This appeal involves issues of the jurisdiction of the bankruptcy court to decide a claim against a contractor’s license bond executed by a non-debtor third-party surety, Allied Fidelity Insurance Company (“Allied”), and collateralized with commercial real property of the debtor, John E. Lock-ard, d/b/a J.W.L. Construction (“Lock-ard”), where a creditor has commenced a state court action to proceed against the bond prior to the debtor’s filing of bankruptcy. The creditor in this case, O’Malley Lumber Company (“O’Malley”), timely appeals an order by which the district court denied O’Malley’s appeal from an order of the Bankruptcy Court for the District of Arizona.

The bankruptcy court ruled that O’Mal-ley was collaterally estopped from relitigat-ing a prior state court determination that the surety bond was “property of the estate,” as defined in 11 U.S.C. § 541 (1982), and that O’Malley’s state court action against Allied was subject to the automatic stay of 11 U.S.C. § 362(a) (1982 & Supp. 1986).^[1] The district court agreed with the bankruptcy court’s rulings, but also held that O’Malley’s failure to object to the Disclosure Statement and Plan of Reorganization, which were filed by Lockard and approved/confirmed by the bankruptcy court in the Chapter 11 proceedings, was an additional reason to deny O’Malley’s appeal.

I

On July 24, 1985, O’Malley commenced an action against Lockard and Allied in the Superior Court of Maricopa County, Arizona, seeking to recover under the terms of a surety bond that licensed construction[*1173] contractors are required by statute, Ariz. Rev.Stat.Ann. § 32-1152 (West 1986 & Supp.1988), to file with the registrar of contractors.^[2] The following day, Lockard filed a voluntary petition for relief under Chapter 11 of the United States Bankruptcy Code.

Upon receiving notice of the bankruptcy filing, O’Malley agreed to dismiss the state court action against Lockard but elected to proceed with its claim against Allied. On October 11, 1985, Superior Court Judge Rebecca Albrecht heard argument and took under advisement Lockard’s Motion to Dismiss the Complaint, and O’Malley’s Motion for Summary Judgment against Allied.

In an unsigned minute entry order (“MEO”) of October 15, 1985, Judge Al-brecht denied Lockard’s Motion to Dismiss, stayed the state court action as to both Lockard and Allied, and declined to rule on O’Malley’s Motion for Summary Judgment. Judge Albrecht’s MEO, in relevant part, reads as follows:

The court has reviewed the memoran-da filed in support of the Motion to Dismiss and the Motion for Summary Judgment. Based upon the court’s review of the matter, it appears to this court that the surety bond is an asset of the bankrupted estate under the Chapter XI proceedings and, therefore, this cause of action is stayed as to the insurance company, as well as the defendants individually.

In a further passage from the MEO, Judge Albrecht retained the case on her inactive calendar with the apparent purpose of allowing O’Malley sufficient time to seek and obtain stay relief from the bankruptcy court.

Meanwhile in bankruptcy court, Lockard had filed a Motion for Sanctions or in the Alternative for a Stay Order, which was denied by Judge Ollason after a hearing on October 25, 1985. At Judge Ollason’s suggestion, O’Malley filed a motion to lift the stay (Adversary “D”) which was denied, after a hearing on January 31, 1986, in a ruling from the bench that was never embodied in a formal written order. During that hearing, Judge Ollason stated that he was denying O’Malley’s motion because the issues had been previously determined by the state Superior Court, and because the state court was correct as a matter of law.

Lockard’s bankruptcy case proceeded under Chapter 11, and on July 15, 1986, Lock-ard filed a Disclosure Statement and Plan of Reorganization.^[3] Although counsel for O’Malley received copies of the Plan of Reorganization and the Disclosure Statement, they filed no objections and did not appear at the hearings at which these documents were considered. Bankruptcy Judge Sarah Curley entered a written or[*1174]der confirming the Plan of Reorganization on February 20, 1987. On February 23, 1987, however, O’Malley filed a timely Motion Requesting Court Stay Entry of an Order Confirming Plan and Alternatively for Reconsideration of Order Confirming Plan. The bankruptcy court has deferred ruling on O’Malley’s motion pending resolution of this appeal.

