316 (S.D. Ala. 2002). · cites it 11× “The statutory explanation of the FCRA’s relationship to state law is found in 15 U.S.C. § 1681t, which provides, (a) In general Except as provided in subsections (b) and (c) of this section, this subchapter does not annul, alter, affect, or exempt any person subject to the…”

Hasvold v. First USA Bank, N.A., 194 F. Supp. 2d 1228 (D. Wyo. 2002). · cites it 7× “] 15 U.S.C. § 1681t (emphasis supplied). Section 1681s-2 discusses the responsibilities of furnishers of information to consumer reporting agencies.”

Aargon Agency, Inc. v. Sandy O'Laughlin, 70 F.4th 1224 (9th Cir. 2023). · cites it 8× “” 15 U.S.C. § 1681t; see Gorman v. Wolpoff & Abramson, LLP, 584 F.”

MacPherson v. Jpmorgan Chase Bank, N.A., 665 F.3d 45 (2d Cir. 2011). · cites it 2× “Because we agree that the Fair Credit Reporting Act (“FCRA”), 15 U.S.C. § 1681t(b)(l)(F), preempts Macpherson’s state law claims against Chase, we affirm the district court’s judgment.”

Rex v. Chase Home Fin. LLC, 905 F. Supp. 2d 1111 (C.D. Cal. 2012). · cites it 6× “Code § 580b does not bar collection of a deficiency after a “short sale”; (5) the Federal Credit Reporting Act, 15 U.S.C. § 1681t(b)(l)(F), preempts Plaintiffs’ claims; (6) Plaintiffs have failed to state a claim for breach of contract due to contradictory terms in two letters…”

Consum. Data Indus. Assoc. v. Frey, 26 F.4th 1 (1st Cir. 2022). · cites it 6× “1130 , 1136 (1970) (codified as amended at 15 U.S.C. §§ 1681t, 1681c); see also Guimond v.”

Comunale v. Home Depot, U.S.A., Inc., 328 F. Supp. 3d 70 (W.D.N.Y. 2018). · cites it 4× “See 15 U.S.C. § 1681t(b)(1)(F). Section 1681s-2(a)"relates to the furnishers' duty to report accurate information and their ongoing duty to correct inaccurate information.”

Islam v. Option One Mortg. Corp., 432 F. Supp. 2d 181 (D. Mass. 2006). · cites it 5× “15 U.S.C. § 1681t(a) (emphasis added). The Section goes on, however, explicitly to preempt all state laws in the areas covered by Section 1681s-2: No requirement or prohibition may be imposed under the laws of any State— (1) with respect to any subject matter regulated under—…”

Leet v. Cellco P'ship, 480 F. Supp. 2d 422 (D. Mass. 2007). · cites it 5× “§ 1681t(a), which states: [e]xcept as provided in subsections (b) and (c) of this section, this subchapter does not annul, alter, affect, or exempt any person subject to the provisions of this subchapter from complying with the laws of any State with respect to the collection,…”

Show all 284 citing cases →

— 15 U.S.C. § 1681t(a) — 29 cases

Galper v. JP Morgan Chase Bank, N.A., 802 F.3d 437 (2d Cir. 2015). “” 15 U.S.C. § 1681t(a). *445 Congress, however, provided for certain exceptions to this general rule.”

Hasvold v. First USA Bank, N.A., 194 F. Supp. 2d 1228 (D. Wyo. 2002). “] 15 U.S.C. § 1681t (emphasis supplied). Section 1681s-2 discusses the responsibilities of furnishers of information to consumer reporting agencies.”

Consum. Data Indus. Assoc. v. Frey, 26 F.4th 1 (1st Cir. 2022). “1130 , 1136 (1970) (codified as amended at 15 U.S.C. §§ 1681t, 1681c); see also Guimond v.”

Sanai v. Saltz, 170 Cal. App. 4th 746 (Cal. Ct. App. 2009).

