Virginia Code

Va. Code Ann. § 54.1-3448 (2026)

Schedule II

✓ current as of May 2026

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The controlled substances listed in this section are included in Schedule II:

1. Any of the following substances, except those narcotic drugs listed in other schedules, whether produced directly or indirectly by extraction from substances of vegetable origin, or independently by means of chemical synthesis, or by combination of extraction and chemical synthesis:

Opium and opiate, and any salt, compound, derivative, or preparation of opium or opiate, excluding apomorphine, thebaine-derived butorphanol, dextrorphan, nalbuphine, naldemedine, nalmefene, naloxone, naltrexone and their respective salts, but including the following:

Raw opium;

Opium extracts;

Opium fluid extracts;

Powdered opium;

Granulated opium;

Tincture of opium;

Codeine;

Dihydroetorphine;

Ethylmorphine;

Etorphine hydrochloride;

Hydrocodone;

Hydromorphone;

Metopon;

Oripavine (3-O-demethylthebaine or 6,7,8,14-tetradehydro-4, 5-alpha-epoxy-6-methoxy-17-methylmorphinan-3-ol);

Morphine;

Noroxymorphone;

Oxycodone;

Oxymorphone;

Thebaine.

Any salt, compound, isomer, derivative, or preparation thereof which is chemically equivalent or identical with any of the substances referred to in this subdivision, but not including the isoquinoline alkaloids of opium.

Opium poppy and poppy straw.

Coca leaves and any salt, compound, derivative, or preparation of coca leaves, and any salt, compound, derivative, or preparation thereof which is chemically equivalent or identical with any of these substances, but not including decocainized coca leaves or extractions which do not contain cocaine or ecgonine; cocaine or any salt or isomer thereof.

Concentrate of poppy straw, the crude extract of poppy straw in either liquid, solid or powder form, which contains the phenanthrene alkaloids of the opium poppy.

2. Any of the following opiates, including their isomers, esters, ethers, salts, and salts of isomers, whenever the existence of these isomers, esters, ethers and salts is possible within the specific chemical designation:

Alfentanil;

Alphaprodine;

Anileridine;

Bezitramide;

Bulk dextropropoxyphene (nondosage forms);

Carfentanil;

Dihydrocodeine;

Diphenoxylate;

Fentanyl;

Isomethadone;

Levo-alphacetylmethadol (levo-alpha-acetylmethadol)(levomethadyl acetate)(LAAM);

Levomethorphan;

Levorphanol;

Metazocine;

Methadone;

Methadone — Intermediate, 4-cyano-2-dimethylamino-4, 4-diphenyl butane;

Moramide — Intermediate, 2-methyl-3-morpholino-1, 1-diphenyl-propane-carboxylicacid;

Oliceridine;

Pethidine (other name: meperidine);

Pethidine — Intermediate — A, 4-cyano-1-methyl-4-phenylpiperidine;

Pethidine — Intermediate — B, ethyl-4-phenylpiperidine-4-carboxylate;

Pethidine — Intermediate — C, 1-methyl-4-phenylpiperidine-4-carboxylic acid;

Phenazocine;

Piminodine;

Racemethorphan;

Racemorphan;

Remifentanil;

Sufentanil;

Tapentadol;

Thiafentanil.

3. Any material, compound, mixture or preparation which contains any quantity of the following substances having a potential for abuse associated with a stimulant effect on the central nervous system:

Amphetamine, its salts, optical isomers, and salts of its optical isomers;

Phenmetrazine and its salts;

Any substance which contains any quantity of methamphetamine, including its salts, isomers, and salts of isomers;

Methylphenidate;

Lisdexamfetamine, its salts, isomers, and salts of its isomers.

4. Unless specifically excepted or unless listed in another schedule, any material, compound, mixture, or preparation which contains any quantity of the following substances having a depressant effect on the central nervous system, including its salts, isomers, and salts of isomers whenever the existence of such salts, isomers, and salts of isomers is possible within the specific chemical designation:

Amobarbital;

Glutethimide;

Secobarbital;

Pentobarbital;

Phencyclidine.

5. The following hallucinogenic substances:

Nabilone;

Dronabinol ((-)-delta-9-trans tetrahydrocannabinol) in an oral solution in a drug product approved for marketing by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration.

6. Unless specifically excepted or unless listed in another schedule, any material, compound, mixture, or preparation which contains any quantity of the following substances which are:

a. Immediate precursors to amphetamine and methamphetamine:

Phenylacetone.

b. Immediate precursor to phencyclidine:

1-phenylcyclohexylamine;

1-piperidinocyclohexanecarbonitrile (other name: PCC).

c. Immediate precursor to fentanyl:

4-anilino-N-phenethyl-4-piperidine (ANPP).

