U.S. Code » Title 42 » Chapter CHAPTER 117— ENCOURAGING GOOD FAITH PROFESSIONAL REVIEW ACTIVITIES › Subchapter SUBCHAPTER III— DEFINITIONS AND REPORTS

42 U.S.C. § 11151

Definitions

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In this chapter:(1) The term “adversely affecting” includes reducing, restricting, suspending, revoking, denying, or failing to renew clinical privileges or membership in a health care entity.(2) The term “Board of Medical Examiners” includes a body comparable to such a Board (as determined by the State) with responsibility for the licensing of physicians and also includes a subdivision of such a Board or body.(3) The term “clinical privileges” includes privileges, membership on the medical staff, and the other circumstances pertaining to the furnishing of medical care under which a physician or other licensed health care practitioner is permitted to furnish such care by a health care entity.(4)(A) The term “health care entity” means—(i) a hospital that is licensed to provide health care services by the State in which it is located,(ii) an entity (including a health maintenance organization or group medical practice) that provides health care services and that follows a formal peer review process for the purpose of furthering quality health care (as determined under regulations of the Secretary), and(iii) subject to subparagraph (B), a professional society (or committee thereof) of physicians or other licensed health care practitioners that follows a formal peer review process for the purpose of furthering quality health care (as determined under regulations of the Secretary).(B) The term “health care entity” does not include a professional society (or committee thereof) if, within the previous 5 years, the society has been found by the Federal Trade Commission or any court to have engaged in any anti-competitive practice which had the effect of restricting the practice of licensed health care practitioners.(5) The term “hospital” means an entity described in paragraphs (1) and (7) of section 1395x(e) of this title.(6) The terms “licensed health care practitioner” and “practitioner” mean, with respect to a State, an individual (other than a physician) who is licensed or otherwise authorized by the State to provide health care services.(7) The term “medical malpractice action or claim” means a written claim or demand for payment based on a health care provider’s furnishing (or failure to furnish) health care services, and includes the filing of a cause of action, based on the law of tort, brought in any court of any State or the United States seeking monetary damages.(8) The term “physician” means a doctor of medicine or osteopathy or a doctor of dental surgery or medical dentistry legally authorized to practice medicine and surgery or dentistry by a State (or any individual who, without authority holds himself or herself out to be so authorized).(9) The term “professional review action” means an action or recommendation of a professional review body which is taken or made in the conduct of professional review activity, which is based on the competence or professional conduct of an individual physician (which conduct affects or could affect adversely the health or welfare of a patient or patients), and which affects (or may affect) adversely the clinical privileges, or membership in a professional society, of the physician. Such term includes a formal decision of a professional review body not to take an action or make a recommendation described in the previous sentence and also includes professional review activities relating to a professional review action. In this chapter, an action is not considered to be based on the competence or professional conduct of a physician if the action is primarily based on—(A) the physician’s association, or lack of association, with a professional society or association,(B) the physician’s fees or the physician’s advertising or engaging in other competitive acts intended to solicit or retain business,(C) the physician’s participation in prepaid group health plans, salaried employment, or any other manner of delivering health services whether on a fee-for-service or other basis,(D) a physician’s association with, supervision of, delegation of authority to, support for, training of, or participation in a private group practice with, a member or members of a particular class of health care practitioner or professional, or(E) any other matter that does not relate to the competence or professional conduct of a physician.(10) The term “professional review activity” means an activity of a health care entity with respect to an individual physician—(A) to determine whether the physician may have clinical privileges with respect to, or membership in, the entity,(B) to determine the scope or conditions of such privileges or membership, or(C) to change or modify such privileges or membership.