Ross v. Fed. Deposit Ins., 625 F.3d 808 (4th Cir. 2010). “With but few exceptions, the original preemption provision, 15 U.S.C. § 1681t(a), preempted state laws only “to the extent that those *813 laws are inconsistent with any provision of [the FCRA].”

— 15 U.S.C. § 1681t(a)(l)(F) — 1 case

Barnhill v. Bank of Am., N.A., 378 F. Supp. 2d 696 (D.S.C. 2005).

— 15 U.S.C. § 1681t(b) — 38 cases

Gabriel Moran v. the Screening Pros, 923 F.3d 1208 (9th Cir. 2019).

Galper v. JP Morgan Chase Bank, N.A., 802 F.3d 437 (2d Cir. 2015). “” 15 U.S.C. § 1681t(a). *445 Congress, however, provided for certain exceptions to this general rule.”

Gorman v. Wolpoff & Abramson, LLP, 435 F. Supp. 2d 1004 (N.D. Cal. 2006).

Dietz v. Chase Home Fin., LLC, 41 A.3d 882 (Pa. Super. Ct. 2012).

— 15 U.S.C. § 1681t(b)(1) — 4 cases

Krey v. Castle Motor Sales, Inc., 241 F.R.D. 608 (N.D. Ill. 2007).

Consum. Data Indus. Ass'n v. Frey (D. Me. 2024).

Williams v. Cenlar FSB (N.D. Ill. 2024).

Wray (N.D.N.Y. 2026).

— 15 U.S.C. § 1681t(b)(1)(A) — 3 cases

Krey v. Castle Motor Sales, Inc., 241 F.R.D. 608 (N.D. Ill. 2007).

Ramirez v. Trans Union, LLC, 899 F. Supp. 2d 941 (N.D. Cal. 2012).

Premium Mortg. Corp. v. Equifax Inc. (2d Cir. 2009).

— 15 U.S.C. § 1681t(b)(1)(B) — 2 cases

Blackwell v. Chex Sys., Inc. (E.D. Pa. 2020).

Bell v. TransUnion (N.D. Ala. 2022).

— 15 U.S.C. § 1681t(b)(1)(E) — 7 cases

Consum. Data Indus. Assoc. v. Frey, 26 F.4th 1 (1st Cir. 2022). “1130 , 1136 (1970) (codified as amended at 15 U.S.C. §§ 1681t, 1681c); see also Guimond v.”

Aargon Agency, Inc. v. Sandy O'Laughlin, 70 F.4th 1224 (9th Cir. 2023). “” 15 U.S.C. § 1681t; see Gorman v. Wolpoff & Abramson, LLP, 584 F.”

Kemp v. Super. Ct. (Cal. Ct. App. 2022).

Consum. Data Indus. Ass'n v. Frey (D. Me. 2020).

Consum. Data Indus. Ass'n v. Frey (D. Me. 2024).

— 15 U.S.C. § 1681t(b)(1)(F) — 119 cases

Comunale v. Home Depot, U.S.A., Inc., 328 F. Supp. 3d 70 (W.D.N.Y. 2018). “See 15 U.S.C. § 1681t(b)(1)(F). Section 1681s-2(a)"relates to the furnishers' duty to report accurate information and their ongoing duty to correct inaccurate information.”

Aargon Agency, Inc. v. Sandy O'Laughlin, 70 F.4th 1224 (9th Cir. 2023). “” 15 U.S.C. § 1681t; see Gorman v. Wolpoff & Abramson, LLP, 584 F.”

Carvalho v. Equifax Info. Servs., LLC, 629 F.3d 876 (9th Cir. 2010). “There, we concluded that the provisions creating a private right of action do not constitute a “requirement or prohibition” within the meaning of 15 U.S.C. § 1681t(b)(1)(F) because they merely provide a vehicle for enforcing actual requirements or prohibitions.”

Michael Scott v. First S. Nat'l Bank, 936 F.3d 509 (6th Cir. 2019).