On April 1, 1987, O’Malley sought a status hearing on both its Adversary “D” motion and a motion to lift the stay that had been filed on May 1, 1986 (Adversary “E”). On July 26, 1987, Chief Bankruptcy Judge Mooreman entered an order in which he refused to lift the stay and denied all relief requested in Adversary “E,” ruling that O’Malley was seeking to relitigate the same issues Judge Ollason had resolved in Lockard’s favor in his “final” order of January 31, 1986.

O’Malley sought review of Judge Moore-man’s order in the district court. By order dated April 6, 1988, the Honorable Paul G. Rosenblatt affirmed, ruling that the bankruptcy court correctly gave collateral es-toppel effect to the state court’s determination that the bond appeared to be an asset of the bankruptcy estate. O’Malley timely appeals from the district court order.

II

The questions of law presented by this appeal are subject to de novo review. In re American Mariner Industries, Inc., 734 F.2d 426, 429 (9th Cir.1984) (bankruptcy court’s conclusions of law are subject to de novo review); see also In re Castlerock Properties, 781 F.2d 159, 161 (9th Cir.1986) (questions of bankruptcy court’s jurisdiction are reviewed de novo). Questions regarding the availability of collateral estop-pel and res judicata are also reviewed de novo. See Robi v. Five Platters, Inc., 838 F.2d 318, 321 (9th Cir.1988) (district court ruling on availability of res judicata, both as to claim preclusion and as to issue pre-elusion, is reviewed de novo). Compare Eilrich v. Remas, 839 F.2d 630, 632 (9th Cir.1988), cert. denied — U.S. -, 109 S.Ct. 60, 102 L.Ed.2d 38 (1988) (availability of collateral estoppel is a mixed question of law and fact which the Court of Appeals reviews de novo but, if collateral estoppel is available, decision to give preclusive effect is reviewed for abuse of discretion).

Ill

We must first decide whether the courts below correctly gave collateral es-toppel effect to the unsigned minute entry order in which Maricopa County Superior Court Judge Albrecht stated that the bond “appeared” to be property of the estate.^[4] Federal courts, including the bankruptcy courts, are required by statute to give full faith and credit to state judicial proceedings. 28 U.S.C. § 1738 (1982); Piatt v. MacDougall, 773 F.2d 1032, 1034 (9th Cir.1985) (en banc); In re Gilman, 59 B.R. 234, 237 (Bankr.D.Ariz.1986). See also Migra v. Warren City School Dist. Bd. of Educ., 465 U.S. 75, 81, 104 S.Ct. 892, 896, 79 L.Ed.2d 56 (1984). This statutory requirement has been interpreted to mean that a federal court must give a state court judgment the same preclusive effect it would receive in that state. Migra, 465 U.S. at 81, 104 S.Ct. at 896. Accordingly, we look to the Arizona law of issue preclusion to decide whether the bankruptcy court erred in giving preclusive effect to the state court determination of the legal status of the surety bond. See Marrese v. American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, 470 U.S. 373, 379-82, 105 S.Ct. 1327, 1331-33, 84 L.Ed.2d 274 (1985).

The general rule of collateral estop-pel, or issue preclusion, is stated in section 27 of the Restatement (Second) of Judgments (1982) (“Restatement”) as follows:

When an issue of fact or law is actually litigated and determined by a valid and final judgment, and the determination is[*1175] essential to-the judgment, the determination is conclusive in a subsequent action between the parties, whether on the same or a different claim.

