48 U.S.C. § 1421i

Income tax

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(a) Applicability of Federal laws; separate tax

The income-tax laws in force in the United States of America and those which may hereafter be enacted shall be held to be likewise in force in Guam: Provided, That notwithstanding any other provision of law, the Legislature of Guam may levy a separate tax on all taxpayers in an amount not to exceed 10 per centum of their annual income tax obligation to the Government of Guam.

(b) Guam Territorial income tax

The income-tax laws in force in Guam pursuant to subsection (a) of this section shall be deemed to impose a separate Territorial income tax, payable to the government of Guam, which tax is designated the “Guam Territorial income tax”.

The administration and enforcement of the Guam Territorial income tax shall be performed by or under the supervision of the Governor. Any function needful to the administration and enforcement of the income-tax laws in force in Guam pursuant to subsection (a) of this section shall be performed by any officer or employee of the government of Guam duly authorized by the Governor (either directly, or indirectly by one or more redelegations of authority) to perform such function.

(d) “Income-tax laws” defined; administration and enforcement; rules and regulations(1) The income-tax laws in force in Guam pursuant to subsection (a) of this section include but are not limited to the following provisions of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, where not manifestly inapplicable or incompatible with the intent of this section: Subtitle A [26 U.S.C. 1 et seq.] (not including chapter 2 [26 U.S.C. 1401 et seq.] and section 931 [26 U.S.C. 931]); chapters 24 and 25 of subtitle C [26 U.S.C. 3401 et seq. and 3501 et seq.], with reference to the collection of income tax at source on wages; and all provisions of subtitle F [26 U.S.C. 6001 et seq.] which apply to the income tax, including provisions as to crimes, other offenses, and forfeitures contained in chapter 75 [26 U.S.C. 7201 et seq.]. For the period after 1950 and prior to the effective date of the repeal of any provision of the Internal Revenue Code of 1939 which corresponds to one or more of those provisions of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 which are included in the income-tax laws in force in Guam pursuant to subsection (a) of this section, such income-tax laws include but are not limited to such provisions of the Internal Revenue Code of 1939.(2) The Governor or his delegate shall have the same administrative and enforcement powers and remedies with regard to the Guam Territorial income tax as the Secretary of the Treasury, and other United States officials of the executive branch, have with respect to the United States income tax. Needful rules and regulations not inconsistent with the regulations prescribed under section 7654(e) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 [26 U.S.C. 7654(e)] for enforcement of the Guam Territorial income tax shall be prescribed by the Governor. The Governor or his delegate shall have authority to issue, from time to time, in whole or in part, the text of the income-tax laws in force in Guam pursuant to subsection (a) of this section.(3) In applying as the Guam Territorial income tax the income-tax laws in force in Guam pursuant to subsection (a) of this section, the rate of tax under sections 871, 881, 884, 1441, 1442, 1443, 1445, and 1446 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 [26 U.S.C. 871, 881, 884, 1441, 1442, 1443, 1445, and 1446] on any item of income from sources within Guam shall be the same as the rate which would apply with respect to such item were Guam treated as part of the United States for purposes of the treaty obligations of the United States. The preceding sentence shall not apply to determine the rate of tax on any item of income received from a Guam payor if, for any taxable year, the taxes of the Guam payor were rebated under Guam law. For purposes of this subsection, the term “Guam payor” means the person from whom the item of income would be deemed to be received for purposes of claiming treaty benefits were Guam treated as part of the United States.(e) Substitution of terms

In applying as the Guam Territorial income tax the income-tax laws in force in Guam pursuant to subsection (a) of this section, except where it is manifestly otherwise required, the applicable provisions of the Internal Revenue Codes of 1986 and 1939, shall be read so as to substitute “Guam” for “United States”, “Governor or his delegate” for “Secretary or his delegate”, “Governor or his delegate” for “Commissioner of Internal Revenue” and “Collector of Internal Revenue”, “District Court of Guam” for “district court” and with other changes in nomenclature and other language, including the omission of inapplicable language, where necessary to effect the intent of this section.