Shaunfield v. Experian Info. Solutions, Inc., 991 F. Supp. 2d 786 (N.D. Tex. 2014).

— 15 U.S.C. § 1681t(b)(1)(F)(I) — 1 case

Miller v. Bank of Am., Nat'l Ass'n, 858 F. Supp. 2d 1118 (S.D. Cal. 2012).

— 15 U.S.C. § 1681t(b)(1)(F)(i) — 3 cases

Brown v. JPMorgan Chase & Co. (D. Mass. 2023).

Clark v. Portfolio Recovery Assocs. (D. Mass. 2024).

Brown v. C2CInnovative Solutions, Inc. (D. Mass. 2025).

— 15 U.S.C. § 1681t(b)(1)(F)(ii) — 6 cases

Nissou-Rabban v. Capital One Bank (USA), N.A., 285 F. Supp. 3d 1136 (S.D. Cal. 2018).

Hua Lin v. Universal Card Servs. Corp., 238 F. Supp. 2d 1147 (N.D. Cal. 2002).

Langan v. United Servs. Auto. Ass'n, 69 F. Supp. 3d 965 (N.D. Cal. 2014).

Miller v. Bank of Am., Nat'l Ass'n, 858 F. Supp. 2d 1118 (S.D. Cal. 2012).

Pelt v. LVNV Funding LLC (D. Ariz. 2024).

— 15 U.S.C. § 1681t(b)(1)(a) — 1 case

Faircloth v. AR Resources, Inc. (N.D. Cal. 2020).

— 15 U.S.C. § 1681t(b)(1)(f) — 1 case

Hall (D. Or. 2026).

— 15 U.S.C. § 1681t(b)(2) — 5 cases

Cline v. Hawke, 51 F. App'x 392 (4th Cir. 2002).

Am. Bankers Ass'n v. Gould, 412 F.3d 1081 (9th Cir. 2005).

Am. Bankers Ass'n v. Lockyer, 541 F.3d 1214 (9th Cir. 2008).

Bank of Am., NA v. City of Daly City, Cal., 279 F. Supp. 2d 1118 (N.D. Cal. 2003).

Am. Bankers Ass'n v. Lockyer (9th Cir. 2008).

— 15 U.S.C. § 1681t(b)(3)(C) — 1 case

Baker v. Gen. Elec. Capital, Corp., 819 F. Supp. 2d 1332 (M.D. Ga. 2011).

— 15 U.S.C. § 1681t(b)(5) — 1 case

Consum. Data Indus. Ass'n v. Frey (D. Me. 2024).

— 15 U.S.C. § 1681t(b)(5)(C) — 3 cases

Consum. Data Indus. Assoc. v. Frey, 26 F.4th 1 (1st Cir. 2022). “1130 , 1136 (1970) (codified as amended at 15 U.S.C. §§ 1681t, 1681c); see also Guimond v.”

Consum. Data Indus. Ass'n v. Frey (D. Me. 2024).

Consum. Data Indus. Ass'n v. Frey (D. Me. 2020).

— 15 U.S.C. § 1681t(b)(5)(H) — 2 cases

Galper v. JP Morgan Chase Bank, N.A., 802 F.3d 437 (2d Cir. 2015). “” 15 U.S.C. § 1681t(a). *445 Congress, however, provided for certain exceptions to this general rule.”

Galper v. JP Morgan Chase Bank, N.A. (2d Cir. 2015).

— 15 U.S.C. § 1681t(b)(F) — 2 cases

Rollins v. Peoples Gas Light & Coke Co., 379 F. Supp. 2d 964 (N.D. Ill. 2005).

Cisneros v. Trans Union, LLC, 293 F. Supp. 2d 1167 (D. Haw. 2003).

— 15 U.S.C. § 1681t(b)(Z)(F) — 1 case

Smith v. Equifax Info. Servs., LLC, 522 F. Supp. 2d 822 (E.D. Tex. 2007).

— 15 U.S.C. § 1681t(b)(i) — 1 case

Kotoch v. Grossinger City Toyota (N.D. Ohio 2022).

