26 U.S.C. § 2501

Imposition of tax

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(a) Taxable transfers(1) General rule

A tax, computed as provided in section 2502, is hereby imposed for each calendar year on the transfer of property by gift during such calendar year by any individual resident or nonresident.

(2) Transfers of intangible property

Except as provided in paragraph (3), paragraph (1) shall not apply to the transfer of intangible property by a nonresident not a citizen of the United States.

(3) Exception(A) Certain individuals

Paragraph (2) shall not apply in the case of a donor to whom section 877(b) applies for the taxable year which includes the date of the transfer.

(B) Credit for foreign gift taxes

The tax imposed by this section solely by reason of this paragraph shall be credited with the amount of any gift tax actually paid to any foreign country in respect of any gift which is taxable under this section solely by reason of this paragraph.

(4) Transfers to political organizations

Paragraph (1) shall not apply to the transfer of money or other property to a political organization (within the meaning of section 527(e)(1)) for the use of such organization.

(5) Transfers of certain stock(A) In generalIn the case of a transfer of stock in a foreign corporation described in subparagraph (B) by a donor to whom section 877(b) applies for the taxable year which includes the date of the transfer—(i) section 2511(a) shall be applied without regard to whether such stock is situated within the United States, and(ii) the value of such stock for purposes of this chapter shall be its U.S.-asset value determined under subparagraph (C).(B) Foreign corporation describedA foreign corporation is described in this subparagraph with respect to a donor if—(i) the donor owned (within the meaning of section 958(a)) at the time of such transfer 10 percent or more of the total combined voting power of all classes of stock entitled to vote of the foreign corporation, and(ii) such donor owned (within the meaning of section 958(a)), or is considered to have owned (by applying the ownership rules of section 958(b)), at the time of such transfer, more than 50 percent of—(I) the total combined voting power of all classes of stock entitled to vote of such corporation, or(II) the total value of the stock of such corporation.(C) U.S.-asset valueFor purposes of subparagraph (A), the U.S.-asset value of stock shall be the amount which bears the same ratio to the fair market value of such stock at the time of transfer as—(i) the fair market value (at such time) of the assets owned by such foreign corporation and situated in the United States, bears to(ii) the total fair market value (at such time) of all assets owned by such foreign corporation.(6) Transfers to certain exempt organizations

Paragraph (1) shall not apply to the transfer of money or other property to an organization described in paragraph (4), (5), or (6) of section 501(c) and exempt from tax under section 501(a), for the use of such organization.

(b) Certain residents of possessions considered citizens of the United States

A donor who is a citizen of the United States and a resident of a possession thereof shall, for purposes of the tax imposed by this chapter, be considered a “citizen” of the United States within the meaning of that term wherever used in this title unless he acquired his United States citizenship solely by reason of (1) his being a citizen of such possession of the United States, or (2) his birth or residence within such possession of the United States.

A donor who is a citizen of the United States and a resident of a possession thereof shall, for purposes of the tax imposed by this chapter, be considered a “nonresident not a citizen of the United States” within the meaning of that term wherever used in this title, but only if such donor acquired his United States citizenship solely by reason of (1) his being a citizen of such possession of the United States, or (2) his birth or residence within such possession of the United States.

(d) Cross references(1) For increase in basis of property acquired by gift for gift tax paid, see section 1015(d).(2) For exclusion of transfers of property outside the United States by a nonresident who is not a citizen of the United States, see section 2511(a).(Aug. 16, 1954, ch. 736, 68A Stat. 403; Pub. L. 85–866, title I, §§ 43(b), 102(b), Sept. 2, 1958, 72 Stat. 1641, 1674; Pub. L. 86–779, § 4(d), Sept. 14, 1960, 74 Stat. 1000; Pub. L. 89–809, title I, § 109(a), Nov. 13, 1966, 80 Stat. 1574; Pub. L. 91–614, title I, § 102(a)(1), Dec. 31, 1970, 84 Stat. 1838; Pub. L. 93–625, § 14(a), Jan. 3, 1975, 88 Stat. 2121; Pub. L. 94–455, title XIX, §§ 1902(a)(10), 1906(b)(13)(A), Oct. 4, 1976, 90 Stat. 1805, 1834; Pub. L. 97–34, title IV, § 442(a)(1), Aug. 13, 1981, 95 Stat. 320; Pub. L. 100–647, title III, § 3031(a)(2), Nov. 10, 1988, 102 Stat. 3635; Pub. L. 101–508, title XI, § 11601(b)(2), Nov. 5, 1990, 104 Stat. 1388–490; Pub. L. 104–191, title V, § 511(e)(2), (f)(2)(B), Aug. 21, 1996, 110 Stat. 2098, 2100; Pub. L. 105–34, title XVI, § 1602(g)(5), Aug. 5, 1997, 111 Stat. 1095; Pub. L. 108–357, title VIII, § 804(d), Oct. 22, 2004, 118 Stat. 1571; Pub. L. 114–113, div. Q, title IV, § 408(a), Dec. 18, 2015, 129 Stat. 3120.)Editorial NotesAmendments