(f) Criminal offenses; prosecution

Any act or failure to act with respect to the Guam Territorial income tax which constitutes a criminal offense under chapter 75 of subtitle F of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 [26 U.S.C. 7201 et seq.], or the corresponding provisions of the Internal Revenue Code of 1939, as included in the income-tax laws in force in Guam pursuant to subsection (a) of this section, shall be an offense against the government of Guam and may be prosecuted in the name of the government of Guam by the appropriate officers thereof.

(g) Liens

The government of Guam shall have a lien with respect to the Guam Territorial income tax in the same manner and with the same effect, and subject to the same conditions, as the United States has a lien with respect to the United States income tax. Such lien in respect of the Guam Territorial income tax shall be enforceable in the name of and by the government of Guam. Where filing of a notice of lien is prescribed by the income-tax laws in force in Guam pursuant to subsection (a) of this section, such notice shall be filed in the Office of the Clerk of the District Court of Guam.

(h) Jurisdiction of District Court; suits for recovery or collection of taxes; payment of judgment(1) Notwithstanding any provision of section 1424 of this title or any other provision of law to the contrary, the District Court of Guam shall have exclusive original jurisdiction over all judicial proceedings in Guam, both criminal and civil, regardless of the degree of the offense or of the amount involved, with respect to the Guam Territorial income tax.(2) Suits for the recovery of any Guam Territorial income tax alleged to have been erroneously or illegally assessed or collected, or of any penalty claimed to have been collected without authority, or of any sum alleged to have been excessive or in any manner wrongfully collected, under the income-tax laws in force in Guam, pursuant to subsection (a) of this section, may, regardless of the amount of claim, be maintained against the government of Guam subject to the same statutory requirements as are applicable to suits for the recovery of such amounts maintained against the United States in the United States district courts with respect to the United States income tax. When any judgment against the government of Guam under this paragraph has become final, the Governor shall order the payment of such judgments out of any unencumbered funds in the treasury of Guam.(3) Execution shall not issue against the Governor or any officer or employee of the government of Guam on a final judgment in any proceeding against him for any acts or for the recovery of money exacted by or paid to him and subsequently paid into the treasury of Guam, in performing his official duties under the income-tax laws in force in Guam pursuant to subsection (a) of this section, if the court certifies that—(A) probable cause existed; or(B) such officer or employee acted under the directions of the Governor or his delegate.When such certificate has been issued, the Governor shall order the payment of such judgment out of any unencumbered funds in the treasury of Guam.(4) A civil action for the collection of the Guam Territorial income tax, together with fines, penalties, and forfeitures, or for the recovery of any erroneous refund of such tax, may be brought in the name of and by the government of Guam in the District Court of Guam or in any district court of the United States or in any court having the jurisdiction of a district court of the United States.(5) The jurisdiction conferred upon the District Court of Guam by this subsection shall not be subject to transfer to any other court by the legislature, notwithstanding section 1424(a) of this title.(Aug. 1, 1950, ch. 512, § 31, 64 Stat. 392; Pub. L. 85–688, § 1, Aug. 20, 1958, 72 Stat. 681; Pub. L. 92–606, § 1(d), Oct. 31, 1972, 86 Stat. 1497; Pub. L. 95–134, title II, § 203(c), Oct. 15, 1977, 91 Stat. 1162; Pub. L. 99–514, § 2, Oct. 22, 1986, 100 Stat. 2095; Pub. L. 107–212, § 2(a), Aug. 21, 2002, 116 Stat. 1051.)Editorial NotesReferences in Text

The Internal Revenue Code of 1986, referred to in subsecs. (d) to (f), is classified generally to Title 26, Internal Revenue Code.

The Internal Revenue Code of 1939, referred to in subsecs. (d)(1), (e), and (f), was generally repealed by section 7851 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1954, Title 26. The Internal Revenue Code of 1954 was redesignated the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 by Pub. L. 99–514, § 2, Oct. 22, 1986, 100 Stat. 2095. For table of comparisons of the 1939 Code to the 1986 Code, see Table I preceding section 1 of Title 26, Internal Revenue Code. See also section 7852(b) of Title 26 for provision that references in any other law to a provision of the 1939 Code, unless expressly incompatible with the intent thereof, shall be deemed a reference to the corresponding provision of the 1986 Code.