— 15 U.S.C. § 1681t(b)(l) — 2 cases

Wells v. Shelter Gen. Ins., 217 F. Supp. 2d 744 (S.D. Miss. 2002).

Bruce v. Grieger's Motor Sales, Inc., 422 F. Supp. 2d 988 (N.D. Ind. 2006).

— 15 U.S.C. § 1681t(b)(l)(A) — 2 cases

Premium Mortg. Corp. v. Equifax, Inc., 583 F.3d 103 (2d Cir. 2009).

Barberan v. Nationpoint, 706 F. Supp. 2d 408 (S.D.N.Y. 2010).

— 15 U.S.C. § 1681t(b)(l)(B) — 1 case

White v. Trans Union LLC (E.D. Va. 2025).

— 15 U.S.C. § 1681t(b)(l)(C) — 1 case

Baker v. Gen. Elec. Capital, Corp., 819 F. Supp. 2d 1332 (M.D. Ga. 2011).

— 15 U.S.C. § 1681t(b)(l)(F) — 83 cases

Galper v. JP Morgan Chase Bank, N.A., 802 F.3d 437 (2d Cir. 2015). “” 15 U.S.C. § 1681t(a). *445 Congress, however, provided for certain exceptions to this general rule.”

Riley v. Gen. Motors Acceptance Corp., 226 F. Supp. 2d 1316 (S.D. Ala. 2002). “The statutory explanation of the FCRA’s relationship to state law is found in 15 U.S.C. § 1681t, which provides, (a) In general Except as provided in subsections (b) and (c) of this section, this subchapter does not annul, alter, affect, or exempt any person subject to the…”

MacPherson v. Jpmorgan Chase Bank, N.A., 665 F.3d 45 (2d Cir. 2011). “Because we agree that the Fair Credit Reporting Act (“FCRA”), 15 U.S.C. § 1681t(b)(l)(F), preempts Macpherson’s state law claims against Chase, we affirm the district court’s judgment.”

— 15 U.S.C. § 1681t(b)(l)(F)(i) — 1 case

Wolfe v. MBNA Am. Bank, 485 F. Supp. 2d 874 (W.D. Tenn. 2007).

— 15 U.S.C. § 1681t(b)(l)(F)(ii) — 7 cases

Islam v. Option One Mortg. Corp., 432 F. Supp. 2d 181 (D. Mass. 2006). “15 U.S.C. § 1681t(a) (emphasis added). The Section goes on, however, explicitly to preempt all state laws in the areas covered by Section 1681s-2: No requirement or prohibition may be imposed under the laws of any State— (1) with respect to any subject matter regulated under—…”

Rex v. Chase Home Fin. LLC, 905 F. Supp. 2d 1111 (C.D. Cal. 2012). “Code § 580b does not bar collection of a deficiency after a “short sale”; (5) the Federal Credit Reporting Act, 15 U.S.C. § 1681t(b)(l)(F), preempts Plaintiffs’ claims; (6) Plaintiffs have failed to state a claim for breach of contract due to contradictory terms in two letters…”

Roybal v. Equifax, 405 F. Supp. 2d 1177 (E.D. Cal. 2005).

Nelson v. Equifax Info. Servs., LLC, 522 F. Supp. 2d 1222 (C.D. Cal. 2007).

Gorman v. Wolpoff & Abramson, LLP, 370 F. Supp. 2d 1005 (N.D. Cal. 2005).

— 15 U.S.C. § 1681t(c) — 4 cases

Oneta S. Cole v. U.S. Capital, Inc., Autonation USA Corp., & Jerry Gleason Chevrolet, Inc., 389 F.3d 719 (7th Cir. 2004).

Sosa v. CashCall, Inc. (Cal. Ct. App. 2020).

Kemp v. Super. Ct. (Cal. Ct. App. 2022).

Cole, Oneta S. v. US Capital Inc (7th Cir. 2004).

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