The Arizona courts' have accepted the general principles set forth in' section 27, see Gilbert v. Bd. of Medical Examiners of Ariz., 155 Ariz. 169, 174-75, 745 P.2d 617, 622-23 (Ct.App.1987), and have adopted a test of “issue preclusion” that is very similar to that of the Restatement:

The elements necessary to invoke collateral estoppel are: the issue is actually litigated in the previous proceeding, there is a full and fair opportunity to litigate the issue, resolution of such issue ■is essential to the decision,- there is a valid and final decision on the merits, and there is a common identity of the parties.

155 Ariz. at 174, 745 P.2d at 622: As the parties have noted, the “final judgment” requirement is somewhat more relaxed for purposes of “issue preclusion” than it is for purposes of “claim preclusion”:

[F]or purposes of issue preclusion (as distinguished from merger and bar), ‘final judgment’ includes any prior adjudication of an issue in another action that is determined to be sufficiently firm to be accorded conclusive effect.

Restatement at § 13. The Arizona courts have also indicated their acceptance of the finality principles of the Restatement. See Tucson Steel Div. v. Industrial Comm’n of Ariz., 154 Ariz. 550, 552, 744 P.2d 462, 466 (Ariz.Ct.App.1987).

Whether á judgment is “sufficiently firm”, as,to be “final”, within the meaning of section 13 of the Restatement depends upon consideration of several factors. Preclusion should be refused, for example, where the decision to be carried over is “avowedly tentative.” Restatement at § 13 comment g. On the other hand, that the parties were fully heard, that the court supported its decision with a reasoned opinion,- and that the decision was subject to appeal or was in fact reviewed on appeal, are factors supporting the conclusion that the decision should be given preclusive ef-feet. Id. The basic test, according to the Restatement, is whether the earlier decision was “procedurally definite,” and not whether the court might have had doubts in reaching the decision. Id.

As we read it, Judge Albrecht’s conclusion that the surety bond was “an asset of the bankrupted estate” was “avowedly tentative” and, therefore, not entitled to pre-clusive effect. In rendering her decision staying O’Malley’s action against both Lockard and Allied, Judge Albrecht seemingly urged O’Malley to seek a redetermi-nation by the bankruptcy court of the section 541 issue. In.her stay order, for example, she observed that “a creditor may request the Bankruptcy Court to lift the automatic stay to allow the creditor to pursue a claim in state court against a bankruptcy debtor,” presumably on the ground-that the automatic stay of section 362 would not extend to O’Malley’s action against Allied if the surety bond was,not “property of the estate.” In placing O’Malley’s action on her inactive calendar, moreover, Judge Albrecht indicated that she would dismiss without prejudice after 90 days unless- O’Malley sought and was unable to obtain stay relief or a judgment against Lockard in -the bankruptcy proceedings.

Lockard admits that he argued before Judge Albrecht that the bankruptcy court was the appropriate forum in which to obtain a determination of the legal status of the surety bond under 11 U.S.C. § 541. Lockard also acknowledges that he urged Judge Albrecht to stay the state court action so that the parties could seek such a determination from the bankruptcy, court. It appears that Judge Albrecht responded favorably to Lockard’s arguments by issuing only a tentative ruling, staying the state court action, and retaining jurisdiction until the bankruptcy court could conclusively determine the legal status of the bond.

It also appears that Judge Albrecht’s MEO was neither substantively appealable, nor was it issued in appealable form.^[5] The[*1176] Arizona Supreme Court held in Focal Point, Inc. v. Court of Appeals, 149 Ariz. 128, 717 P.2d 432 (Ariz.1986), that a minute entry order must meet three requirements to qualify as a “judgment” within the meaning of Arizona Rule of Civil Procedure 58(a)^[6] : it must be (1) written, (2) signed by a judge, and (3) filed with the clerk of the court. 149 Ariz. at 129, 717 P.2d at 433. An MEO that does not meet these three requirements is not a separate “judgment,” within the meaning of Rule 58(a) and, accordingly, cannot be appealed to the Arizona Court of Appeals. Apache East, Inc. v. Means, 124 Ariz. 11, 13-15, 601 P.2d 615, 617-19 (Ariz.Ct.App.1979). There is no dispute in this case that, although her MEO was reduced to writing and filed with the clerk of the court,^[7] Judge Albrecht did not sign her MEO. Under the rule of Focal Point, Judge Albrecht’s MEO does not appear to have been issued in' appealable form.^[8]