Subtitle A (not including chapter 2 and section 931) and chapters 24 and 25 of subtitle C, referred to in subsec. (d)(1), and subtitle F and chapter 75, referred to in subsecs. (d)(1) and (f), mean subtitle A (§ 1 et seq.), chapter 2 (§ 1401 et seq.) of subtitle A, chapters 24 (§ 3401 et seq.) and 25 (§ 3501 et seq.) of subtitle C, subtitle F (§ 6001 et seq.) and chapter 75 (§ 7201 et seq.) of subtitle F, respectively, of Title 26.

Amendments

2002—Subsec. (d)(3). Pub. L. 107–212 added par. (3).

1986—Subsecs. (d) to (f). Pub. L. 99–514 substituted “Internal Revenue Code of 1986” for “Internal Revenue Code of 1954” wherever appearing.

1977—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 95–134 inserted provision that the Legislature of Guam may levy a separate tax on taxpayers in an amount not to exceed 10 per centum of their annual income tax obligation to the Government of Guam.

1972—Subsec. (d)(2). Pub. L. 92–606 substituted “Needful rules and regulations not inconsistent with the regulations prescribed under section 7654(e) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1954” for “Needful rules and regulations”.

1958—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 85–688 designated existing provisions as subsec. (a).

Subsecs. (b) to (h). Pub. L. 85–688 added subsecs. (b) to (h).

Statutory Notes and Related SubsidiariesEffective Date of 2002 Amendment

Pub. L. 107–212, § 2(b), Aug. 21, 2002, 116 Stat. 1051, provided that: “The amendment made by subsection (a) [amending this section] shall apply to amounts paid after the date of the enactment of the Act [Aug. 21, 2002].”

Effective Date of 1972 Amendment

Amendment by Pub. L. 92–606 applicable with respect to taxable years beginning after Dec. 31, 1972, see section 2 of Pub. L. 92–606, set out in part as a note under section 931 of Title 26, Internal Revenue Code.

Effective Date

Section became effective Jan. 1, 1951, by provision of Ex. Ord. No. 10211 eff. Feb. 6, 1951, 16 F.R. 1167.

Authority of Guam, American Samoa, and the Northern Mariana Islands To Enact Revenue Laws

See section 1271 of Pub. L. 99–514, set out as a note under section 931 of Title 26, Internal Revenue Code.

Ratification of Assessments and Collections Made Before August 20, 1958

Pub. L. 85–688, § 2, Aug. 20, 1958, 72 Stat. 683, provided that income taxes assessed prior to Aug. 20, 1958, by the authorities of the government of Guam pursuant to, or under color of, this section, the collection of such taxes, and all acts done to effectuate such assessment and collection were legalized, ratified and confirmed as fully, to all intents and purposes, as if subsecs. (b) to (h) of this section, had then been in full force and effect.

Notes of Decisions

Cited in 46 cases (1 in the last 5 years), 1951–2024 · leading case: Antonio Gumataotao v. Dir. of Dep't of Revenue & Taxation, 236 F.3d 1077 (9th Cir. 2001).

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Antonio Gumataotao v. Dir. of Dep't of Revenue & Taxation, 236 F.3d 1077 (9th Cir. 2001). · cites it 11× “Congress also provided an income tax scheme for Guam in 48 U.S.C. § 1421i (the “Income Tax Section”).”

Bank of Guam v. United States, 578 F.3d 1318 (Fed. Cir. 2009). · cites it 3× “Regardless of the Bank’s admissions, it is clear that Congress enacted, through 48 U.S.C. § 1421i, the GTIT, which “mirrors” the federal IRC.”

Rea Paeste v. Gov't of Guam, 798 F.3d 1228 (9th Cir. 2015). · cites it 4× “The taxpayers alleged that Guam violated the tax provisions of the Organic Act of Guam, 48 U.S.C. § 1421i, by failing timely to refund overpayments, and, via a claim brought under 42 U.”