(11) The term “professional review body” means a health care entity and the governing body or any committee of a health care entity which conducts professional review activity, and includes any committee of the medical staff of such an entity when assisting the governing body in a professional review activity.(12) The term “Secretary” means the Secretary of Health and Human Services.(13) The term “State” means the 50 States, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, Guam, American Samoa, and the Northern Mariana Islands.(14) The term “State licensing board” means, with respect to a physician or health care provider in a State, the agency of the State which is primarily responsible for the licensing of the physician or provider to furnish health care services.(Pub. L. 99–660, title IV, § 431, Nov. 14, 1986, 100 Stat. 3792.)
Notes of Decisions
Cited in 125 cases (14 in the last 5 years), 1989–2025 · leading case: Alan D. Gordon, M.D. Alan D. Gordon, M.D., P.C., a Corp. Mifflin Cnty. Cmty. Surgical Ctr., a Corp. v. Lewistown Hosp., 423 F.3d 184 (3d Cir. 2005).
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Alan D. Gordon, M.D. Alan D. Gordon, M.D., P.C., a Corp. Mifflin Cnty. Cmty. Surgical Ctr., a Corp. v. Lewistown Hosp., 423 F.3d 184 (3d Cir. 2005). · cites it 9× “The Hospital contended that those actions were “professional review actions” within the meaning of 42 U.S.C. § 11151 (9), and thus gave rise to immunity from money damages.”
Wojewski v. Rapid City Reg'l Hosp., Inc., 2007 SD 33 (S.D. 2007). · cites it 21× “"Professional review action" is defined as, an action or recommendation of a professional review body which is taken or made in the conduct of professional review activity, which is based on the competence or professional conduct of an individual physician (which conduct affects…”
Granger v. Christus Health Cent. Louisiana, 144 So. 3d 736 (La. 2013). · cites it 9× “HCQIA’s definitional provisions, contained in 42 U.S.C.A. § 11151 , make clear the relationship between professional review activity and professional review action.”
Moore v. Williamsburg Reg'l Hosp., 560 F.3d 166 (4th Cir. 2009). · cites it 9× “In order to ensure that such review is effective and not abused, HCQIA only provides immunity to “professional review actions” based on a physician’s “competence or professional conduct,” 42 U.S.C. § 11151 (9), and it mandates specific standards and procedures that must be…”
Wahi v. Charleston Area Med. Ctr., Inc., 562 F.3d 599 (4th Cir. 2009). · cites it 2× “” 42 U.S.C.A. § 11151 (11) (West 2005). 16 .”
Reyes v. Wilson Mem'l Hosp., 102 F. Supp. 2d 798 (S.D. Ohio 1998). · cites it 10× “” 42 U.S.C. § 11151 (11). The Court concludes that each of the Defendants is eligible for the immunity provided by the HCQIA.”
Singh v. Blue Cross/Blue Shield of Massachusetts, Inc., 308 F.3d 25 (1st Cir. 2002). · cites it 3× “42 U.S.C. § 11151 (9). Professional review activities are generally precursors to professional review actions.”
North Colorado Med. Ctr., Inc. v. Nicholas, 27 P.3d 828 (Colo. 2001). · cites it 2× “42 U.S.C. § 11151 (11). A "professional review activity" is defined as: [An activity of a health care entity with respect to an individual physician- (A) to determine whether the physician may have clinical privileges with respect to, or membership in, the entity, (B) to…”
Mem'l Hosp.-The Woodlands v. McCown, 927 S.W.2d 1 (Tex. 1996). · cites it 4× “See 42 U.S.C. § 11151 (9)(A)-(E).) Each board of medical examiners in turn receives information from health-care entities across the state regarding the denial of staff privileges.”
Doe v. Leavitt, 552 F.3d 75 (1st Cir. 2009). · cites it 3× “42 U.S.C. § 11151 (10)(C). The appellant suggests that this term encompasses the entire process through which a hospital alters a physician’s clinical privileges — that is, from the commencement of fact-gathering through the final decision.”
Lipson v. Anesthesia Servs., P.A., 790 A.2d 1261 (Del. Super. Ct. 2001). · cites it 3× “” 42 U.S.C. § 11151 (11). A "health care entity” includes hospitals, an entity (including a HMO or "group medical practice”) which follows a formal peer review process, or a professional society of licensed health care providers.”
James B. Hurwitz, M.D. v. Ahs Hosp. Corp., 103 A.3d 285 (N.J. Super. Ct. App. Div. 2014). · cites it 4× “" 42 U.S.C.A. § 11151 (11). A "professional review action," defined earlier in the HCQIA, consists of: an action or recommendation of a professional review body which is taken or made in the conduct of professional review activity, which is based on the competence or…”
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42 U.S.C. § 11151(9): 1 case
Burney v. East Alabama Med. Ctr., 939 F. Supp. 1514 (M.D. Ala. 1996).
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