Carter v. Sedgwick Cnty., 36 F.3d 952 (10th Cir. 1994). · Go Syfert
Carter v. Sedgwick Cnty., 36 F.3d 952 (10th Cir. 1994). Cases Citing This Book View Copy Cite
82 citation events (46 in the last 25 years) across 12 distinct courts.
Treatment trajectory · 1995 → 2026 · click a year to view as-of
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Cited for
At page 956 District court discretion to reduce compensable hours38 citing cases“the number of compensable hours claimed by counsel included hours that were unnecessary, irrelevant and duplicative.”3 citing courts quote it · passage not found verbatim in the opinion (81%) · 36 listed here
  • Repub. Party of New Mexico v. King, No. 1:11-cv-00900 (D.N.M. Jan. 31, 2024). 2 cites
    ([T]he court may make a general reduction in hours claimed to achieve what the court perceives to be a reasonable number.)
  • Morse Elec., Inc. v. Stearns Conrad & Schmidt Consulting Engineers, Inc., No. 6:22-cv-00091 (E.D. Okla. Sept. 18, 2025).
    Carter v. Sedgwick Cnty., Kan., 36 F.3d 952, 956 (10th Cir. 1994).
  • Rodriguez Juarez v. Midwest Div. - OPRMC, LLC, No. 2:23-cv-02417 (D. Kan. Apr. 7, 2025). 2 cites
    Carter v. Sedgwick Cnty., Kan., 36 F.3d 952, 956 (10th Cir. 1994).
  • Purple Innovation v. Responsive Surface Tech., No. 2:20-cv-00708 (D. Utah Feb. 24, 2025).
    Utah Jan. 26, 2021) (citing Malloy v. Monahan, 73 F.3d 1012, 1018 (10th Cir. 1996)). 58 Robinson v. City of Edmond, 160 F.3d 1275, 1281 (10th Cir. 1998) (quoting Ramos v. Lamm, 713 F.2d 546, 555 (10th Cir. 1983)). 59 Case, 157 F.3d at 1250…
  • Blackburn v. Webb, No. 5:23-cv-00379 (W.D. Okla. Oct. 29, 2024).
    “The district court may also reduce the reasonable hours awarded ‘if the number [of compensable hours] claimed by counsel include[s] hours that were unnecessary, irrelevant and duplicative.’” Id. (quoting Carter v. Sedgwick Cnty., Kan., 36…
  • United States v. Schwabe, No. 20-1387 (10th Cir. Jan. 10, 2023).unpublished
    A district court may reduce the hours if they are “sloppy and imprecise” or if they are “unnecessary, irrelevant and duplicative.” Id. (first quoting Jane L. v. Bangerter, 61 F.3d 1505, 1510 (10th Cir. 1995); and then quoting Carter v. Sed…
  • Env't Dimensions, Inc. v. EnergySolutions Gov't Grp., Inc., No. 1:16-cv-01056 (D.N.M. Jan. 21, 2022).
    A “district court may also reduce the reasonable hours awarded if ‘the number of compensable hours claimed by counsel includes hours that were unnecessary, irrelevant and duplicative.’” Case, 157 F.3d at 1250 (quoting Carter v. Sedgwick Co…
  • Tijerina v. New Mexico Corr. Dep't, No. 1:20-cv-00706 (D.N.M. June 8, 2021).
    A “district court may also reduce the reasonable hours awarded if ‘the number of compensable hours claimed by counsel includes hours that were unnecessary, irrelevant and duplicative.’” Case, 157 F.3d at 1250 (quoting Carter v. Sedgwick Co…
  • Distinguished Dev., LLC v. Evanston Ins. Co., No. 1:19-cv-00848 (D.N.M. Mar. 22, 2021).
    A “district court may also reduce the reasonable hours awarded if ‘the number of compensable hours claimed by counsel includes hours that were unnecessary, irrelevant and duplicative.’” Case, 157 F.3d at 1250 (quoting Carter v. Sedgwick Co…
  • Env't Dimensions, Inc. v. EnergySolutions Gov't Grp., Inc., No. 1:16-cv-01056 (D.N.M. Mar. 19, 2021).
    A “district court may also reduce the reasonable hours awarded if ‘the number of compensable hours claimed by counsel includes hours that were unnecessary, irrelevant and duplicative.’” Case, 157 F.3d at 1250 (quoting Carter v. Sedgwick Co…
Show 26 more citing cases