2015—Subsec. (a)(6). Pub. L. 114–113 added par. (6).

2004—Subsec. (a)(3) to (5). Pub. L. 108–357 added pars. (3) and (5), redesignated former par. (5) as (4), and struck out former pars. (3) and (4) which related to exception of certain individuals from taxable transfers and burden of proof.

1997—Subsec. (a)(3)(C). Pub. L. 105–34 substituted “donor” for “decedent”.

1996—Subsec. (a)(3). Pub. L. 104–191, § 511(e)(2), substituted “Exception” for “Exceptions” in heading and amended text generally. Prior to amendment, text read as follows: “Paragraph (2) shall not apply in the case of a donor who at any time after March 8, 1965, and within the 10-year period ending with the date of transfer lost United States citizenship unless—

“(A) such donor’s loss of United States citizenship resulted from the application of section 301(b), 350, or 355 of the Immigration and Nationality Act, as amended (8 U.S.C. 1401(b), 1482, or 1487), or

“(B) such loss did not have for one of its principal purposes the avoidance of taxes under this subtitle or subtitle A.”

Subsec. (a)(3)(E). Pub. L. 104–191, § 511(f)(2)(B), added subpar. (E).

1990—Subsec. (d)(3). Pub. L. 101–508 struck out par. (3) which read as follows: “For treatment of certain transfers related to estate tax valuation freezes as gifts to which this chapter applies, see section 2036(c)(4).”

1988—Subsec. (d)(3). Pub. L. 100–647 added par. (3).

1981—Subsec. (a)(1), (4). Pub. L. 97–34 substituted “calendar year” for “calendar quarter” wherever appearing.

1976—Subsec. (a)(1). Pub. L. 94–455 inserted “for each calendar quarter” after “hereby imposed” and struck out “For the first calendar quarter of calendar year 1971 and each calendar quarter thereafter” after “General rule-”.

Subsec. (a)(4). Pub. L. 94–455, § 1906(b)(13)(A), struck out “or his delegate” after “Secretary”.

1975—Subsec. (a)(5). Pub. L. 93–625 added par. (5).

1970—Subsec. (a)(1). Pub. L. 91–614, § 102(a)(1)(A), substituted “For the first calendar quarter of the calendar year 1971 and each calendar quarter thereafter” for “For the calendar year 1955 and each calendar year thereafter” and “during such calendar quarter” for “during such calendar year”.

Subsec. (a)(4). Pub. L. 91–614, § 102(a)(1)(B), substituted “calendar quarter” for “calendar year”.

1966—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 89–809 redesignated existing provisions as par. (1), struck out “, except transfers of intangible property by a nonresident not a citizen of the United States and who was not engaged in business in the United States during such calendar year” after “resident or nonresident”, and added pars. (2) to (4).

1960—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 86–779, § 4(d)(2), struck out “who is” before “not a citizen”.

Subsecs. (c), (d). Pub. L. 86–779, § 4(d)(1), added subsec. (c) and redesignated former subsec. (c) as (d).

1958—Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 85–866, § 102(b), added subsec. (b) and redesignated former subsec. (b) as (c).

Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 85–866, § 102(b), redesignated former subsec. (b) as (c) and Pub. L. 85–866, § 43(b), made the heading read in the plural, designated existing provisions as par. (2) and added par. (1).

Statutory Notes and Related SubsidiariesEffective Date of 2015 Amendment

Pub. L. 114–113, div. Q, title IV, § 408(b), Dec. 18, 2015, 129 Stat. 3121, provided that: “The amendment made by subsection (a) [amending this section] shall apply to gifts made after the date of the enactment of this Act [Dec. 18, 2015].”

Effective Date of 2004 Amendment

Amendment by Pub. L. 108–357 applicable to individuals who expatriate after June 3, 2004, see section 804(f) of Pub. L. 108–357, set out as a note under section 877 of this title.

