U.S. Code » Title 20 » Chapter CHAPTER 31— GENERAL PROVISIONS CONCERNING EDUCATION › Subchapter SUBCHAPTER IV— ENFORCEMENT

20 U.S.C. § 1234a

Recovery of funds

Read at: OLRCuscode.house.gov CornellLII GovInfogovinfo.gov JustiaTitle 20 CasesGoogle Scholar
(a) Preliminary departmental decision; grounds of determination; notice requirements; prima facie case; amount of funds recoverable(1) Whenever the Secretary determines that a recipient of a grant or cooperative agreement under an applicable program must return funds because the recipient has made an expenditure of funds that is not allowable under that grant or cooperative agreement, or has otherwise failed to discharge its obligation to account properly for funds under the grant or cooperative agreement, the Secretary shall give the recipient written notice of a preliminary departmental decision and notify the recipient of its right to have that decision reviewed by the Office and of its right to request mediation.(2) In a preliminary departmental decision, the Secretary shall have the burden of establishing a prima facie case for the recovery of funds, including an analysis reflecting the value of the program services actually obtained in a determination of harm to the Federal interest. The facts to serve as the basis of the preliminary departmental decision may come from an audit report, an investigative report, a monitoring report, or other evidence. The amount of funds to be recovered shall be determined on the basis of section 1234b of this title.(3) For the purpose of paragraph (2), failure by a recipient to maintain records required by law, or to allow the Secretary access to such records, shall constitute a prima facie case.(b) Review of preliminary departmental decision; form and contents of application for review; inadequate preliminary decisions; duties of recipient to subrecipients after preliminary decision; burden of proof(1) A recipient that has received written notice of a preliminary departmental decision and that desires to have such decision reviewed by the Office shall submit to the Office an application for review not later than 60 days after receipt of notice of the preliminary departmental decision. The application shall be in the form and contain the information specified by the Office. As expeditiously as possible, the Office shall return to the Secretary for such action as the Secretary considers appropriate any preliminary departmental decision which the Office determines does not meet the requirements of subsection (a)(2).(2) In cases where the preliminary departmental decision requests a recovery of funds from a State recipient, that State recipient may not recover funds from an affected local educational agency unless that State recipient has—(A) transmitted a copy of the preliminary departmental decision to any affected subrecipient within 10 days of the date that the State recipient in a State administered program received such written notice; and(B) consulted with each affected subrecipient to determine whether the State recipient should submit an application for review under paragraph (1).(3) In any proceeding before the Office under this section, the burden shall be upon the recipient to demonstrate that it should not be required to return the amount of funds for which recovery is sought in the preliminary departmental decision under subsection (a).(c) Time for hearing

A hearing shall be set 90 days after receipt of a request for review of a preliminary departmental decision by the Office, except that such 90-day requirement may be waived at the discretion of the judge for good cause.

(d) Review of findings of fact in preliminary decision; conclusiveness; remand; new or modified findings(1) Upon review of a decision of the Office by the Secretary, the findings of fact by the Office, if supported by substantial evidence, shall be conclusive. However, the Secretary, for good cause shown, may remand the case to the Office to take further evidence, and the Office may thereupon make new or modified findings of fact and may modify its previous action. Such new or modified findings of fact shall likewise be conclusive if supported by substantial evidence.(2) During the conduct of such review, there shall not be any ex parte contact between the Secretary and individuals representing the Department or the recipient.(e) Time for filing petition for review of preliminary decision

Parties to the proceeding shall have 30 days to file a petition for review of a decision of the administrative law judges with the Office of the Secretary.

(f) Stay of collection or other adverse action by Secretary against recipient(1) If a recipient submits a timely application for review of a preliminary departmental decision, the Secretary shall take no collection action until the decision of the Office upholding the preliminary Department decision in whole or in part becomes final agency action under subsection (g).(2) If a recipient files a timely petition for judicial review under section 1234g of this title, the Secretary shall take no collection action until judicial review is completed.(3) The filing of an application for review under paragraph (1) or a petition for judicial review under paragraph (2) shall not affect the authority of the Secretary to take any other adverse action under this subchapter against the recipient.(g) Preliminary decision as final agency actionA decision of the Office regarding the review of a preliminary departmental decision shall become final agency action 60 days after the recipient receives written notice of the decision unless the Secretary either—(1) modifies or sets aside the decision, in whole or in part, in which case the decision of the Secretary shall become final agency action when the recipient receives written notice of the Secretary’s action, or(2) remands the decision to the Office.(h) Publication of decisions as final agency actions

The Secretary shall publish decisions that have become final agency action under subsection (g) in the Federal Register or in another appropriate publication within 60 days.