  • Lawson v. Spirit Aerosystems, Inc., No. 6:18-cv-01100 (D. Kan. Dec. 28, 2020).
    Id. (quoting Carter v. Sedgwick County, Kan., 36 F.3d 952, 956 (10th Cir. 1994)).
  • Bennett v. Luigi's Italian Restaurant, No. 6:18-cv-01295 (D. Kan. Mar. 30, 2020).
    Acceptance, Inc., 129 F.3d 1408 , 1418 (10th Cir. 1997); Carter v. Sedgwick Cty., 36 F.3d 952, 956 (10th Cir. 1994).
  • KCI Auto Auction, Inc. v. Anderson, No. 6:19-cv-01138 (D. Kan. Mar. 11, 2020).
    In its motion, KCI asserts $295 per hour is the prevailing rate for attorneys of similar experience litigating in the Kansas City area.25 21 Id. (citing Case, 157 F.3d at 1250 ; Carter v. Sedgwick Cnty., Kan., 36 F.3d 952, 956 (10th Cir. 1…
  • KCI Auto Auction, Inc. v. Ephrem, No. 6:19-cv-01040 (D. Kan. Mar. 6, 2020).
    Again, the burden is on the party requesting fees to demonstrate the billed hour are reasonable “by submitting meticulous, contemporaneous time records that reveal . . . all hours for which compensation is requested and how those hours wer…
  • Vanmeter v. Briggs, No. 1:18-cv-00970 (D.N.M. Feb. 27, 2020).
    A “district court may also reduce the reasonable hours awarded if ‘the number of compensable hours claimed by counsel includes hours that were unnecessary, irrelevant and duplicative.’” Case, 157 F.3d at 1250 (quoting Carter v. Sedgwick Co…
  • CalMat Co. v. Old Castle Precast, Inc., No. 1:16-cv-00026 (D.N.M. July 22, 2019).
    Carter v. Sedgwick County, 36 F.3d 952, 956 (10th Cir.1994).
  • Fallen v. GREP Sw., LLC, 247 F. Supp. 3d 1165 (D.N.M. 2017).published 2 cites
    No. 233, Johnson Cty., Kan., 157 F.3d at 1250 (quoting Carter v. Sedgwick County, Kan., 36 F.3d 952, 956 (10th Cir. 1994)).
  • Parker v. Citimortgage, Inc., 987 F. Supp. 2d 1224 (D. Utah 2013).published
    “The district court may also reduce the reasonable hours awarded if ‘the number [of compensable hours] claimed by counsel include[s] hours that were unnecessary, irrelevant' and duplicative.’ ” Case, 157 F.3d at 1250 (quoting Carter v. Sed…
  • Casey v. Williams Prod. RMT Co., 599 F. Supp. 2d 1253 (D. Colo. 2009).published
    Carter v. Sedgwick County, 36 F.3d 952, 956 (10th Cir.1994).
  • Terra Venture Inc. v. JDN Real Est.-Overland Park, L.P., 242 F.R.D. 600 (D. Kan. 2007).published
    (stating that the court may use its discretion to “make a general reduction in hours claimed to achieve what the court perceives to be a reasonable number” with respect to attorney fees under § 1988 and Title VII)
  • Bell v. Bd. of Cnty. Commissioners of Jefferson Cnty., 451 F.3d 1097 (10th Cir. 2006).published
    The lodestar amount is the product of the reasonable hours worked on the case multiplied by a reasonable hourly rate. 3 Carter v. Sedgwick County, 36 F.3d 952, 956 (10th Cir.1994).
  • Jackson v. Austin, 267 F. Supp. 2d 1059 (D. Kan. 2003).published
    Carter v. Sedgwick County, 36 F.3d 952, 956 (10th Cir.1994).
  • Sheldon v. Vermonty, 237 F. Supp. 2d 1270 (D. Kan. 2003).published
    The court may reduce the reasonable hours awarded if “the number [of compensable hours] claimed by counsel include[s] hours that were unnecessary, irrelevant and du-plicative.” Id. (quoting Carter v. Sedgwick County, Kan., 36 F.3d 952, 956…
  • Erickson v. City of Topeka, 239 F. Supp. 2d 1202 (D. Kan. 2002).published
    The district court may also reduce the reasonable hours awarded if “the number [of compensable hours] claimed by counsel included hours that were unnecessary, irrelevant and duplicative.” Carter v. Sedgwick County, Kan., 36 F.3d 952, 956 (…
  • Roe v. Cheyenne Mountain, No. 98-1138 (10th Cir. Feb. 19, 1999).unpublished 2 cites