Effective Date of 1997 Amendment

Amendment by Pub. L. 105–34 effective as if included in the provisions of the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996, Pub. L. 104–191, to which such amendment relates, see section 1602(i) of Pub. L. 105–34, set out as a note under section 26 of this title.

Effective Date of 1996 Amendment

Amendment by Pub. L. 104–191 applicable to individuals losing United States citizenship on or after Feb. 6, 1995, and to long-term residents of the United States with respect to whom an event described in section 877(e)(1)(A) or (B) of this title occurs on or after Feb. 6, 1995, with special rule for certain individuals who performed an act of expatriation specified in section 1481(a)(1)–(4) of Title 8, Aliens and Nationality, before Feb. 6, 1995, see section 511(g) of Pub. L. 104–191, set out as a note under section 877 of this title.

Effective Date of 1990 Amendment

Amendment by Pub. L. 101–508 applicable in the case of property transferred after Dec. 17, 1987, see section 11601(c) of Pub. L. 101–508, set out as a note under section 2036 of this title.

Effective Date of 1988 Amendment

Amendment by Pub. L. 100–647 applicable in cases where transfer referred to in section 2036(c)(1)(B) of this title is on or after June 21, 1988, see section 3031(h)(2) of Pub. L. 100–647, set out as a note under section 2036 of this title.

Effective Date of 1981 Amendment

Pub. L. 97–34, title IV, § 442(e), Aug. 13, 1981, 95 Stat. 323, provided that: “The amendments made by this section [amending this section and sections 1015, 2502, 2503, 2504, 2505, 2512, 2513, 2522, 6019, 6075, and 6212 of this title] shall apply with respect to gifts made after December 31, 1981.”

Effective Date of 1976 Amendment

Pub. L. 94–455, title XIX, § 1902(c)(2), Oct. 4, 1976, 90 Stat. 1806, as amended by Pub. L. 95–600, title VII, § 703(j)(12), Nov. 6, 1978, 92 Stat. 2942, provided that: “The amendments made by paragraphs (10), (11), and (12)(D) and (E) of subsection (a) [amending this section and sections 2522 and 2523 of this title] shall apply with respect to gifts made after December 31, 1976.”

Effective Date of 1975 Amendment

Pub. L. 93–625, § 14(b), Jan. 3, 1975, 88 Stat. 2121, provided that: “The amendment made by subsection (a) [amending this section] shall apply to transfers made after May 7, 1974.”

Effective Date of 1970 Amendment

Pub. L. 91–614, title I, § 102(e), Dec. 31, 1970, 84 Stat. 1842, provided that: “The amendments made by this section [amending this section and sections 1015, 2012, 2502, 2503, 2504, 2512, 2513, 2515, 2521, 2522, 2523, 6019, 6075, 6212, 6214, 6324, 6501, and 6512 of this title and enacting provisions set out as a note under this section] shall apply with respect to gifts made after December 31, 1970.”

Effective Date of 1966 Amendment

Pub. L. 89–809, title I, § 109(c), Nov. 13, 1966, 80 Stat. 1575, provided that: “The amendments made by this section [amending this section and section 2511 of this title] shall apply with respect to the calendar year 1967 and all calendar years thereafter.”

Effective Date of 1960 Amendment

Pub. L. 86–779, § 4(e)(3), Sept. 14, 1960, 74 Stat. 1000, provided that: “The amendments made by subsection (d) [amending this section] shall apply with respect to gifts made after the date of the enactment of this Act [Sept. 14, 1960].”

Effective Date of 1958 Amendment

Amendment by Pub. L. 85–866 applicable to gifts made after September 2, 1958, see section 102(d) of Pub. L. 85–866, set out as a note under section 2014 of this title.

Construction of 2015 Amendment

Pub. L. 114–113, div. Q, title IV, § 408(c), Dec. 18, 2015, 129 Stat. 3121, provided that: “Nothing in the amendment made by subsection (a) [amending this section] shall be construed to create any inference with respect to whether any transfer of property (whether made before, on, or after the date of the enactment of this Act [Dec. 18, 2015]) to an organization described in paragraph (4), (5), or (6) of section 501(c) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 is a transfer of property by gift for purposes of chapter 12 of such Code.”