More importantly, however, Judge Al-brecht’s order was not substantively ap-pealable because it was not “final.” Under Arizona law, a judgment is “final” when it “ends the proceedings and leaves no question open for further judicial action.” Theriault v. Scottsdale Enterprises, 157 Ariz. 77, 78, 754 P.2d 1352, 1353 (Ariz.Ct.App.1987). There can be little doubt that Judge Albrecht’s order was not a substantively appealable “final judgment.” She expressly declined immediately to dismiss the action, as Lockard had requested. Instead, she retained the case on her inactive calendar for a period of time sufficient to allow O’Malley to seek and obtain stay relief from the bankruptcy court. Although the parties have not provided this court with information about the current status of O’Malley’s state court action, it does not appear that the state court disposed of all claims and parties, leaving no questions open for further judicial action.^[9]

Because Judge Albrecht’s unsigned, con-clusory order was avowedly tentative, as well as technically and substantively unre-viewable, we conclude that bankruptcy and district courts erred in giving collateral es-toppel effect to the state court determination that the surety bond at issue in this case was an asset of the bankrupted estate.

IV

We turn next to O’Malley’s argument that the automatic stay of 11 U.S.C. § 362(a)(3) is inapplicable to its state court action against Allied because the contractor’s license bond, which was executed by Lockard in favor of the State of Arizona[*1177] with Allied as surety, is not “property of the estate” within the meaning of 11 U.S.C. § 541. We must also address Lockard’s arguments that the stay of section 362 applies whether or not the bond was “property of the estate” within the meaning of section 541.

A

O’Malley relies primarily on In re Buna Painting & Drywall Co., Inc., 503 F.2d 618, 619 (9th Cir.1974), for the proposition that a contractor’s license bond (as opposed to a cash deposit) is not “property of the estate” for purposes of 11 U.S.C. § 541.^[10] Although it is the most recent Ninth Circuit authority relevant to this issue, there is some doubt whether In re Buna controls this appeal. In re Buna was decided under the Bankruptcy Act and dealt with a contractor’s license bond required by California law.

O’Malley also correctly asserts, however, that the “overwhelming weight of authority” under both the Bankruptcy Act and Code holds that a contractor has no property interest in a surety bond issued by a third-party to guarantee the contractor’s performance on its commercial or personal services contracts. In addition to In re Buna, see, e.g., In re Mansfield Tire and Rubber Co., 660. F.2d 1108, 1115 (6th Cir.1981) (debtor could not claim any legal or equitable interest in surety bonds); Globe Construction Co. v. Oklahoma City Housing Authority, 571 F.2d 1140, 1143 (10th Cir.) (bankruptcy court has no jurisdiction to enjoin in personam action against guarantor of bonds secured by mortgage upon property owned by the debtor), cert. denied, 439 U.S. 835, 99 S.Ct. 117, 58 L.Ed.2d 131 (1978);. In re Stanndco Developers, Inc., 534 F.2d 1050, 1052-53 (2d Cir.1976) (district court in reorganization - proceedings had no jurisdiction to enjoin state court action against surety on 'mechanic’s lien release bond); In re Fintel, 10 B.R. 50, 51 (Bankr.D.Ore.1981) (section 362 does not stay action against corporate surety bond, which was provided by a debtor as a condition of obtaining Oregon contractor’s license, because bond was not “property of the estate”); In re McLean Trucking Co., 74 B.R. 820, 826 (W.D.N.C.1987) (automatic stay inapplicable to action against surety because bond is not “property of the estate”).^[11] See also In re Bialac, 712 F.2d 426, 431 (9th Cir.1983) (automatic stay does not preclude efforts to collect from a bankrupt’s guarantors or from their property).