    Moreover, the court may make a general reduction in hours claimed to achieve what the court perceives to be a reasonable number.” Carter , 36 F.3d at 956 (citations omitted).
  • Case v. Unified Sch. Dist. No. 233, 157 F.3d 1243 (10th Cir. 1998).published
    The district court may also reduce the reasonable hours awarded if “the number [of compensable hours] claimed by counsel include[s] hours that were unnecessary, irrelevant and duplicative.” Carter v. Sedgwick County, Kan., 36 F.3d 952, 956…
  • Baty v. Williamette Indus., Inc., 985 F. Supp. 1002 (D. Kan. 1997).published
    Carter v. Sedgwick County, Kan., 36 F.3d 952, 956 (10th Cir.1994).
  • Catherine L. Withiam v. Baptist Health Care of Oklahoma, Inc. Roland Gee, & Logan Hosp. & Med. Ctr. Auth. Joel Tate Kenny Davis, Catherine L. Withiam v. Baptist Health Care of Oklahoma, Inc. Logan Hosp. & Med. Ctr. Auth. Roland Gee Kenny Davis, & Joel Tate, Catherine L. Withiam v. Baptist Health Care of Oklahoma, Inc. Roland Gee, & Logan Hosp. & Med. Ctr. Auth. Joel Tate Kenny Davis, 98 F.3d 581 (10th Cir. 1996).published
    “Underlying findings are reviewed under the clearly erroneous standard, while the district court's statutory interpretation and legal analysis are subject to de novo review”
  • Withiam v. Baptist Health Care of Oklahoma, Inc., 98 F.3d 581 (10th Cir. 1996).published
    “Underlying findings are reviewed under the clearly erroneous standard, while the district court’s statutory interpretation and legal analysis are subject to de novo review”
  • Jane L. v. Bangerter, 61 F.3d 1505 (10th Cir. 1995).published 2 cites
    Carter v. Sedgwick County, 36 F.3d 952, 956 (10th Cir.1994).
  • Mann v. Reynolds, 46 F.3d 1055 (10th Cir. 1995).published 2 cites
    Because the setting of a reasonable hourly rate is 'within the district court’s discretion, Carter v. Sedgwick County, Kan., 36 F.3d 952, 956 (10th Cir.1994), we will not second-guess the court’s familiarity with the case and prevailing ra…
  • Christians in the Workplace Networking Grp. v. Nat'l Tech. & Eng'g Solutions of Sandia, LLC, No. 1:22-cv-00267 (D.N.M. Aug. 29, 2023).
    See City of Las Cruces, 2022 WL 2753994 , at *6 (discussing factors analyzed to determine reasonableness and noting that hours may be reduced to account for any hours that are “unnecessary, irrelevant and duplicative”) (quoting Carter v. S…
  • Christians in the Workplace Networking Grp. v. Nat'l Tech. & Eng'g Solutions of Sandia, LLC, No. 1:22-cv-00267 (D.N.M. Aug. 22, 2023).
    See City of Las Cruces, 2022 WL 2753994 , at *6 (discussing factors analyzed to determine reasonableness and noting that hours may be reduced to account for any hours that are “unnecessary, irrelevant and duplicative”) (quoting Carter v. S…
  • Roberts v. Roadway Express, Inc., 149 F.3d 1098 (10th Cir. 1998).published
    See Carter v. Sedgwick County, 36 F.3d 952, 956 (10th Cir.1994).
  • Hofer v. Unum Life Ins. Co. of Am., 338 F. Supp. 2d 1252 (D. Kan. 2004).published
  • Searles v. Van Bebber, 64 F. Supp. 2d 1033 (D. Kan. 1999).published
At page 957 Discretion in formulating remedies for title vii violations13 citing cases“considerable discretion in formulating remedies for Title VII violations”3 citing courts quote it · 12 listed here
  • Catlin v. Tormey Bewley Corp., 219 P.3d 407 (Colo. Ct. App. 2009).published
    But she argues that the trial court violated Carter v. Sedgwick County, 36 F.3d 952, 957 (10th Cir.1994) by "correct[ing] twice for a single problem" when it excised fees related exclusively to work for Lindquist that Catlin had already re…
  • Ballard v. Muskogee Reg'l Med. Ctr., 238 F.3d 1250 (10th Cir. 2001).published
