Frances P. PONS, Appellant, v. LORILLARD, a Div. of Loew’s Theatres, Inc., Appellee, 549 F.2d 950 (4th Cir. 1977). · Go Syfert
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Frances P. PONS, Appellant, v. LORILLARD, a Div. of Loew’s Theatres, Inc., Appellee, 549 F.2d 950 (4th Cir. 1977). Cases Citing This Book View Copy Cite
“we believe that a monetary award for back wages is a traditional legal remedy and that the computation of such an award would not be 68 beyond the practical capabilities of a jury.”
76 citation events (5 in the last 25 years) across 27 distinct courts.
Strongest positive: Larry R. Hedlund v. State of Iowa (iowa, 2019-06-28)
Treatment trajectory · 1977 → 2026 · click a year to view as-of
1977 2001 2026
Top citers, strongest first. 19 distinct citers. How cited ↗
examined Cited as authority (verbatim quote) Larry R. Hedlund v. State of Iowa (2×) also: Cited as authority (quoted)
Iowa · 2019 · quote attribution · 2 verbatim quotes · confidence high
we believe that a monetary award for back wages is a traditional legal remedy and that the computation of such an award would not be 68 beyond the practical capabilities of a jury.
discussed Cited as authority (verbatim quote) Zenith Radio Corp. v. Matsushita Electric Industrial Co.
E.D. Pa. · 1979 · signal: see, e.g. · quote attribution · 1 verbatim quote · confidence high
the three-pronged classical test
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Scott Thomas v. Broward County Sheriff's Office
11th Cir. · 2023 · confidence medium
Similarly, in Pons v. Lorillard, the Fourth Circuit found a stat- utory right to a jury trial in the Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967, which provided that “the court shall have jurisdiction to grant such legal or equitable relief as may be appropriate.” 549 F.2d 950, 952 (4th Cir. 1977) (emphasis added) (quoting 29 U.S.C. § 626 (b)), aff’d, 434 U.S. 575 (1978).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Stonehill College v. Massachusetts Commission Against Discrimination
Mass. · 2004 · confidence medium
In a similar vein, Gallagher v. Wilton Enters., Inc., supra at 123, cites Pons v. Lorillard, 549 F.2d 950, 954 (4th Cir. 1977), aff'd, 434 U.S. 575 (1978), which likened an age discrimination claim to “an action in tort.” The Supreme Court’s affirmance, however, rested instead on statutory grounds, concluding that Congress intentionally conferred a right to jury trial for such claims, again taking pains to distinguish such claims from claims brought under Title VII.
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Sailor v. Hubbell, Inc.
4th Cir. · 1993 · confidence medium
However, a back pay award given under the ADEA is a legal remedy, Pons v. Lorillard, 549 F.2d 950, 953 (4th Cir.1977), aff'd, 434 U.S. 575, 582413 , 98 S.Ct. 866, 871-72 , 55 L.Ed.2d 40 (1978); see also Terry v. Chauffeurs, Teamsters and Helpers, Local 391, 863 F.2d 334 , 339 n. 2 (4th Cir.1988), aff'd, 494 U.S. 558 , 110 S.Ct. 1339 , 108 L.Ed.2d 519 (1990); Troy v. City of Hampton, 756 F.2d 1000, 1003 (4th Cir.) (en banc), cert. denied, 474 U.S. 864 , 106 S.Ct. 182 , 88 L.Ed.2d 151 (1985); 1 Dan B.
discussed Cited as authority (rule) William Sailor v. Hubbell, Incorporated Pulse Communications, Incorporated, and Pulsecom Division, Hubbell, Incorporated, William Sailor v. Hubbell, Incorporated Pulse Communications, Incorporated, and Pulsecom Division, Hubbell, Incorporated
4th Cir. · 1993 · confidence medium
However, a back pay award given under the ADEA is a legal remedy, Pons v. Lorillard, 549 F.2d 950, 953 (4th Cir.1977), aff'd, 434 U.S. 575, 582-83 , 98 S.Ct. 866, 871-72 , 55 L.Ed.2d 40 (1978); see also Terry v. Chauffeurs, Teamsters and Helpers, Local 391, 863 F.2d 334 , 339 n. 2 (4th Cir.1988), aff'd, 494 U.S. 558 , 110 S.Ct. 1339 , 108 L.Ed.2d 519 (1990); Troy v. City of Hampton, 756 F.2d 1000, 1003 (4th Cir.) (en banc), cert. denied, 474 U.S. 864 , 106 S.Ct. 182 , 88 L.Ed.2d 151 (1985); 1 Dan B.
