15 U.S.C. § 78k

Trading by members of exchanges, brokers, and dealers

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(a) Trading for own account or account of associated person; exceptions(1) It shall be unlawful for any member of a national securities exchange to effect any transaction on such exchange for its own account, the account of an associated person, or an account with respect to which it or an associated person thereof exercises investment discretion: Provided, however, That this paragraph shall not make unlawful—(A) any transaction by a dealer acting in the capacity of market maker;(B) any transaction for the account of an odd-lot dealer in a security in which he is so registered;(C) any stabilizing transaction effected in compliance with rules under section 78j(b) of this title to facilitate a distribution of a security in which the member effecting such transaction is participating;(D) any bona fide arbitrage transaction, any bona fide hedge transaction involving a long or short position in an equity security and a long or short position in a security entitling the holder to acquire or sell such equity security, or any risk arbitrage transaction in connection with a merger, acquisition, tender offer, or similar transaction involving a recapitalization;(E) any transaction for the account of a natural person, the estate of a natural person, or a trust created by a natural person for himself or another natural person;(F) any transaction to offset a transaction made in error;(G) any other transaction for a member’s own account provided that (i) such member is primarily engaged in the business of underwriting and distributing securities issued by other persons, selling securities to customers, and acting as broker, or any one or more of such activities, and whose gross income normally is derived principally from such business and related activities and (ii) such transaction is effected in compliance with rules of the Commission which, as a minimum, assure that the transaction is not inconsistent with the maintenance of fair and orderly markets and yields priority, parity, and precedence in execution to orders for the account of persons who are not members or associated with members of the exchange;(H) any transaction for an account with respect to which such member or an associated person thereof exercises investment discretion if such member—(i) has obtained, from the person or persons authorized to transact business for the account, express authorization for such member or associated person to effect such transactions prior to engaging in the practice of effecting such transactions;(ii) furnishes the person or persons authorized to transact business for the account with a statement at least annually disclosing the aggregate compensation received by the exchange member in effecting such transactions; and(iii) complies with any rules the Commission has prescribed with respect to the requirements of clauses (i) and (ii); and(I) any other transaction of a kind which the Commission, by rule, determines is consistent with the purposes of this paragraph, the protection of investors, and the maintenance of fair and orderly markets.(2) The Commission, by rule, as it deems necessary or appropriate in the public interest and for the protection of investors, to maintain fair and orderly markets, or to assure equal regulation of exchange markets and markets occurring otherwise than on an exchange, may regulate or prohibit:(A) transactions on a national securities exchange not unlawful under paragraph (1) of this subsection effected by any member thereof for its own account (unless such member is acting in the capacity of market maker or odd-lot dealer), the account of an associated person, or an account with respect to which such member or an associated person thereof exercises investment discretion;(B) transactions otherwise than on a national securities exchange effected by use of the mails or any means or instrumentality of interstate commerce by any member of a national securities exchange, broker, or dealer for the account of such member, broker, or dealer (unless such member, broker, or dealer is acting in the capacity of a market maker) 11 So in original. Probably should be followed by a comma. the account of an associated person, or an account with respect to which such member, broker, or dealer or associated person thereof exercises investment discretion; and(C) transactions on a national securities exchange effected by any broker or dealer not a member thereof for the account of such broker or dealer (unless such broker or dealer is acting in the capacity of market maker), the account of an associated person, or an account with respect to which such broker or dealer or associated person thereof exercises investment discretion.(3) The provisions of paragraph (1) of this subsection insofar as they apply to transactions on a national securities exchange effected by a member thereof who was a member on February 1, 1978 shall not become effective until February 1, 1979. Nothing in this paragraph shall be construed to impair or limit the authority of the Commission to regulate or prohibit such transactions prior to February 1, 1979, pursuant to paragraph (2) of this subsection.(b) Registration of members as odd-lot dealers and specialists

When not in contravention of such rules and regulations as the Commission may prescribe as necessary or appropriate in the public interest and for the protection of investors, to maintain fair and orderly markets, or to remove impediments to and perfect the mechanism of a national market system, the rules of a national securities exchange may permit (1) a member to be registered as an odd-lot dealer and as such to buy and sell for his own account so far as may be reasonably necessary to carry on such odd-lot transactions, and (2) a member to be registered as a specialist. Under the rules and regulations of the Commission a specialist may be permitted to act as a broker and dealer or limited to acting as a broker or dealer. It shall be unlawful for a specialist or an official of the exchange to disclose information in regard to orders placed with such specialist which is not available to all members of the exchange, to any person other than an official of the exchange, a representative of the Commission, or a specialist who may be acting for such specialist: Provided, however, That the Commission, by rule, may require disclosure to all members of the exchange of all orders placed with specialists, under such rules and regulations as the Commission may prescribe as necessary or appropriate in the public interest or for the protection of investors. It shall also be unlawful for a specialist permitted to act as a broker and dealer to effect on the exchange as broker any transaction except upon a market or limited price order.