    “That discretion, however, should be measured against an anti-discrimination statute’s purpose to make the plaintiffs ‘whole.’ ” Davoll v. Webb, 194 F.3d 1116, 1143 (10th Cir.1999) (citing Carter v. Sedgwick County, Kan., 36 F.3d 952, 957…
  • Aquilino v. Univ. of Kansas, 109 F. Supp. 2d 1319 (D. Kan. 2000).published
    “considerable discretion in formulating remedies for Title VII violations”
  • Kennedy v. Alabama State Bd. of Educ., 78 F. Supp. 2d 1246 (M.D. Ala. 2000).published
    See Padilla v. Metro-North Commuter R.R., 92 F.3d 117 , 125-26 (2nd Cir.1996) (stating that front-pay award “serves a necessary role in making victims of discrimination whole in cases where the factfinder can reasonably predict that the pl…
  • Carr v. Fort Morgan Sch. Dist., 4 F. Supp. 2d 989 (D. Colo. 1998).published 2 cites
    The Tenth Circuit has also made clear that its views regarding front pay and the purposes to be served by such an award are not “unduly restrictive.” Carter v. Sedgwick County, Kansas, 36 F.3d 952, 957 (10th Cir.1994).
  • Barvick v. Cisneros, 953 F. Supp. 341 (D. Kan. 1997).published
    “considerable discretion in formulating remedies for Title VII violations”
  • Thornton v. Kaplan, 961 F. Supp. 1433 (D. Colo. 1996).published 2 cites
    Courts are able to alleviate the uncertainty of future damages by taking into account a discharged employee’s duty to mitigate, “the *1439 availability of employment opportunities, the period within which one by reasonable efforts may be r…
  • Price v. Remington Park Inc., 98 F.3d 1349 (10th Cir. 1996).unpublished
    “considerable discretion in formulating remedies for Title VII violations”
  • Wirtz v. Kansas Farm Bureau Servs., Inc., 274 F. Supp. 2d 1215 (D. Kan. 2003).published
    (stating that front pay should "make plaintiff whole)
  • Davoll v. Webb, 194 F.3d 1116 (10th Cir. 1999).published 2 cites
    See Carter v. Sedgwick County, Kan., 36 F.3d 952, 957 (10th Cir.1994); Pitre v. Western Elec.
Show 2 more citing cases
At page 955 Authorizing compensatory and punitive damages under the act2 citing cases“[Section 1981 ... has always authorized the recovery of compensatory and punitive damages”1 citing court quotes it
  • Hampton v. Dillard Dep't Stores, Inc., 18 F. Supp. 2d 1256 (D. Kan. 1998).published
    “[Section 1981 ... has always authorized the recovery of compensatory and punitive damages”
  • O'NEILL v. Runyon, 898 F. Supp. 777 (D. Colo. 1995).published
    Carter v. Sedgwick County, Kan., 36 F.3d 952, 955 (10th Cir.1994).
Other citing cases1 with no pin cite or quoted language on record
Retrieving the full opinion text from the archive…
E. Jean (Calloway) CARTER
v.
SEDGWICK COUNTY, KANSAS the Board of County Commissioners of Sedgwick County, John R. Cameron, Michael R. Brand, Donald E. Gragg, Tom Scott, Bernard Hentzen, and Timothy Witsman
No. 92-3029.
Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit.
Sep 23, 1994.
Published opinion
36 F.3d 952
1994 U.S. App. LEXIS 26845
J. Greg Kite, Wichita, KS, for plaintiff-appellant., Edward L. Keeley (Alan L. Rupe with him on the brief) of Alan L. Rupe Law Offices, P.A., Wichita, KS, for defendants-appellees.
Burciaga, Moore, Seymour.
Cited by 20 opinions  |  Published
Citation check: this opinion cites a case at a citation that does not lead to it (marked in red below).
  • Rivers v. Roadway Express, Inc. begins at 114 S. Ct. 1510; the opinion cites it as 114 S.Ct. 1522, a page inside the case. This copy came from a Harvard Caselaw Access Project scan; the error may be the copy's, not the court's.
SEYMOUR, Circuit Judge.

