16 U.S.C. § 3101

Congressional statement of purpose

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(a) Establishment of units

In order to preserve for the benefit, use, education, and inspiration of present and future generations certain lands and waters in the State of Alaska that contain nationally significant natural, scenic, historic, archeological, geological, scientific, wilderness, cultural, recreational, and wildlife values, the units described in the following titles are hereby established.

(b) Preservation and protection of scenic, geological, etc., values

It is the intent of Congress in this Act to preserve unrivaled scenic and geological values associated with natural landscapes; to provide for the maintenance of sound populations of, and habitat for, wildlife species of inestimable value to the citizens of Alaska and the Nation, including those species dependent on vast relatively undeveloped areas; to preserve in their natural state extensive unaltered arctic tundra, boreal forest, and coastal rainforest ecosystems; to protect the resources related to subsistence needs; to protect and preserve historic and archeological sites, rivers, and lands, and to preserve wilderness resource values and related recreational opportunities including but not limited to hiking, canoeing, fishing, and sport hunting, within large arctic and subarctic wildlands and on freeflowing rivers; and to maintain opportunities for scientific research and undisturbed ecosystems.

It is further the intent and purpose of this Act consistent with management of fish and wildlife in accordance with recognized scientific principles and the purposes for which each conservation system unit is established, designated, or expanded by or pursuant to this Act, to provide the opportunity for rural residents engaged in a subsistence way of life to continue to do so.

(d) Need for future legislation obviated

This Act provides sufficient protection for the national interest in the scenic, natural, cultural and environmental values on the public lands in Alaska, and at the same time provides adequate opportunity for satisfaction of the economic and social needs of the State of Alaska and its people; accordingly, the designation and disposition of the public lands in Alaska pursuant to this Act are found to represent a proper balance between the reservation of national conservation system units and those public lands necessary and appropriate for more intensive use and disposition, and thus Congress believes that the need for future legislation designating new conservation system units, new national conservation areas, or new national recreation areas, has been obviated thereby.

(Pub. L. 96–487, title I, § 101, Dec. 2, 1980, 94 Stat. 2374.)Editorial NotesReferences in Text

The following titles, referred to in subsec. (a), mean titles II to XV of Pub. L. 96–487, Dec. 2, 1980, §§ 201–1503, 94 Stat. 2377–2551. For complete classification of these titles to the Code, see Tables.

This Act, referred to in subsecs. (b) to (d), is Pub. L. 96–487, Dec. 2, 1980, 94 Stat. 2371, known as the Alaska National Interest Lands Conservation Act. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out below and Tables.

Statutory Notes and Related SubsidiariesShort Title

Pub. L. 96–487, § 1, Dec. 2, 1980, 94 Stat. 2371, provided that: “This Act [enacting this chapter, sections 410hh to 410hh–5, 460mm to 460mm–4, 539 to 539e, and 1285b of this title, and sections 1631 to 1641 and 1784 of Title 43, Public Lands, amending sections 410bb, 1274, 1276, 1279, and 1280 of this title and sections 1602, 1606, 1607, 1611, 1613, 1614, 1620, and 1621 of Title 43, enacting provisions set out as notes under this section and sections 431, 668dd, 1132, 1274, and 3145 of this title and sections 1605, 1613, and 1618 of Title 43, and amending provisions set out as notes under sections 1611 and 1613 of Title 43 and preceding section 21 of Title 48, Territories and Insular Possessions] may be cited as the ‘Alaska National Interest Lands Conservation Act’.”

Notes of Decisions

Cited in 76 cases (24 in the last 5 years), 1984–2026 · leading case: Sturgeon v. Frost, 139 S. Ct. 1066 (2019).

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Sturgeon v. Frost, 139 S. Ct. 1066 (2019). · cites it 6× “In Alaska, Sturgeon argues, the Park Service has no power to regulate lands or waters that the Federal Government does not own; rather, the Service may regulate only what ANILCA calls "public land" (essentially, federally owned land) in national parks.”

Sturgeon v. Frost, 136 S. Ct. 1061 (2016). · cites it 2× “2371 , 16 U.S.C. § 3101 et seq. ANILCA had two stated goals: First, to provide "sufficient protection for the national interest in the scenic, natural, cultural and environmental values on the public lands in Alaska.”

John Sturgeon v. Sue Masica, 872 F.3d 927 (9th Cir. 2017). · cites it 8× “The Yukon-Charley Rivers National Preserve conservation system unit (“Yukon-Charley”) is among the 104 million acres of land in Alaska set aside for preservation purposes by the Alaska National Interest Lands Conservation Act (“ANILCA”), 16 U.S.C. § 3101 et seq. (1980). Like…”

Amoco Prod. Co. v. Vill. of Gambell, 480 U.S. 531 (1987). · cites it 2× “" ANILCA § 101, 16 U. S. C. § 3101 (emphasis added). [18] The House Report declared the following to be the purpose of the bill: "The principal purpose of H.”

New York v. United States, 505 U.S. 144 (1992). · cites it 2× “2374 , 16 U. S. C. § 3101 et seq., see Kenaitze Indian Tribe v.”

The Wilderness Soc'y & the Alaska Ctr. for the Env't v. United States Fish & Wildlife Serv., an Agency of the United States, 316 F.3d 913 (9th Cir. 2003). · cites it 5× “” 16 U.S.C. § 3101 (c). ANILCA added nearly a quarter of a million acres to the Kenai National Moose Range and renamed it the Kenai National Wildlife Refuge (the Refuge).”

Akiak Native Cmty. v. United States Env't Prot. Agency, 625 F.3d 1162 (9th Cir. 2010). · cites it 4× “EPA did not adequately ensure (1) that Alaska state law will provide the same opportunities for judicial review of permitting decisions as required by federal law, (2) that the State has the necessary enforcement tools to abate permit violations, and (3) that subsistence…”

Safari Club Int'l v. Debra Haaland, 31 F.4th 1157 (9th Cir. 2022). · cites it 2× “at 1087 (quoting 16 U.S.C. § 3101 (d)). This delegated plenary authority to protect the value of public lands within Alaska includes maintaining “sound populations of [] wildlife species of inestimable value.”

Katie John v. Alaska Fish & Wildlife Fed, 720 F.3d 1214 (9th Cir. 2013). · cites it 2× “16 U.S.C. § 3101 (a)-(b); see also id. § 3102(4) (defining "conservation system units”).”

Organized Vill. of Kake v. United States Dep't of Agric., 795 F.3d 956 (9th Cir. 2015). “§§ 551–559, 701–706 (“APA”), the Alaska National Interest Lands Conservation Act, 16 U.S.C. §§ 3101–3233 (“ANILCA”), the Tongass Timber Reform Act, Pub.”

Nat'l Parks Conservation Ass'n v. United States Forest Serv., 177 F. Supp. 3d 1 (D.D.C. 2016). “Congress’ view regarding multiple use of the Elkhorn Ranchlands, as expressed in the 2008 Appropriations Act, accords with the mandate it set forth in the Alaska National Interest Lands Conservation Act ("ANICLA”), 16 U.S.C. § 3101 et seq. In that statute, Congress wrote that…”

Alaska v. Fed. Subsistence Bd., 544 F.3d 1089 (9th Cir. 2008). · cites it 2× “16 U.S.C. § 3101 (b). The second, in order though not in priority, is “to provide the opportunity for rural residents engaged in a subsistence way of life to continue to do so.”

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