(i) Collection amounts and procedures

The amount of a preliminary departmental decision under subsection (a) for which review has not been requested in accordance with subsection (b), and the amount sustained by a decision of the Office or the Secretary which becomes final agency action under subsection (g), may be collected by the Secretary in accordance with chapter 37 of title 31.

(j) Compromise of preliminary departmental decisions; preconditions; notice requirements(1) Notwithstanding any other provision of law, the Secretary may, subject to the notice requirements of paragraph (2), compromise any preliminary departmental decision under this section which does not exceed the amount agreed to be returned by more than $200,000, if the Secretary determines that (A) the collection of any or all or the amount thereof would not be practical or in the public interest, and (B) the practice which resulted in the preliminary departmental decision has been corrected and will not recur.(2) Not less than 45 days prior to the exercise of the authority to compromise a preliminary departmental decision pursuant to paragraph (1), the Secretary shall publish in the Federal Register a notice of intention to do so. The notice shall provide interested persons an opportunity to comment on any proposed action under this subsection through the submission of written data, views, or arguments.(k) Limitation period respecting return of funds

No recipient under an applicable program shall be liable to return funds which were expended in a manner not authorized by law more than 5 years before the recipient received written notice of a preliminary departmental decision.

(l) Foregoing of interest during period of administrative review

No interest shall be charged arising from a claim during the administrative review of the preliminary departmental decision.

(Pub. L. 90–247, title IV, § 452, as added Pub. L. 95–561, title XII, § 1232, Nov. 1, 1978, 92 Stat. 2347; amended Pub. L. 100–297, title III, § 3501(a), Apr. 28, 1988, 102 Stat. 350; Pub. L. 103–382, title II, § 250(a), Oct. 20, 1994, 108 Stat. 3926.)Editorial NotesAmendments

1994—Subsec. (a)(2). Pub. L. 103–382, § 250(a)(1), substituted “establishing a prima facie case for the recovery of funds, including an analysis reflecting the value of the program services actually obtained in a determination of harm to the Federal interest.” for “stating a prima facie case for the recovery of funds.”

Subsec. (b)(1). Pub. L. 103–382, § 250(a)(2), substituted “60 days” for “30 days”.

Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 103–382, § 250(a)(3), designated existing provisions as par. (1) and added par. (2).

1988—Pub. L. 100–297 amended section generally, substituting provisions relating to recovery of funds for provisions relating to audit determinations.

Statutory Notes and Related SubsidiariesEffective Date of 1988 Amendment

Amendment by Pub. L. 100–297 effective 180 days after Apr. 28, 1988, but not applicable to recipients receiving written notice to return funds prior to that date, see section 3501(b) of Pub. L. 100–297, set out as a note under section 1234 of this title.