Jean Carter, who is black, sued Sedgwick County, its county commissioners, and the assistant director of the County’s Department of Community Corrections, alleging, inter alia, that defendants discriminated against her on the basis of her race when they terminated her employment with the Department. She initially won a judgment, which this court reversed in part and remanded for further proceedings. Ms. Carter now appeals from the district court’s decision on remand, raising issues involving the court’s calculation of interest and attorneys fees in connection with her successful claim under 42 U.S.C. § 2000e et seq. (Title VII). She also asserts that the 1991 Civil Rights Act should be applied to her retroactively. We affirm in part, reverse in part, and again remand for further proceedings.

I.

Ms. Carter initially asserted her claims for race discrimination under 42 U.S.C. § 1981[*954] and 42 U.S.C. §§ 2000e et seq. (Title VII). After a bench trial, the district court ruled in favor of Ms. Carter on these charges. See Carter v. Sedgwick County, 705 F.Supp. 1474 (D.Kan.1988) (Carter I). The court entered judgment against the assistant director under section 1981 for $100,000 in compensatory damages and $10,000 in punitive damages. In addition, the court awarded Ms. Carter' lost income in the amount of $10,748.05 against the Sedgwick county commissioners and directed that she either be reinstated or paid her previous salary.

Defendants appealed. While the appeal was pending, the Supreme Court decided Patterson v. McLean Credit Union, 491 U.S. 164, 109 S.Ct. 2363, 105 L.Ed.2d 132 (1989), which held that section 1981 does not apply to discriminatory conduct occurring after an employment contract is formed. On appeal, we applied our decision in Trujillo v. Grand Junction Regional Ctr., 928 F.2d 973 (10th Cir.1991), which held in light of Patterson that section 1981 does not cover a discriminatory race-based discharge. See Carter v. Sedgwick County, 929 F.2d 1501, 1504 (10th Cir.1991) (Carter II). Accordingly, we reversed the district court’s determination that defendants were liable under section 1981, and reversed the court’s award of compensatory and punitive damages under that section. We further observed that although under Patterson and Trujillo a discriminatory discharge was not encompassed by section 1981, it is covered by Title VII. We therefore remanded to allow the district court to clarify whether the finding of discrimination that supported the court’s section 1981 ruling was equally applicable to Ms. Carter’s Title VII claim, noting that the award of lost wages would be authorized under that section. We likewise held that although an award of front pay under Title VII would be within the district court’s discretion, the court’s failure to specify an ending date and to take into account Ms. Carter’s earning capacity amounted to an abuse of that discretion.

On remand, the district court made clear that its discriminatory discharge finding applied to Ms. Carter’s Title VII claim and awarded back pay. The court also ordered interest to run on its original award of attorneys fees to Ms. Carter at the rate of seven percent per annum, awarded her additional attorneys fees for the appeal, and awarded as front pay the difference between her salary at the Department and her salary with her current employer for a six-month period. Ms. Carter filed a motion for reconsideration contending that the court erred in its calculation of the interest due on the original attorneys fee award, erred in setting the amount of fees due as a result of the appeal, and erred in its award of front pay. In addition, Ms. Carter argued that as a result of the passage of the 1991 Civil Rights Act, the compensatory and punitive damages originally awarded under section 1981 should be reinstated because they were authorized under both the Act’s description of conduct covered by section 1981 and by the Act’s expansion of the remedies available under Title VII. The district court denied reconsideration.