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Carolyn M. GALLAGHER, Plaintiff, Appellee, v. WILTON ENTERPRISES, INC., Defendant, Appellant
1st Cir. · 1992 · confidence medium
See, e.g., Curtis v. Loether, 415 U.S. 189, 195 , 196 n. 10, 94 S.Ct. 1005, 1008 , 1009 n. 10, 39 L.Ed.2d 260 (1974) (likening discrimination action “to an action for defamation or intentional infliction of mental distress” and suggesting that racial discrimination “might be treated as a dignitary tort”); Hill v. Winn-Dixie Stores, Inc., 934 F.2d 1518, 1524 (11th Cir.1991) (analyzing federal-law action to redress employment discrimination as a tort for Seventh Amendment purposes); Santiago-Negron v. Castro-Davila, 865 F.2d 431, 440-41 (1st Cir.1989) (similar); Pons v. Lorillard, 549 F.…
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Terry v. Chauffeurs, Teamsters & Helpers, Local 391
M.D.N.C. · 1987 · confidence medium
Since lost wages are the ADEA equivalent of unpaid minimum wages or unpaid overtime compensation, Pons v. Lorillard, 549 F.2d 950, 953 (4th Cir.1977), aff'd, Lorillard v. Pons, 434 U.S. 575 , 98 S.Ct. 866 , 55 L.Ed.2d 40 (1978), the Supreme Court essentially agreed with the Fourth Circuit’s ruling that for ADEA purposes lost wages, e.g., back pay, is traditional legal relief.
cited Cited as authority (rule) Brock v. Mechanicsville Concrete, Inc.
E.D. Va. · 1987 · confidence medium
Right to trial by jury clearly exists under Section 16(b), as recognized by the Fourth Circuit in Pons v. Lorillard, 549 F.2d 950, 953 (4th Cir. 1977).
cited Cited as authority (rule) Troy v. City of Hampton
4th Cir. · 1985 · confidence medium
Pons v. Lorillard, 549 F.2d 950, 953 (4th Cir.1977), aff'd, 434 U.S. 575 , 98 S.Ct. 866 , 55 L.Ed.2d 40 (1978).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) William P. Troy v. City of Hampton, a Virginia Municipal Corporation, Thomas Miller, City Manager of the City of Hampton, Virginia, John B. Petty, City Assessor of the City of Hampton, Virginia, and Michael A. Monteith, Director of Support Services, City of Hampton, Virginia, Johnny Blackmon v. Observer Transportation Co.
4th Cir. · 1985 · confidence medium
Of these factors, the first, requiring extensive and possibly abstruse historical inquiry, is obviously the most difficult to apply. 35 Ross v. Bernhard, 396 U.S. 531 , 538 n. 10, 90 S.Ct. 733 , 738 n. 10, 24 L.Ed.2d 729 (1970). 36 This circuit has articulated this same test as follows: 37 The ultimate analysis to determine whether a suit is one "at common law" within the Amendment seems to be the three-pronged classical test: (1) Is the issue legal rather than equitable under the custom of the courts of law; (2) Is the remedy legal; and (3) Is the issue triable to a jury given the jurors' pra…
discussed Cited as authority (rule) 24 Fair empl.prac.cas. 1793, 25 Empl. Prac. Dec. P 31,525 Chester W. Setser v. Novack Investment Company D/B/A Budig Western Trucking and Alvin S. Novack
8th Cir. · 1981 · confidence medium
See Paxman v. Campbell, 612 F.2d 848, 857-58 (4th Cir. 1980) (§ 1983 action); Wehr v. Burroughs Corp., 438 F.Supp. 1052, 1056-58 (E.D.Pa.1977) and Pons v. Lorillard, 549 F.2d 950, 954 (4th Cir. 1977), aff'd., Lorillard v. Pons, supra, 434 U.S. at 582-85 , 98 S.Ct. at 871-872 (age discrimination actions).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Setser v. Novack Investment Co.
8th Cir. · 1981 · confidence medium
See Paxman v. Campbell, 612 F.2d 848, 857-58 (4th Cir. 1980) (§ 1983 action); Wehr v. Burroughs Corp., 438 F.Supp. 1052, 1056-58 (E.D.Pa.1977) and Pons v. Lorillard, 549 F.2d 950, 954 (4th Cir. 1977), aff'd., Lorillard v. Pons, supra, 434 U.S. at 582-85 , 98 S.Ct. at 871-872 (age discrimination actions).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Harris v. United States Department of the Treasury
N.D. Ill. · 1980 · confidence medium