1972, c. 798, § 54-524.84:6; 1976, c. 614; 1977, c. 302; 1978, c. 833; 1979, c. 387; 1981, c. 30; 1984, c. 192; 1986, c. 463; 1988, cc. 283, 765; 1992, c. 737; 1994, c. 763; 1998, c. 105; 2000, c. 135; 2005, c. 119; 2008, c. 74; 2010, c. 423; 2011, c. 700; 2017, c. 612; 2019, c. 85; 2022, cc. 114, 115; 2024, cc. 62, 228.

Notes of Decisions

Cited in 23 cases (11 in the last 5 years), 1992–2025 · leading case: Towler v. Commonwealth, 718 S.E.2d 463 (Va. Ct. App. 2011).

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Towler v. Commonwealth, 718 S.E.2d 463 (Va. Ct. App. 2011). · cites it 2× “Code § 54.1-3448 lists Oxycontin as a Schedule II controlled drug, the possession of which is a Class 5 felony under Code § 18.”

United States v. Kendall Wysinger, 64 F.4th 207 (4th Cir. 2023). · cites it 2× “” Va. Code Ann. § 54.1-3448 (2005). Exhaustively comparing these detailed schedules to the Section 802 definitions of “narcotic drugs,” “marihuana,” “anabolic steroid,” and “depressant or stimulant substance” would be a job for a pharmaceutical chemist, but we need not do so…”

Shears v. Commonwealth, 477 S.E.2d 309 (Va. Ct. App. 1996). · cites it 2× “…284 U.S. 299, 304 , 52 S.Ct. 180, 182 , 76 L.Ed. 306 (1932). 4 . Cocaine is a Schedule II controlled substance. Code § 54.1-3448.”

Lane v. Commonwealth, 659 S.E.2d 553 (Va. Ct. App. 2008). · cites it 2× “Code § 54.1-3448. 7 . Our case law focuses on the packaging of narcotics in terms of demonstrating an intent to distribute.”

Anderson v. Commonwealth, 448 S.E.2d 888 (Va. Ct. App. 1994). · cites it 4× “Code § 54.1-3448(4) lists Phencyclidine as a Schedule II controlled substance.”

Dominion Coal Corp. v. Bowman, 672 S.E.2d 122 (Va. Ct. App. 2009). · cites it 2× “Under Code § 54.1-3448, methadone is identified as a Schedule II controlled substance.”

Dingus, 28 I. & N. Dec. 529 (BIA 2022). “Consequently, we find it logical to apply the test we 11 Compare Va. Code Ann. § 54.1-3448 (West 2017), with 21 C.”

Jefferson v. Commonwealth, 414 S.E.2d 860 (Va. Ct. App. 1992). “1, or (ii) coca leaves and any salt, compound, derivative or preparation thereof as described in Schedule II of the Drug Control Act, Chapter 34 (§ 54.1-3448) who simultaneously with knowledge and intent possess any firearm shall be guilty of a Class 6 felony.”

Fullwood v. Commonwealth, 676 S.E.2d 348 (Va. Ct. App. 2009). · cites it 2× “See Code § 54.1-3448. The fact that the Code treats cocaine and marijuana as separate illegal drugs, the possession or distribution of which can constitute separate offenses, distinguishes this case from Lane , and strongly suggests that Fullwood’s multiple convictions are…”

Qualik Nashawn Davis v. Commonwealth of Virginia (Va. Ct. App. 2023). · cites it 5× “See Code § 54.1-3448(1). The pills actually contained fentanyl, a different controlled substance.”

Hardik Sureschchandra Patel v. Commonwealth of Virginia (Va. Ct. App. 2022). · cites it 2× “Code §§ 54.1-3448, -3450, and -3452. “A motion to strike challenges whether the evidence is sufficient to submit the case to the jury.”

Todd Lynn Lewis v. Commonwealth of Virginia (Va. Ct. App. 2022). · cites it 2× “” Code § 54.1-3448(3). Therefore, for a general charge under Code § 18.”

Show all 23 citing cases →

— Va. Code Ann. § 54.1-3448(1) — 1 case

Qualik Nashawn Davis v. Commonwealth of Virginia (Va. Ct. App. 2023). “See Code § 54.1-3448(1). The pills actually contained fentanyl, a different controlled substance.”

— Va. Code Ann. § 54.1-3448(2) — 1 case

Qualik Nashawn Davis v. Commonwealth of Virginia (Va. Ct. App. 2023). “See Code § 54.1-3448(1). The pills actually contained fentanyl, a different controlled substance.”

— Va. Code Ann. § 54.1-3448(3) — 2 cases

Todd Lynn Lewis v. Commonwealth of Virginia (Va. Ct. App. 2022). “” Code § 54.1-3448(3). Therefore, for a general charge under Code § 18.”

Amanda Lucille Ragan v. Commonwealth of Virginia (Va. Ct. App. 2013).

— Va. Code Ann. § 54.1-3448(4) — 1 case

Anderson v. Commonwealth, 448 S.E.2d 888 (Va. Ct. App. 1994). “Code § 54.1-3448(4) lists Phencyclidine as a Schedule II controlled substance.”

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