Ms. Carter now appeals. She asserts that the district court’s calculation of interest is directly contrary to that mandated by the applicable federal statute, 28 U.S.C. § 1961. She also argues that the court abused its discretion when setting the attorneys fee award for the first appeal by reducing the number of hours and the hourly rate. In addition, Ms. Carter contends the court’s award of front pay. is not adequate to make her whole. Finally, she asserts that the 1991 Act should be applied retroactively to reinstate her original award of compensatory and punitive damages. We abated the appeal pending the Supreme Court’s decisions in two cases that presented the retroactivity issue with respect to several provisions of the 1991 Act, including those that Ms. Carter has argued should apply here. Those decisions have now been handed down. See Landgraf v. USI Film Prods., — U.S. -, 114 S.Ct. 1483, 128 L.Ed.2d 229 (1994); Rivers v. Roadway Express, Inc., — U.S. -, 114 S.Ct. 1522[incorrect citation], - L.E.2d - (1994).

II.

The 1991 Act contains two provisions that, if applied retroactively to Ms. Carter’s claims, could authorize an award of compen[*955]satory and punitive damages to remedy a discriminatory discharge. Under the Act and contrary to the opinions in Patterson and Trujillo, conduct remediable by section 1981 includes “the making, performance, modification, and termination of contracts, and the enjoyment of all benefits, privileges, terms, and conditions of the contractual relationship.” 42 U.S.C.A. § 1981(b) (West Supp. 1994). The Act thus encompasses the conduct at issue here within section 1981, which has always authorized the recovery of compensatory and punitive damages. The Act also specifically authorizes the recovery of compensatory and punitive damages under Title VII, see 42 U.S.C.A. § 1981a(a), (b) (West Supp.1994), which has. always applied to claims of discriminatory discharge.[1]

In Steinle v. Boeing Co., 24 F.3d 1250 (10th Cir.1994), we held that section 1981a of the Act, authorizing the recovery of compensatory and punitive damages under Title VII, does not apply retroactively in light of the Supreme Court’s decision in Landgraf. Likewise, in Simons v. Southwest Petro-Chem, Inc., 28 F.3d 1029 (10th Cir.1994), we held that section 1981(b) of the Act, addressing the conduct remediable under section 1981, does not apply retroactively under Rivers. The analyses and holdings in those cases are equally applicable here. Accordingly, we affirm the district court’s refusal to reinstate Ms. Carter’s judgment for compensatory and punitive damages.

III.

Ms. Carter takes issue with the district court’s calculation of the amount of interest due on the original fee award, the amount of fees for the first appeal, and the amount of front pay. We address the propriety of each award in turn.

A.

The district court held that Ms. Carter’s attorneys were entitled to interest on their original fee award at the rate of seven percent per annum. Ms. Carter argues that this award is directly contrary to the applicable federal statute, 28 U.S.C. § 1961. That statute, which governs the award of interest “allowed on any money judgment in a civil case recovered in a district court,” provides that interest shall be calculated “at a rate equal to the coupon issue yield equivalent (as determined by the Secretary of the Treasury) of the average accepted auction price for the last auction of fifty-two week United States Treasury bills settled immediately pri- or to the date of the judgment.” Id. § 1961(a). The statute further provides that interest “shall be computed daily.” Id. § 1961(b).

We held in Transpower Constructors v. Grand River Dam Auth., 905 F.2d 1413, 1423-24 (10th Cir.1990), that attorneys fees are to be included as part of a money judgment upon which post-judgment interest is awarded pursuant to section 1961. Defendants concede that under our holding in Transpower Constructors the district court erred when it failed to follow section 1961 in awarding post-judgment interest. Nonetheless, defendants argue that the issue is moot because one of Ms. Carter’s two attorneys, Beverly Dempsey, settled the issue of attorneys fees and filed a satisfaction of judgment while this appeal was pending. Defendants contend that Ms. Carter should be deemed to have acquiesced in this judgment, citing Fidelcor Mortg. v. Insurance Co. of N. Am., 820 F.2d 367 (11th Cir.1987). We disagree.