Armstrong v. Commonwealth of N. Mariana Islands, 576 F.3d 950 (9th Cir. 2009). · cites it 5× “See 48 U.S.C. § 1421i. We see no reason to interpret section 601’s reference to Guam to incorporate a jurisdictional provision that is (1) specific to the United States’s relationship with Guam and (2) not contained in either the Covenant or the IRC.”

Limtiaco v. Camacho, 549 U.S. 483 (2007). · cites it 2× “[7] It is not, of course, the only index of Guam's capacity to pay its bills; income taxation is an obvious source of revenue, see 48 U.S.C. §§ 1421i(a)-(b) (authorizing Guam to collect income tax).”

Birdman v. Off. of the Governor, 677 F.3d 167 (3rd Cir. 2012). “See 48 U.S.C. § 1421i(h)(l); Gov’t of Guam v.”

Bank of Guam v. United States, 80 Fed. Cl. 739 (Fed. Cl. 2008). · cites it 7× “” 48 U.S.C. § 1421i(a) (2000). Congress directed that the “income-tax laws in force in Guam pursuant to subsection (a) of this section shall be deemed to impose a separate Territorial income tax, payable to the government of Guam, which tax is designated that ‘Guam Territorial…”

Sayre & Co., Ltd. v. R. A. Riddell, Comm'r of Revenue & Taxation, 395 F.2d 407 (9th Cir. 1968). · cites it 3× “§ 1421i, provides in subsection (a) that the income tax laws in force in the United States shall likewise be in force in Guam.”

Matao Yokeno v. Sawako Sekiguchi, 754 F.3d 649 (9th Cir. 2014). “§ 7441 ; 48 U.S.C. §§ 1421i(h)(l), 1424(b). 5 . The 1988 amendment to § 1332 became effective May 18, 1989.”

Lee M. Holmes, Joan S. Holmes v. Dir. of the Dep't of Revenue & Taxation, Gov't of Guam, as the Delegate of the Governor of Guam, 937 F.2d 481 (9th Cir. 1991). · cites it 3× “2d at 1244 ; 48 U.S.C. § 1421i(b)~(e); § 601, Covenant to Establish a Commonwealth in Political Union With the United States of America (“Covenant”) (as amended), reprinted in 48 U.”

Lee & Joan Holmes v. Dir. of Revenue & Taxation, Gov't of Guam, 827 F.2d 1243 (9th Cir. 1987). · cites it 2× “48 U.S.C. § 1421i(a). They were thus entitled to deduct their proportionate share of NM Cable’s losses, if NM Cable qualified as an “electing small business corporation.”

Remedios A. Flores, of the Est. of Jose M. Flores & Remedios A. Flores, Individually v. Gov't of Guam, 444 F.2d 284 (9th Cir. 1971). · cites it 3× “5 *287 Section 31, as amended, provides that the income tax laws of the United States shall be the income tax laws of Guam [48 U.S.C. § 1421i (1964 ed.)]. Section 31(e) states that, in order to obtain a “mirrored effect” 6 between the federal and Guamanian tax laws, the word…”

Show all 46 citing cases →

— 48 U.S.C. § 1421i(a) — 12 cases

Antonio Gumataotao v. Dir. of Dep't of Revenue & Taxation, 236 F.3d 1077 (9th Cir. 2001). “Congress also provided an income tax scheme for Guam in 48 U.S.C. § 1421i (the “Income Tax Section”).”

Limtiaco v. Camacho, 549 U.S. 483 (2007). “[7] It is not, of course, the only index of Guam's capacity to pay its bills; income taxation is an obvious source of revenue, see 48 U.S.C. §§ 1421i(a)-(b) (authorizing Guam to collect income tax).”

Bank of Guam v. United States, 578 F.3d 1318 (Fed. Cir. 2009). “Regardless of the Bank’s admissions, it is clear that Congress enacted, through 48 U.S.C. § 1421i, the GTIT, which “mirrors” the federal IRC.”

Bank of Guam v. United States, 80 Fed. Cl. 739 (Fed. Cl. 2008). “” 48 U.S.C. § 1421i(a) (2000). Congress directed that the “income-tax laws in force in Guam pursuant to subsection (a) of this section shall be deemed to impose a separate Territorial income tax, payable to the government of Guam, which tax is designated that ‘Guam Territorial…”

Lee & Joan Holmes v. Dir. of Revenue & Taxation, Gov't of Guam, 827 F.2d 1243 (9th Cir. 1987). “48 U.S.C. § 1421i(a). They were thus entitled to deduct their proportionate share of NM Cable’s losses, if NM Cable qualified as an “electing small business corporation.”