If because of the limited volume of transactions effected on an exchange, it is in the opinion of the Commission impracticable and not necessary or appropriate in the public interest or for the protection of investors to apply any of the foregoing provisions of this section or the rules and regulations thereunder, the Commission shall have power, upon application of the exchange and on a showing that the rules of such exchange are otherwise adequate for the protection of investors, to exempt such exchange and its members from any such provision or rules and regulations.

(d) Prohibition on extension of credit by broker-dealer

It shall be unlawful for a member of a national securities exchange who is both a dealer and a broker, or for any person who both as a broker and a dealer transacts a business in securities through the medium of a member or otherwise, to effect through the use of any facility of a national securities exchange or of the mails or of any means or instrumentality of interstate commerce, or otherwise in the case of a member, (1) any transaction in connection with which, directly or indirectly, he extends or maintains or arranges for the extension or maintenance of credit to or for a customer on any security (other than an exempted security) which was a part of a new issue in the distribution of which he participated as a member of a selling syndicate or group within thirty days prior to such transaction: Provided, That credit shall not be deemed extended by reason of a bona fide delayed delivery of (i) any such security against full payment of the entire purchase price thereof upon such delivery within thirty-five days after such purchase or (ii) any mortgage related security or any small business related security against full payment of the entire purchase price thereof upon such delivery within one hundred and eighty days after such purchase, or within such shorter period as the Commission may prescribe by rule or regulation, or (2) any transaction with respect to any security (other than an exempted security) unless, if the transaction is with a customer, he discloses to such customer in writing at or before the completion of the transaction whether he is acting as a dealer for his own account, as a broker for such customer, or as a broker for some other person.

(June 6, 1934, ch. 404, title I, § 11, 48 Stat. 891; Aug. 10, 1954, ch. 667, title II, § 201, 68 Stat. 686; Pub. L. 94–29, § 6, June 4, 1975, 89 Stat. 110; Pub. L. 95–283, § 18(a), May 21, 1978, 92 Stat. 275; Pub. L. 98–440, title I, § 104, Oct. 3, 1984, 98 Stat. 1690; Pub. L. 103–68, § 1, Aug. 11, 1993, 107 Stat. 691; Pub. L. 103–325, title II, § 205, Sept. 23, 1994, 108 Stat. 2199.)Editorial NotesAmendments

1994—Subsec. (d)(1)(ii). Pub. L. 103–325 inserted “or any small business related security” after “mortgage related security”.

1993—Subsec. (a)(1)(E). Pub. L. 103–68, § 1(1), struck out “(other than an investment company)” after “trust”.

Subsec. (a)(1)(H), (I). Pub. L. 103–68, § 1(2)–(4), added subpar. (H) and redesignated former subpar. (H) as (I).

1984—Subsec. (d)(1). Pub. L. 98–440 designated existing provisions of par. (1) as cl. (i) and added cl. (ii).

1978—Subsec. (a)(3). Pub. L. 95–283 substituted “February 1, 1978” for “May 1, 1975”, and “February 1, 1979” for “May 1, 1978” in two places.

1975—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 94–29, § 6(2), prohibited stock exchange members from effecting any transaction on the exchange for its own account, the account of an associated person, or an account with respect to which the member or an associated person exercises investment discretion, exempted from that prohibition 8 types of transactions, and authorized the Commission, as it deems necessary or appropriate in the public interest or for the protection of investors, to regulate or prohibit the specifically exempted transactions, certain transactions otherwise that on a national securities exchange, and transactions on a national securities exchange effected by a broker or dealer not a member thereof for the account of such broker or dealer, the account of an associated person, or an account with respect to which such broker, dealer, or associated person exercises investment discretion.

Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 94–29, § 6(2), struck out requirement that specialist’s dealings be limited to those transactions reasonably necessary to permit him to maintain a fair and orderly market, expanded the Commission’s rulemaking authority in the area of specialist’s dealings so that the Commission may define responsibilities and restrict activities of specialists in response to changing conditions in the market, expanded the standards to be followed by the Commission in exercising its rulemaking power to include the maintenance of fair and orderly markets and the removal of impediments to and the perfection of the mechanism of a national market system, and inserted specific reference to the Commission’s power to limit the activity of a specialist to that of a broker or dealer.

Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 94–29, § 6(3), struck out subsec. (e) which directed the Commission to make a study, to be submitted on or before Jan. 3, 1936, of the feasibility of segregating the functions of dealer and broker.