Fidelcor applied the general rule that “when a litigant accepts the substantial benefits of a judgment, voluntarily and intentionally, and with knowledge of the facts, he waives the right to appeal an otherwise adverse judgment.” Id. at 370. Ms. Dempsey was allowed to withdraw as counsel for Ms. Carter after the court had assessed the fees at issue here. Only thereafter did Ms.[*956] Dempsey negotiate a settlement with defendants and file a satisfaction of judgment. Neither Ms. Carter nor her other attorney were aware of this agreement at the time. Moreover, the satisfaction of judgment relates only to Ms. Dempsey’s fees, interest, and expenses. Under these circumstances, the rule articulated in Fidelcor is not applicable. Defendants’ argument that the award of fees to the attorneys is so intertwined that each cannot be considered separately is specious, particularly in view of defendants’ ability to negotiate and settle a fee award only with Ms. Dempsey. Accordingly, we vacate the district court’s award of post-judgment interest and remand with instructions to tax interest in accordance with section 1961.

B.

As discussed above, Ms. Carter was represented at trial and on her first appeal by two attorneys—Ms. Dempsey, whose fees are no longer an issue by virtue of her settlement with defendants, and J. Greg Kite. Mr. Kite sought fees for his work on the first appeal in the amount of $33,500, based on 268 hours expended at an hourly rate of $125. The district court stated that it had reviewed every entry in the records submitted by Ms. Carter’s attorneys, as well as attorney affidavits submitted by Ms. Carter and by defendants. The district court expressed its general concurrence in the analysis set out in defendants’ attorney affidavit. The court then stated that because both of Ms. Carter’s counsel sought rates of $125 an hour, the actual hourly rate was $250, which the court viewed as excessive. It went on to find that the attorneys’ time records contained unnecessary and irrelevant entries and duplication of services. It addressed the problem by cutting in half the time of each attorney and by reducing the hourly rate to $100 for each attorney, which the court viewed as resulting in an actual hourly rate of $200. Ms. Carter challenges the court’s decision to reduce both the number of hours and the hourly rate.

As we pointed out in Carter II, 929 F.2d at 1506, the standards for awarding fees under 42 U.S.C. § 1988 and under Title VII are the same. Determining the amount of such an award is committed to the district court’s discretion. Zuchel v. City and County of Denver, 997 F.2d 730, 743 (10th Cir.1993); Homeward Bound, Inc. v. Hissom-Memorial Ctr., 963 F.2d 1352, 1355 (10th Cir.1992). Underlying findings are reviewed under the clearly erroneous standard, while the district court’s statutory interpretation and legal analysis are subject to de novo, review. Homeward Bound, 963 F.2d at 1355. “The presumptively ‘reasonable attorney’s fee’ contemplated by § 1988 is the ‘product of reasonable hours times a reasonable rate.’” Id. at 1353 (quoting Blum v. Stenson, 465 U.S. 886, 897, 104 S.Ct. 1541, 1548, 79 L.Ed.2d 891 (1984)).

We have held that it is within a district court’s discretion to reduce the number of compensable hours upon determining that the claimed time spent is excessive. See Bratcher v. Bray-Doyle Ind. Sch. Dist., 8 F.3d 722, 725 (10th Cir.1993); Ramos v. Lamm, 713 F.2d 546, 554 (10th Cir.1983). Moreover, the court may make a general reduction in hours claimed to achieve what the court perceives to be a reasonable number. See Mares v. Credit Bureau of Raton, 801 F.2d 1197, 1203 (10th Cir.1986). In this case, the district court reduced the number of compensable hours upon determining that the number claimed by counsel included houi'S that were unnecessary, irrelevant and duplicative. We have reviewed the record used by the court, and we are not convinced that the court erred in finding some duplication.

The setting of a reasonable hourly rate is likewise within the district court’s discretion. Here, the court reduced the hourly rate for each attorney from $125 to $100 stating, “I secondly believe that the fee per hour is excessive to the extent that at most it should be $100 per hour which would then be $200 per hour addressed to attorney fees for the preparation of this brief.” Aplt. App. at M-27. We conclude that in so doing the court abused its discretion.