Pons v. Lorillard, 549 F.2d 950, 952-953 (4th Cir. 1977); Rogers v. Exxon Research & Engineering Co., 550 F.2d 834 , 838-839 (3d Cir.), cert. denied, 434 U.S. 1022 , 98 S.Ct. 749 , 54 L.Ed.2d 770 (1977).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Lorillard v. Pons (2×)
SCOTUS · 1978 · confidence medium
The United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit allowed the appeal and vacated the trial court's order, ruling that the ADEA and the Seventh Amendment 1 *577 afford respondent the right to a jury trial on her claim for lost wages, 549 F. 2d 950, 952-953 (1977). 2 We granted certiorari, 433 U. S. 907 (1977), to resolve the conflict in the Circuits 3 on this important issue in the administration of the ADEA.
discussed Cited "see, e.g." Lehman v. Nakshian
SCOTUS · 1981 · signal: compare · confidence low
Compare Rogers v. Exxon Research & Engineering Co., 550 F. 2d 834 (CA3 1977) (right to jury trial), cert, denied, 434 U. S. 1022 (1978), and Pons v. Lorillard, 549 F. 2d 950 (CA4 1977) (same), aff’d, 434 U. S. 575 (1978), with Morelock v. NCR Corp., 546 F. 2d 682 (CA6 1976) (no right to jury trial), vacated and remanded, 435 U. S. 911 (1978).
discussed Cited "see, e.g." Eugene B. GOODMAN, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. HEUBLEIN, INC. and Heublein International Division of Heublein, Inc., Defendants-Appellants
2d Cir. · 1981 · signal: compare · confidence low
Compare Pons v. Lorillard, 549 F.2d 950 (4th Cir. 1977), aff'd, 434 U.S. 575 , 98 S.Ct. 866 , 55 L.Ed.2d 40 (1978) (right to jury trial); Rogers v. Exxon Research & Engineering Co., 550 F.2d 834 (3d Cir. 1977), cert. denied, 434 U.S. 1022 , 98 S.Ct. 749 , 54 L.Ed.2d 770 (1978) (same), with More-lock v. NCR Corp., 546 F.2d 682 (6th Cir. 1976), vacated and remanded, 435 U.S. 911 , 98 S.Ct. 1463 , 55 L.Ed.2d 503 (1978) (no right to jury trial).
discussed Cited "see, e.g." Alice Nakshian v. W. Graham Claytor, in His Official Capacity as Secretary of the Navy
D.C. Cir. · 1980 · signal: compare · confidence low
Compare Rogers v. Exxon Research & Eng’r Co., 550 F.2d 834 (3d Cir. 1977) (right to jury trial), cert denied, 434 U.S. 1022 , 98 S.Ct. 749 , 54 L.Ed.2d 770 (1978), and Pons v. Lorillard, 549 F.2d 950 (4th Cir. 1977) (same), aff’d, 434 U.S. 575 , 98 S.Ct. 866 , 55 L.Ed.2d 40 (1978), with Morelock v. NCR Corp., 546 F.2d 682 (6th Cir. 1976) (no right to jury trial), vacated and remanded, 435 U.S. 911 , 98 S.Ct. 1463 , 55 L.Ed.2d 503 (1978). .
discussed Cited "see, e.g." Bernstein v. Universal Pictures, Inc.
S.D.N.Y. · 1978 · signal: see, e.g. · confidence low
See, e. g., Pons v. Lorillard, 549 F.2d 950 (4th Cir. 1977), aff’d., 434 U.S. 575 , 98 S.Ct. 866 , 55 L.Ed.2d 40 (1978); Minnis v. International Union, United Automobile, Aerospace and Agricultural Implement Workers of America, UAW, 531 F.2d 850 (8th Cir. 1975); Dawson v. Contractors Transport Corp., 151 U.S.App.D.C. 401 , 408-15, 467 F.2d 727, 734-41 (1972) (dissenting opinion); Fellows v. Medford Corp., 431 F.Supp. 199 (D.Or.1977); Rowan v. Howard Sober, Inc., 384 F.Supp. 1121 (E.D.Mich.1974); Jones v. Orenstein, 73 F.R.D. 604 (S.D.N.Y.1977) (Bonsal, J.); Cleverly v. Western Elec.
Retrieving the full opinion text from the archive…
14 Fair empl.prac.cas. 612, 13 Empl. Prac. Dec. P 11,468 Frances P. Pons
v.
Lorillard, a Division of Loew's Theatres, Inc.
76-1369.
Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit.
Feb 2, 1977.
549 F.2d 950
1977 U.S. App. LEXIS 10223
Norman B. Smith, Greensboro, N. C. (Smith, Patterson, Follin, Curtis & James, Greensboro, N. C., on brief), for appellant., Thornton H. Brooks, Greensboro, N. C. (M. Daniel McGinn, Brooks, Pierce, McLendon, Humphrey & Leonard, Greensboro, N. C., on brief), for appellee.
Bryan, Butzner, Russell.
Cited by 46 opinions  |  Published
1 passage pin-cited by 1 case
Pinpoint authority: bottom 57%
Citer courts: Supreme Court of Iowa (1)
Reporter's Syllabus editorial summary, not part of the Court's opinion