1954—Subsec. (d). Act Aug. 10, 1954, reduced from 6 months to 30 days the prohibition period against extending credit to purchasers of a new issue by dealers.

Statutory Notes and Related SubsidiariesEffective Date of 1978 Amendment

Pub. L. 95–283, § 18(b), May 21, 1978, 92 Stat. 275, provided that: “The amendment made by subsection (a) of this section [amending this section] shall be effective as of May 1, 1978.”

Effective Date of 1975 Amendment

Amendment by Pub. L. 94–29 effective June 4, 1975, see section 31(a) of Pub. L. 94–29, set out as a note under section 78b of this title.

Effective Date of 1954 Amendment

Amendment by act Aug. 10, 1954, effective 60 days after Aug. 10, 1954, see note under section 77b of this title.

Executive DocumentsTransfer of Functions

For transfer of functions of Securities and Exchange Commission, with certain exceptions, to Chairman of such Commission, see Reorg. Plan No. 10 of 1950, §§ 1, 2, eff. May 24, 1950, 15 F.R. 3175, 64 Stat. 1265, set out under section 78d of this title.

Notes of Decisions

Cited in 46 cases (6 in the last 5 years), 1956–2024 · leading case: Chiarella v. United States, 445 U.S. 222 (1980).

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Chiarella v. United States, 445 U.S. 222 (1980). · cites it 6× “15 U. S. C. § 78k (a) (1). But Congress has specifically exempted specialists from this prohibitionbroker-dealers who execute orders for customers trading in a specific corporation's stock, while at the same time buying and selling that corporation's stock on their own behalf.”

NASDAQ OMX Grp., Inc. v. UBS Sec., LLC, 770 F.3d 1010 (2d Cir. 2014). · cites it 4× “15 U.S.C. § 78k‐1(a)(1)(A). Even if the importance of stock exchanges and securities markets to the national economy does not necessarily render every federal question pertaining thereto sufficiently substantial to satisfy this prong of Gunn‐Grable analysis, it is noteworthy…”

Dirks v. Sec. & Exch. Comm'n, 463 U.S. 646 (1983). · cites it 2× “Rather than adopting such a radical view of securities trading, Congress has expressly exempted many market professionals from the general statutory prohibition set forth in § 11(a)(1) of the Securities Exchange Act, 15 U. S. C. § 78k(a)(1), against members of a national…”

John R. D'alessio, D'Alessio Sec., Inc. v. New York Stock Exch., Inc., Richard A. Grasso, Edward A. Kwalwasser, & Robert J. McSweeney, 258 F.3d 93 (2d Cir. 2001). “” 15 U.S.C. § 78k(a)(l). Rule 1 la-1, which regulates floor trading, provides, in pertinent part, that [n]o member of a national securities exchange, while on the floor of such exchange, shall initiate, directly or indirectly, any transaction in any security admitted to trading…”

Edward John McCarthy v. Sec. & Exch. Comm'n, 406 F.3d 179 (2d Cir. 2005). “Proceedings Below On June 30, 2000 the Stock Exchange’s Division of Enforcement brought charges against petitioner alleging that he had violated the following statutes and regulations governing the conduct of brokers: (1) Section 11a(1) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, 15…”

John R. D'Alessio & D'Alessio Sec., Inc. v. Sec. & Exch. Comm'n, 380 F.3d 112 (2d Cir. 2004). · cites it 2× “15 U.S.C. § 78k(a)(1) (“Section 11(a)”); 3 17 *114 C.”

In Re Sterling Foster & Co., Inc., Sec. Lit., 222 F. Supp. 2d 216 (E.D.N.Y 2002). “In claim eighteen, the subclass alleges that ML Direct, Shalek, Sterling Foster, Lieberman, Hawley, Paulson, Pace, No-vich, Bear Stearns, BSSC, Harriton, and Krasnoff violated Sections 10(b) and 20(a) of the Exchange Act, 15 U.S.C. §§ 78k(b), 78t(a), and Rule 10b-5, 17 C.”

The Nasdaq Stock Mkt. LLC v. SEC, 38 F.4th 1126 (D.C. Cir. 2022). “at 46 (quoting 15 U.S.C.§ 78k- 1(a)(3)(B)). Because we find that the Commission failed to provide a reasonable interpretation of section 11A that would permit non- SRO representation in the first place, see supra p.”

In Re CitiGroup Inc. Bond Litig., 723 F. Supp. 2d 568 (S.D.N.Y. 2010). “” 15 U.S.C. § 78k; see also Caiola v. Citibank, N.”