As we have noted, the court reduced the hourly rate based on its view that the actual rate was the combined rates charged by each of Ms. Carter’s two counsel. However, this assumption would only be valid if[*957] both attorneys performed completely duplicate tasks. If the hours allotted to each attorney represented separate rather than duplicative tasks, the hourly rate charged by each would actually be $100 rather than $200. As set out above, the court here had already halved the number of compensable hours to account for duplication in services. Presumably, the remaining hours therefore represented separate tasks. By reducing the hourly rate in addition to reducing the number of hours, the court corrected twice for a single problem. We therefore remand to the district court with instructions to reconsider the manner in which it wishes to adjust the fee to account for any duplication in services. We point out that in setting an hourly rate, the court should establish, from information provided to it and from its own analysis of the level of performance, a rate based on the norm for comparable attorneys in private firms. See Ramos, 713 F.2d at 555.

C.

Finally, we turn to the amount of the court’s front pay award. The court awarded Ms. Carter the difference between her former and current salary for a six-month period. The court selected six months based on its supposition that front pay “is simply an attempt to compensate for future loss during which time the plaintiff will find commensurate employment taking into account her intelligence, her skills, and her experience.” Id. at M-15. As we discuss below, the court proceeded under an unduly restrictive view of the purpose of front pay that is not in keeping with the applicable law or the mandate of Carter II.

The district court is vested with considerable discretion in formulating remedies for Title YII violations. See Estate of Pitre v. Western Elec. Co., 975 F.2d 700, 704 (10th Cir.1992); Carter II, 929 F.2d at 1505. However, the exercise of this discretion must be guided by the fact that “one of the central purposes of Title VII is ‘to make persons whole for injuries suffered on account of unlawful employment discrimination.’ ” Franks v. Bowman Transp. Co., 424 U.S. 747, 763, 96 S.Ct. 1251, 1264, 47 L.Ed.2d 444 (1976) (quoting Albemarle Paper Co. v. Moody, 422 U.S. 405, 418, 95 S.Ct. 2362, 2372, 45 L.Ed.2d 280 (1975)); see also Estate of Pitre, 975 F.2d at 704; Carter II, 929 F.2d at 1505. We have pointed out that “[i]n general, courts should strive to award ‘the most complete relief possible.’ ” Pitre v. Western Elec. Co., 843 F.2d 1262, 1274 (10th Cir.1988) (quoting Albemarle, 422 U.S. at 421, 95 S.Ct. at 2373); see also Franks, 424 U.S. at 764 n. 21, 96 S.Ct. at 1265 n. 21 (reducing the existing earnings gap caused by past discrimination part of affording complete relief).

In keeping with the “make whole” nature of the remedies required under Title VII, this court in Carter II stated that a district court, when fashioning a front pay award, should ascertain the amount “required to compensate a victim for the continuing future effects of discrimination until the victim can be made whole.” 929 F.2d at 1505 (emphasis added). We therefore directed the court on remand “to determine the time period required in order to make plaintiff whole.” Id. (emphasis added). Ms. Carter argues persuasively that, based on the best records available, the six-month award here of $2,234.50 does not make her whole. Defendants do not dispute this assertion, citing instead to cases from other circuits that do not focus on the required “make whole” nature of Title VII relief. Accordingly, we conclude that the district court abused its discretion in its front pay award because the award does not adequately remedy the effects of defendants’ past discrimination as required by the law and the mandate of Carter II. Although we recognize that in Carter II we directed the court to set an ending date for front pay based on more than guesswork, we also instructed that the court set a time period sufficient to make plaintiff whole. 929 F.2d at 1505. Because the court did not do so, we must remand for further proceedings on the calculation of an appropriate award of front pay.

The case is AFFIRMED in part, REVERSED in part, and REMANDED for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.

1

Ms. Carter makes a general argument that the 1991 Act should apply retroactively rather than addressing each arguably applicable section individually. In Landgraf v. USI Film Prods., - U.S. -, 114 S.Ct. 1483, 128 L.Ed.2d 229 (1994), the Supreme Court observed that in assessing the retroactivity of the Act’s provisions, "courts should evaluate each provision of the Act in light of” the governing judicial principles set out in that opinion. Id. at -, 114 S.Ct. at 1505. Accordingly, we consider individually the retroactive applications of the two provisions under which Ms. Carter could recover compensatory and punitive damages.