Norman B. Smith, Greensboro, N. C. (Smith, Patterson, Follin, Curtis & James, Greensboro, N. C., on brief), for appellant.

Thornton H. Brooks, Greensboro, N. C. (M. Daniel McGinn, Brooks, Pierce, McLendon, Humphrey & Leonard, Greensboro, N. C., on brief), for appellee.

Before BRYAN, Senior Circuit Judge, and BUTZNER and RUSSELL, Circuit Judges.

ALBERT V. BRYAN, Senior Circuit Judge.

Lead Opinion

ALBERT V. BRYAN, Senior Circuit Judge.

Alleging violation of her rights under the Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967, 29 U.S.C. §§ 621-634 (1970), appellant Frances P. Pons sued her employer, Lorillard, a Division of Loew’s Theatres, Inc.,[1] for injunctive reinstatement, lost wages, liquidated and punitive[2] damages, costs and attorney’s fees.[3] Lorillard’s motion to strike Pons’ demand for a jury trial on the issue of lost wages was sustained by the District Court and an interlocutory appeal[*952] of the order was allowed. 28 U.S.C. § 1292(b); FRAP 5.

Our task is to determine whether the Seventh Amendment provision for trial by jury “[i]n suits at common law, where the value in controversy shall exceed twenty dollars” applies to a claim under the Age Act for lost wages.[4] Analysis of the problem begins with the language of the Congress. In relevant part, sections 7(b) and 7(c) of the Act, 29 U.S.C. § 626(b), (c) state:

“(b) ... In any action brought to enforce this [Act] the court shall have jurisdiction to grant such legal or equitable relief as may be appropriate to effectuate the purposes of this [Act], including without limitation judgments compelling employment, reinstatement or promotion, or enforcing the liability for amounts deemed to be unpaid minimum wages or unpaid overtime compensation under this section.
“(c) Any person aggrieved may bring a civil action in any court of competent jurisdiction for such legal or equitable relief as will effectuate the purposes of this chapter: . . (Emphasis added).

Our holding is that the inclusion of the phrase “legal . . . relief” empowers a Federal court to grant complainants the Constitutional right to a jury.

I.

At the outset, we are urged to hold that Age Act complaints should follow the pattern of denial thus far adopted in enforcing the provisions against employment discrimination contained in Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-5. We decline.

Design for decision on this issue is to be found in Curtis v. Loether, 415 U.S. 189, 94 S.Ct. 1005, 39 L.Ed.2d 260 (1974), declaring the availability of a jury in a civil action under Title VIII, section 812(c) of the Civil Rights Act of 1968, 42 U.S.C. §§ 3601, 3612(c), relating to fair housing. This section, as relevant, defines the powers of the court:.

“(c) The court may grant as relief, as it deems appropriate, any permanent or temporary injunction, temporary restraining order, or other order, and may award to the plaintiff actual damages and not more than $1,000 punitive damages, together with court costs and reasonable attorney fees in the case of a prevailing plaintiff: . . . ”

In Curtis the Court contrasts Title VII— fair employment — and Title VIII — -fair housing — enforcement clauses, concluding that the decisions [5] rejecting a jury trial in Title VII are not construing remedial provisions like those in VIII. 415 U.S. at 196, 94 S.Ct. 1005. To repeat, the Court quite cautiously disavows any interpretation of VII, saying only that its language is not the same as that of VIII. Its distinguishment of the phrasing warrants a lengthy quotation:

“In Title VII cases the courts of appeals have characterized backpay as an integral part of an equitable remedy, a form of restitution. But the statutory language on which this characterization is based—
[*953] ‘[T]he court may enjoin the respondent from engaging in such unlawful employment practice, and order such affirmative action as may be appropriate, which may include, but is not limited to, reinstatement or hiring of employees, with or without back pay . , or any other equitable relief as the court deems appropriate,’
contrasts sharply with § 812’s simple authorization of an action for actual and punitive damages. In Title VII cases, also, the courts have relied on the fact that the decision whether to award back-pay is committed to the discretion of the trial judge. There is no comparable discretion here: if a plaintiff proves unlawful discrimination and actual damages, he is entitled to judgment for that amount.” (Citation omitted.)