— 48 U.S.C. § 1421i(b) — 5 cases

Lee M. Holmes, Joan S. Holmes v. Dir. of the Dep't of Revenue & Taxation, Gov't of Guam, as the Delegate of the Governor of Guam, 937 F.2d 481 (9th Cir. 1991). “2d at 1244 ; 48 U.S.C. § 1421i(b)~(e); § 601, Covenant to Establish a Commonwealth in Political Union With the United States of America (“Covenant”) (as amended), reprinted in 48 U.”

Kanazawa Ltd., a Corp. v. Sound, Unlimited, a Corp., 440 F.2d 1239 (9th Cir. 1971).

Alvarez v. United States, 47 Fed. Cl. 590 (Fed. Cl. 2000).

— 48 U.S.C. § 1421i(c) — 2 cases

Santos v. Camacho (D. Guam 2005).

— 48 U.S.C. § 1421i(d) — 4 cases

Chicago Bridge & Iron Co., Ltd. v. Ruben B. Wheatley, Comm'r of Fin., 430 F.2d 973 (3rd Cir. 1970).

Sayre & Co., Ltd. v. R. A. Riddell, Comm'r of Revenue & Taxation, 395 F.2d 407 (9th Cir. 1968). “§ 1421i, provides in subsection (a) that the income tax laws in force in the United States shall likewise be in force in Guam.”

Simpao v. Gov't of Guam (D. Guam 2005).

— 48 U.S.C. § 1421i(d)(1) — 1 case

Dacanay v. Gov't of Guam (D. Guam 2005).

— 48 U.S.C. § 1421i(d)(2) — 2 cases

Santos v. Camacho (D. Guam 2005).

— 48 U.S.C. § 1421i(d)(l) — 2 cases

Hassen v. Gov't of the Virgin Islands, 66 V.I. 860 (D.V.I. 2017).

— 48 U.S.C. § 1421i(e) — 9 cases

Atesom v. Guam Mem'l Hosp. Auth. (D. Guam 2016).

— 48 U.S.C. § 1421i(h) — 4 cases

Armstrong v. Commonwealth of N. Mariana Islands, 576 F.3d 950 (9th Cir. 2009). “See 48 U.S.C. § 1421i. We see no reason to interpret section 601’s reference to Guam to incorporate a jurisdictional provision that is (1) specific to the United States’s relationship with Guam and (2) not contained in either the Covenant or the IRC.”

John D. Forbes & Rosalind L. Forbes v. A. G. Maddox, Comm'r of Internal Revenue & Taxation, Gov't of Guam, 339 F.2d 387 (9th Cir. 1964).

Gov't of Guam v. Superior Court of Guam, 998 F.2d 754 (9th Cir. 1993).

Armstrong v. CNMI (9th Cir. 2009).

— 48 U.S.C. § 1421i(h)(1) — 4 cases

Atesom v. Guam Mem'l Hosp. Auth. (D. Guam 2016).

Armstrong v. CNMI (9th Cir. 2009).

Atesom v. Guam Mem'l Hosp. Auth. (D. Guam 2016).

— 48 U.S.C. § 1421i(h)(2) — 2 cases

Gov't of Guam v. Superior Court of Guam, 998 F.2d 754 (9th Cir. 1993).

Rodriguez v. Ilagan (D. Guam 2010).

— 48 U.S.C. § 1421i(h)(l) — 2 cases

Birdman v. Off. of the Governor, 677 F.3d 167 (3rd Cir. 2012). “See 48 U.S.C. § 1421i(h)(l); Gov’t of Guam v.”

Matao Yokeno v. Sawako Sekiguchi, 754 F.3d 649 (9th Cir. 2014). “§ 7441 ; 48 U.S.C. §§ 1421i(h)(l), 1424(b). 5 . The 1988 amendment to § 1332 became effective May 18, 1989.”

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