Lockard relies on a single recent bank-, ruptcy court case, In re Legend Homes, Inc., 69 B.R. 797 (D.Ariz.1987), to support his argument that the bond at issue in this case is “property of the estate.” In that case, the court decided only that cash deposited by a contractor with the Arizona Registrar of Contractors, pursuant to Ariz. Rev.Stat.Ann. § 32-1152, is “property of the estate” within the meaning of 11 U.S.C. § 541. Id. at 799-800. Lockard contends that there is no meaningful distinction between a cash deposit made by a contractor, and a license bond executed by a third-party surety and a contractor, for purposes of section 541.

.As the court in In re Legend Homes itself observed, however, the Ninth Circuit recognizes such a distinction. Id. at 799. Compare In re Buna, 503 F.2d 618; with Butler v. Pacific Nat’l Ins. Co., 375 F.2d 518 (9th Cir.1967) (funds retained by state of Arizona pursuant to a statute relating to[*1178] public improvement contracts, which required deposit for benefit of unpaid laborers and materialmen, were property of bankrupt highway contractor); and Kennedy v. Powell, 366 F.2d 346 (9th Cir.1966) (cash deposited with state treasurer by contractor who later went bankrupt, as condition precedent to state’s granting of a contractor’s license, was “property” within meaning of former 11 U.S.C. § 110), cert. denied, 386 U.S. 910, 87 S.Ct. 858, 17 L.Ed.2d 783 (1967).

As O’Malley contends, there are cogent reasons for retaining the cash deposit/surety bond distinction for purposes of bankruptcy law. In the case of a cash deposit, the contractor puts up his own property to guarantee his performance on commercial or personal services contracts. By contrast, a contractor who instead posts a bond interposes a third-party surety between himself and contract claimants; the surety essentially agrees, in exchange for the contractor’s promise of indemnification or, as here, a lien on the contractor’s assets, to pay the claims of contract creditors out of the surety’s own funds in an aggregate amount up to the limits of the bond in the event of the contractor’s breach.

The basic difference is in the party, the contractor or the surety, who puts its property directly at risk of liability to creditors in the event of nonpayment by the contractor. As Lockard himself acknowledges, a fundamental purpose of bankruptcy proceedings is to “throw a blanket of protection on all of the property of the debtor.” See 8 C.J.S., Bankruptcy § 140 (1956). In the usual case it is unnecessary, and would be unfair to creditors, similarly to shelter the property of sureties who have undertaken obligations for the benefit of those creditors.^[12]

In keeping with the prevailing authority, we conclude that the surety bond at issue in this case is not “property of the estate,” within the meaning of 11 U.S.C. § 541. O’Malley’s state court action against Allied is not, therefore, subject to the automatic stay of 11 U.S.C. § 362(a)(3).

B

Lockard further contends that, regardless of our resolution of the section 541 “property of the estate” issue, the automatic stay of 11 U.S.C. § 362 prohibits O’Malley from proceeding against Allied in state court. Lockard’s argument is essentially three-fold: (1) lifting the stay would interfere with the “purposes” of 11 U.S.C. § 362, which are to prevent the dismemberment and facilitate the reorganization of a debtor’s estate; (2) the automatic stay applies to non-debtor parties, such as Allied, whose rights and obligations are “inextricably interwoven” with those of the debtor; (3) allowing O’Malley to proceed against the bond would severely interfere with the Bankruptcy Code’s policies of promoting an orderly reorganization of the debtor’s estate and achieving equality of treatment of similarly situated creditors.^[13]

[*1179] The centerpiece of Lockard’s arguments seems to be a 1986 decision by the Fourth Circuit Court of Appeals. A.H. Robins v. Piccinin, 788 F.2d 994 (4th Cir.1986), cert. denied, 479 U.S. 876, 107 S.Ct. 251, 93 L.Ed.2d 177 (1986). In that case, the court enjoined multiple post-petition actions against a non-debtor third-party insurer by creating an “unusual situation” exception to the general rule that a stay under 11 U.S.C. § 362(a)(1) is available only to debtors and not to third-party defendants or co-defendants. Id. 788 F.2d at 999.^[14] The A.H. Robins court defined an “unusual situation” as follows:

“This ‘unusual situation,’ it would seem, arises when there is such identity between the debtor and the third-party defendant that the debtor may be said to be the real party defendant and that a judgment against the third-party defendant will in effect be a judgment or finding against the debtor.”