In re Gen. Elec. Co. Sec. Litig., 857 F. Supp. 2d 367 (S.D.N.Y. 2012). “2010) (brackets in original) (quoting 15 U.S.C. § 78k). If, as plaintiff alleges, defendant’s qualitative statements as to the strength of GE Capital’s portfolio were misleading, then they are actionable under the securities laws.”

In re HealthSouth Corp. Sec. Litig., 213 F.R.D. 447 (N.D. Ala. 2003). “15 U.S.C. § 78k (Claim for Relief IV)- The plaintiffs rely on the fraud-on-the-market theory to establish a presumption of reliance.”

Mfs Sec. Corp. v. Sec. & Exch. Comm'n, New York Stock Exch., Intervenor, 380 F.3d 611 (2d Cir. 2004). “On February 25, 1998, the Savarese brothers were arrested on charges that they had traded for an account in which they had an interest in violation of Section 11(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, 15 U.S.C. § 78k(a)(l), and SEC Rule lla-1, 17 C.”

Show all 46 citing cases →

— 15 U.S.C. § 78k(a) — 4 cases

Frayler v. New York Stock Exch., Inc., 118 F. Supp. 2d 448 (S.D.N.Y. 2000).

Sec. & Exch. Comm'n v. Thestreet.com, 273 F.3d 222 (2d Cir. 2001).

Bd. of Trade v. Sec. & Exch. Comm'n, 677 F.2d 1137 (7th Cir. 1982).

United States v. Oakford Corp., 64 F. Supp. 2d 295 (S.D.N.Y. 1999).

— 15 U.S.C. § 78k(a)(1) — 4 cases

Dirks v. Sec. & Exch. Comm'n, 463 U.S. 646 (1983). “Rather than adopting such a radical view of securities trading, Congress has expressly exempted many market professionals from the general statutory prohibition set forth in § 11(a)(1) of the Securities Exchange Act, 15 U. S. C. § 78k(a)(1), against members of a national…”

John R. D'Alessio & D'Alessio Sec., Inc. v. Sec. & Exch. Comm'n, 380 F.3d 112 (2d Cir. 2004). “15 U.S.C. § 78k(a)(1) (“Section 11(a)”); 3 17 *114 C.”

Levine v. SEC (3rd Cir. 2005).

— 15 U.S.C. § 78k(a)(l) — 5 cases

Mfs Sec. Corp. & Marco Savarese v. New York Stock Exch., Inc., 277 F.3d 613 (2d Cir. 2002).

David M. Levine, Triple J Partners, Inc. v. Sec. & Exch. Comm'n, 407 F.3d 178 (3rd Cir. 2005).

— 15 U.S.C. § 78k(b) — 6 cases

United States v. Gerardo A. Re, A/K/A Jerry A. Re, Gerard F. Re, Charles A. Casagrande, A/K/A Charles A. Grande & Ely Batkin, 336 F.2d 306 (2d Cir. 1964).

Bd. of Trade v. Sec. & Exch. Comm'n, 677 F.2d 1137 (7th Cir. 1982).

Camp v. Qualcomm Inc. (S.D. Cal. 2020).

Reynolds v. Skyline Real Est. Investments (N.D. Ill. 2022).

— 15 U.S.C. § 78k(d) — 6 cases

Twomey v. Mitchum, Jones & Templeton, Inc., 262 Cal. App. 2d 690 (Cal. Ct. App. 1968).

Bank Brussels Lambert, S.A. v. Intermetals Corp., 779 F. Supp. 741 (S.D.N.Y. 1991).

Lowell H. Listrom & Co., Inc., Petitioner, v. Sec. & Exch. Comm'n, Respondent, 803 F.2d 938 (8th Cir. 1986).

Cohen v. Citibank, N.A., 954 F. Supp. 621 (S.D.N.Y. 1996).

Howard v. Furst, 140 F. Supp. 507 (S.D.N.Y. 1956).

— 15 U.S.C. § 78k(d)(1) — 1 case

Sennett v. Oppenheimer & Co., Inc., 502 F. Supp. 939 (N.D. Ill. 1980).

— 15 U.S.C. § 78k(d)(2) — 2 cases

Nelson v. Quimby Island Reclamation Dist. Facilities Corp., 491 F. Supp. 1364 (N.D. Cal. 1980).

Mascolo v. Merrill Lynch, Pierce, Fenner & Smith Inc., 61 F.R.D. 481 (S.D.N.Y. 1973).

— 15 U.S.C. § 78k(d)(l) — 1 case

A. J. WHITE & CO. & Allen J. White, Petitioners, v. Sec. & Exch. Comm'n, Respondent, 556 F.2d 619 (1st Cir. 1977).

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