Election To Have Amendments by Title IV of the Economic Recovery Tax Act of 1981 Not Apply

Pub. L. 97–448, title I, § 104(d)(3), Jan. 12, 1983, 96 Stat. 2383, as amended by Pub. L. 99–514, § 2, Oct. 22, 1986, 100 Stat. 2095, provided that:“(A) In the case of any decedent—“(i) who dies before August 13, 1984, and“(ii) who made a gift (before August 13, 1981, and during the 3-year period ending on the date of the decedent’s death) on which tax imposed by chapter 12 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 [formerly I.R.C. 1954] has been paid before April 16, 1982,such decedent’s executor may make an election to have subtitle B of such Code (relating to estate and gift taxes) applied with respect to such decedent without regard to any of the amendments made by title IV of the Economic Recovery Tax Act of 1981 [Pub. L. 97–34, title IV].“(B) An election under subparagraph (A) shall be made at such time and in such manner as the Secretary of the Treasury or his delegate shall prescribe.“(C) An election under subparagraph (A), once made, shall be irrevocable.”

Notes of Decisions

Cited in 59 cases, 1933–2019 · leading case: Jewett v. Comm'r, 455 U.S. 305 (1982).

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Jewett v. Comm'r, 455 U.S. 305 (1982). · cites it 9× “26 U. S. C. §§ 2501 , 2511. Under Treasury Regulation § 25.”

Dickman v. Comm'r, 465 U.S. 330 (1984). · cites it 7× “Reviewing the language and history of the gift tax provisions of the Internal Revenue Code of 1954 (Code), 26 U. S. C. § 2501 et seq., the Court of Appeals concluded that Congress intended the gift tax to have the broadest and most comprehensive coverage possible.”

United States v. Irvine, 511 U.S. 224 (1994). · cites it 4× “II The Internal Revenue Code of 1986 taxes "the transfer of property by gift," 26 U. S. C. § 2501 (a)(1), [7] "whether the transfer is in trust or otherwise, whether the gift is direct or indirect, and whether the property is real or personal, tangible or intangible," § 2511(a).”

Diedrich v. Comm'r, 457 U.S. 191 (1982). · cites it 2× “See 26 U. S. C. § 2501 et seq. Both the donor and the donee may be held liable for the gift tax.”

Irene Eisenberg v. Comm'r of Internal Revenue, 155 F.3d 50 (2d Cir. 1998). · cites it 2× “” 26 U.S.C. § 2501 (a)(1) (1988). Section 2512(a), which addresses the valuation of gifts, states, “[i]f the gift is made in property, the value thereof at the date of the gift shall be considered the amount of the gift.”

Walter L. Gross, Jr. & Barbara H. Gross (99-2239) Calvin C. Linnemann & Patricia G. Linnemann (99-2257) v. Comm'r of Internal Revenue, 272 F.3d 333 (6th Cir. 2001). “” 26 U.S.C. § 2501 (a)(1) (1988). Section 2512(a) addresses the valuation of gifts, stating, “[i]f the gift is made in property, the value thereof at the date of the gift shall be considered the amount of the gift.”

Est. of Elbert B. Whitt, Loyd Whitt v. Comm'r of Internal Revenue, 751 F.2d 1548 (11th Cir. 1985). · cites it 2× “( 26 U.S.C. § 2501 et seq). The Commissioner further determined that these gifts were not completed until the recordation of the deeds and that consequently the gift tax on each conveyance was due in the year in which the deed was recorded.”

Lois P. Cottrell v. Comm'r of Internal Revenue, 628 F.2d 1127 (8th Cir. 1980). · cites it 2× “Cottrell made a taxable transfer of property by gift within the meaning of 26 U.S.C. §§ 2501 and 2511 when she disclaimed her remainder interest created by her father’s will.”

J. C. Shepherd v. Comr. of IRS, 283 F.3d 1258 (11th Cir. 2002). “See 26 U.S.C. § 2501 (assessing tax on "transfer of property by gift”) (emphasis added).”

Linton v. United States, 630 F.3d 1211 (9th Cir. 2011). “” 26 U.S.C. § 2501 (a)(1). The tax applies “whether the gift is direct or indirect.”

Laura Heim v. Comm'r of Internal Revenue, Clarence Heim v. Comm'r of Internal Revenue, Elmer Heim v. Comm'r of Internal Revenue, 872 F.2d 245 (8th Cir. 1989). “The Commissioner assessed deficiencies against them pursuant to 26 U.S.C. § 2501 , and imposed penalties for failure to file gift tax returns and for negligence pursuant to 26 U.”

Leonard Greene & Joyce Greene v. United States, 79 F.3d 1348 (2d Cir. 1996). “See 26 U.S.C. § 2501 (a)(1) (1994) (imposing tax on “transfer of property by gift”).”

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