Id. at 999 (emphasis added). On the other hand, the A.H. Robins court limited its exception by excluding from the coverage of the automatic stay those cases in which the third party is “independently liable” to the creditor. Id.

Other courts have since recognized the A.H. Robins “unusual situation” exception. See e.g., In re S.I. Acquisition, Inc., 817 F.2d 1142, 1147-48 (5th Cir.1987). We have not explicitly recognized such an exception, and we decline to do so in this case.^[15]

Even if we were to adopt the rule of A.H. Robins, it is far from clear that Lockard’s bankruptcy presents an “unusual situation” warranting a departure from the text of section 362. As the McLean court observed, a surety has obligations that are “independent” and primary, not derivative of those of the debtor. 16 Bankr.Ct.Dec. at 147-48, 74 B.R. 820 (citing 74 Am.Jur.2d, Suretyship § 1; and 72 C.J.S., Principal and Surety § 183). In such a case, the A.H. Robins exception simply does not apply. McLean, 74 B.R. at 828; see also In re Bialac, 712 F.2d at 428-29.

V

Finally, we review the district court’s ruling that O’Malley is bound by Lockard’s Plan of Reorganization, which provides that no creditor shall have a claim against the bond. Lockard presents an extended discussion of the far-reaching effects of confirmation of his Plan of Reorganization, which contains a provision dispos[*1180]ing of the surety bond at issue in this appeal. He cites both the text of 11 U.S.C. § 1141, and case law interpreting that section, see e.g., In re Pennsylvania Iron and Coal Co., Inc., 56 B.R. 492 (Bankr.S.D.Ohio 1985), as support for his contention that O’Malley is bound by the confirmation order to which it failed to object. Lockard also argues that, even if the surety bond is not “property of the estate” and the bankruptcy court was without jurisdiction to dispose of it, O’Malley is nonetheless barred by the doctrine of res judicata from pursuing a state court action against Allied under the rule of a 1938 Supreme Court case, Stoll v. Gottlieb, 305 U.S. 165, 59 S.Ct. 134, 83 L.Ed. 104 (1938).

As Lockard notes, the factual and procedural similarities between Stoll and the instant case are striking. In Stoll, a district court had approved a plan of reorganization under the terms of which the bonds of a bankrupt corporation had been discharged and the guarantor of the bonds had been released from any liability by cancellation of the guaranty. After commencing a state court action to recover on the guaranty, a bond-holding creditor, who had received notice of the proceedings to approve the plan of reorganization but failed to appear, filed a petition seeking a district court order vacating or modifying the confirmation order which was denied. No appeal was taken from any of the district court’s bankruptcy orders.

The Supreme Court held that, even ¿/the bankruptcy court did not have jurisdiction to release the guarantor of the bonds, the creditor was barred from bringing the state court action. Id. at 177, 59 S.Ct. at 140. The Court’s holding was based upon the res judicata effect of the district court’s final order rejecting the creditor’s jurisdictional arguments and denying the creditor’s petition to vacate the confirmation order. Id. at 172, 177, 59 S.Ct. at 137, 140.

Unfortunately for Lockard, Stoll and the other cases he cites do not control this appeal. The order confirming Lockard’s Plan of Reorganization is not “final” because of O’Malley’s timely motion for reconsideration which is still pending before the bankruptcy court. See Restatement (Second) of Judgments § 13, comment b (the “finality” requirement for purposes of claim preclusion resembles the concept of finality for purposes of appellate review).

The judgment of the district court is REVERSED.