Notes of Decisions
Cited in 28 cases (2 in the last 5 years), 1981–2025 · leading case: Bell v. New Jersey, 461 U.S. 773 (1983).
Sort: Relevance Newest Treatment
Bell v. New Jersey, 461 U.S. 773 (1983). · cites it 6× “…to overcome that presumption. Indeed, § 455 provides judicial review of decisions made under §§ 452, 453, and 454, 20 U. S. C. §§ 1234a, 1234b, 1234c (1976 ed., Supp. V), each of which includes a subsection dealing with finality and suggesting that only a "decision" of the…”
Bennett v. New Jersey, 470 U.S. 632 (1985). · cites it 2× “), repealed and replaced by 20 U. S. C. § 1234a(g), and authorize the Secretary, under certain conditions, to return to the State up to 75% of any amount recovered.”
Michigan Dep't of Educ. v. United States Dep't of Educ., 875 F.2d 1196 (6th Cir. 1989). · cites it 6× “20 U.S.C. § 1234a(a) states that when a Secretary determines a disallowance, the Secretary must issue a Final Letter of Determination.”
State of California v. William J. Bennett, 833 F.2d 827 (9th Cir. 1987). · cites it 3× “See 20 U.S.C. § 1234a(b). 12 Hence, though its argument is persuasive, California cannot receive relief, for it has introduced no evidence establishing the portion of expenses attributable to particular Title I workshops and meetings within each conference.”
Bennett v. Kentucky Dep't of Educ., 470 U.S. 656 (1985). “20 U. S. C. § 1234a(b). There is no indication that grantees may avoid repayment by showing that improper expenditures were made in good faith.”
Dep't of Educ. of the State of California v. William J. Bennett, 864 F.2d 655 (9th Cir. 1988). · cites it 6× “2 (a)(1) and (a)(4), the Appeal Board has jurisdiction to review final audit determinations and conduct audit appeal hearings pursuant to 20 U.S.C. § 1234a. Section 1234a(b) requires the Appeal Board to return to the Secretary any final letter of audit determination that…”
State of California v. William J. Bennett, 849 F.2d 1227 (9th Cir. 1988). · cites it 8× “See 20 U.S.C. § 1234a(b); 34 C.F.R. § 78.16 (1981).”
Dep't of Educ. v. California, 604 U.S. 650 (2025). “, 20 U. S. C. §§1234a, 1234b; 2 CFR §200.346 (2024); see also J.”
Commonwealth of Massachusetts v. United States Dep't of Educ., 837 F.2d 536 (1st Cir. 1988). “This irregularity, petitioner says, deprived the Commonwealth of its right to a meaningful hearing under 20 U.S.C. § 1234a(a), (b) (requiring notice of the basis on which expenditures are challenged).”
Fort Valley State Coll. v. William J. Bennett, 853 F.2d 862 (11th Cir. 1988). · cites it 3× “See 20 U.S.C.A. § 1234a(b). Even if the College is correct that the Board should have examined Attachment 11 in more detail, our examination of the record does not suggest that the Board’s decision lacked substantial evidentiary support.”
State of Wyoming v. Lamar Alexander, 971 F.2d 531 (10th Cir. 1992). · cites it 2× “See 20 U.S.C. § 1234a(b)(3); 34 C.F.R. § 78.16 .”
Dep't of Educ. v. Terrel Bell, 770 F.2d 1409 (9th Cir. 1985). “20 U.S.C. § 1234a(b) (1982) states that a final determination letter by the Audit Agency must contain sufficient detail to identify with particularity those expenditures which are not allowable.”
Show all 28 citing cases →
20 U.S.C. § 1234a(a): 3 cases
Commonwealth of Massachusetts v. United States Dep't of Educ., 837 F.2d 536 (1st Cir. 1988). “This irregularity, petitioner says, deprived the Commonwealth of its right to a meaningful hearing under 20 U.S.C. § 1234a(a), (b) (requiring notice of the basis on which expenditures are challenged).”
Michigan Dep't of Educ. v. United States Dep't of Educ., 875 F.2d 1196 (6th Cir. 1989). “20 U.S.C. § 1234a(a) states that when a Secretary determines a disallowance, the Secretary must issue a Final Letter of Determination.”
Dep't of Educ. of the State of California v. William J. Bennett, 864 F.2d 655 (9th Cir. 1988). “2 (a)(1) and (a)(4), the Appeal Board has jurisdiction to review final audit determinations and conduct audit appeal hearings pursuant to 20 U.S.C. § 1234a. Section 1234a(b) requires the Appeal Board to return to the Secretary any final letter of audit determination that…”
20 U.S.C. § 1234a(b): 9 cases
State of California v. William J. Bennett, 833 F.2d 827 (9th Cir. 1987). “See 20 U.S.C. § 1234a(b). 12 Hence, though its argument is persuasive, California cannot receive relief, for it has introduced no evidence establishing the portion of expenses attributable to particular Title I workshops and meetings within each conference.”
Bennett v. Kentucky Dep't of Educ., 470 U.S. 656 (1985). “20 U. S. C. § 1234a(b). There is no indication that grantees may avoid repayment by showing that improper expenditures were made in good faith.”
State of California v. William J. Bennett, 849 F.2d 1227 (9th Cir. 1988). “See 20 U.S.C. § 1234a(b); 34 C.F.R. § 78.16 (1981).”
Dep't of Educ. v. Terrel Bell, 770 F.2d 1409 (9th Cir. 1985). “20 U.S.C. § 1234a(b) (1982) states that a final determination letter by the Audit Agency must contain sufficient detail to identify with particularity those expenditures which are not allowable.”
Dep't of Educ. of the State of California v. William J. Bennett, 864 F.2d 655 (9th Cir. 1988). “2 (a)(1) and (a)(4), the Appeal Board has jurisdiction to review final audit determinations and conduct audit appeal hearings pursuant to 20 U.S.C. § 1234a. Section 1234a(b) requires the Appeal Board to return to the Secretary any final letter of audit determination that…”
20 U.S.C. § 1234a(b)(3): 1 case
State of Wyoming v. Lamar Alexander, 971 F.2d 531 (10th Cir. 1992). “See 20 U.S.C. § 1234a(b)(3); 34 C.F.R. § 78.16 .”
20 U.S.C. § 1234a(c): 1 case
Michigan Dep't of Educ. v. United States Dep't of Educ., 875 F.2d 1196 (6th Cir. 1989). “20 U.S.C. § 1234a(a) states that when a Secretary determines a disallowance, the Secretary must issue a Final Letter of Determination.”
20 U.S.C. § 1234a(d): 9 cases
Bell v. New Jersey, 461 U.S. 773 (1983). “…to overcome that presumption. Indeed, § 455 provides judicial review of decisions made under §§ 452, 453, and 454, 20 U. S. C. §§ 1234a, 1234b, 1234c (1976 ed., Supp. V), each of which includes a subsection dealing with finality and suggesting that only a "decision" of the…”
Michigan Dep't of Educ. v. United States Dep't of Educ., 875 F.2d 1196 (6th Cir. 1989). “20 U.S.C. § 1234a(a) states that when a Secretary determines a disallowance, the Secretary must issue a Final Letter of Determination.”
State of California v. William J. Bennett, 833 F.2d 827 (9th Cir. 1987). “See 20 U.S.C. § 1234a(b). 12 Hence, though its argument is persuasive, California cannot receive relief, for it has introduced no evidence establishing the portion of expenses attributable to particular Title I workshops and meetings within each conference.”
State of California v. William J. Bennett, 843 F.2d 333 (9th Cir. 1988).
Fort Valley State Coll. v. William J. Bennett, 853 F.2d 862 (11th Cir. 1988). “See 20 U.S.C.A. § 1234a(b). Even if the College is correct that the Board should have examined Attachment 11 in more detail, our examination of the record does not suggest that the Board’s decision lacked substantial evidentiary support.”
20 U.S.C. § 1234a(d)(1): 1 case
State of California v. William J. Bennett, 849 F.2d 1227 (9th Cir. 1988). “See 20 U.S.C. § 1234a(b); 34 C.F.R. § 78.16 (1981).”
20 U.S.C. § 1234a(d)(1982): 1 case
State of California Dep't of Educ. v. William J. Bennett, 829 F.2d 795 (9th Cir. 1987).
20 U.S.C. § 1234a(e): 4 cases
Bell v. New Jersey, 461 U.S. 773 (1983). “…to overcome that presumption. Indeed, § 455 provides judicial review of decisions made under §§ 452, 453, and 454, 20 U. S. C. §§ 1234a, 1234b, 1234c (1976 ed., Supp. V), each of which includes a subsection dealing with finality and suggesting that only a "decision" of the…”
Michigan Dep't of Educ. v. United States Dep't of Educ., 875 F.2d 1196 (6th Cir. 1989). “20 U.S.C. § 1234a(a) states that when a Secretary determines a disallowance, the Secretary must issue a Final Letter of Determination.”
Fort Valley State Coll. v. William J. Bennett, 853 F.2d 862 (11th Cir. 1988). “See 20 U.S.C.A. § 1234a(b). Even if the College is correct that the Board should have examined Attachment 11 in more detail, our examination of the record does not suggest that the Board’s decision lacked substantial evidentiary support.”
Tangipahoa Par. Sch. Bd. v. United States Dep't of Educ., 821 F.2d 1022 (5th Cir. 1987).
20 U.S.C. § 1234a(f): 1 case
State of California Dep't of Educ. v. William J. Bennett, 829 F.2d 795 (9th Cir. 1987).
20 U.S.C. § 1234a(g): 7 cases
Bennett v. New Jersey, 470 U.S. 632 (1985). “), repealed and replaced by 20 U. S. C. § 1234a(g), and authorize the Secretary, under certain conditions, to return to the State up to 75% of any amount recovered.”
Dep't of Educ. of the State of California v. William J. Bennett, 864 F.2d 655 (9th Cir. 1988). “2 (a)(1) and (a)(4), the Appeal Board has jurisdiction to review final audit determinations and conduct audit appeal hearings pursuant to 20 U.S.C. § 1234a. Section 1234a(b) requires the Appeal Board to return to the Secretary any final letter of audit determination that…”
State of Wyoming v. Lamar Alexander, 971 F.2d 531 (10th Cir. 1992). “See 20 U.S.C. § 1234a(b)(3); 34 C.F.R. § 78.16 .”
BP Am. Prod. Co. v. Davis, 87 F.4th 1226 (10th Cir. 2023).
State of California v. William Bennett, 851 F.2d 241 (9th Cir. 1988).
20 U.S.C. § 1234a(k): 2 cases
Pennsylvania Dep't of Educ. v. Sec'y United States Dep't of Educ., 643 F. App'x 89 (3d Cir. 2016).
Alabama v. Shalala, 124 F. Supp. 2d 1250 (M.D. Ala. 2000).
Annotations are extracted automatically from the opinions in the Syfert caselaw corpus and ranked by authority, recency, and treatment. Dots show Syfertize treatment of the citing case itself.