Id. at 197, 94 S.Ct. at 1010.

Equivalent differentiation is apparent between the Title VII remedies and those of the Age Act. Comparing the two as they have just now been set forth, it is seen at once that the Age Act includes the terminology of a law action, traditionally calling for a jury verdict, rather than only a suit in equity to be decided and decreed by a chancellor. Thus it comprises the power to grant legal relief, that is relief at law— obviously a suit “at common law” embodied in the Seventh Amendment.

II.

The Age Act by its very terms excludes the non-jury concept and commands the impanelment of a jury, if requested, in claims for lost wages. Forthright to prove this view is the incorporation of related provisions of the Fair Labor Standards Act into the enforcement section of the Age Act, 29 U.S.C. § 626(b), as follows:

“The provisions of this [Act] shall be enforced in accordance with the powers, remedies, and procedures provided in sections . . . 216 (except for subsection (a) thereof), and 217 of this title, and subsection (c) [supra] of this section. . Amounts owing to a person as a result of a violation of this chapter shall be deemed to be unpaid minimum wages or unpaid overtime compensation for purposes of sections 216 and 217 of this title:

The Fair Labor Standards Act provision, 29 U.S.C. § 216 (except subsection (a)), supra, stipulates:

“(b) Any employer who violates the provisions of section 206 [minimum wages] or section 207 [maximum hours] of this title shall be liable to the employee or employees affected in the amount of their unpaid minimum wages, or their unpaid overtime compensation, as the case may be, and in an additional equal amount as liquidated damages.”

Thus the Age Act clearly equates lost wages as “unpaid minimum wages or unpaid overtime compensation” under the FLSA. It is settled that section 216(b) claims are legal in nature and uniformly accorded a jury trial. McClanahan v. Mathews, 440 F.2d 320 (6 Cir. 1971); Chilton v. National Cash Register Co., 370 F.Supp. at 664 and cases cited.

The ultimate analysis to determine whether a suit is one “at common law” within the Amendment seems to be the three-pronged classical test: (1) Is the issue legal rather than equitable under the custom of the courts of law; (2) Is the remedy legal; and (3) Is the issue triable to a jury given the jurors’ practical abilities and limitations? Ross v. Bernhard, 396 U.S. 531, 538 fn. 10, 90 S.Ct. 733, 24 L.Ed.2d 729 (1970); see 5 Moore’s Federal Practice § 38.16[4] pp. 162.6-8. Where issues of law and equity are intertwined in one suit, those meeting the three-pronged test merit a trial by jury.[6] Dairy Queen, Inc. v. Wood, 369 U.S. 469, 470-73, 82 S.Ct. 894, 8 L.Ed.2d 44 (1962).

[*954] It has been helpfully observed that claims of employment discrimination, coupled with prayers for lost wages, are analogous to the common law action for breach of contract by wrongful discharge or an action in tort, With the Age Act creating the legal duty. Cleverly v. Western Electric Co., 69 F.R.D. at 350-51. To interpret this cause of action as one “incidental” or “integral” to the equitable issue of reinstatement would be to violate the rule of Dairy Queen, Inc. v. Wood, 369 U.S. at 470, 82 S.Ct. 894, as just mentioned.

As to the second and third phases of the Ross test, we believe that a monetary award for back wages is a traditional legal remedy and that the computation of such an award would not be beyond the practical capabilities of a jury. Cleverly v. Western Electric Co., 69 F.R.D. at 351. Consequently, all of the prerequisites to a trial by jury under the Age Act are satisfied.

Hence we hold the jury demand should not have been denied. That order is now vacated and the claim for back pay is remanded for trial by a jury.[7]

Vacated and remanded.

1

Plaintiff at the age of 48 years was discharged on January 31, 1975; she alleges it was pursuant to a policy of employing younger persons. Lorillard is a foreign corporation doing business in North Carolina.

2

On October 18, 1976 Pons moved this court to allow amendment of her complaint to include a prayer for punitive damages.

3

This appeal involves only the right to a jury trial on the claim of lost wages. The District Judge’s opinion notes that the plaintiff “conceded that the liquidated damages issue would not be triable to a jury”. Nor are costs, attorney’s fees nor, as explained infra, punitive damages before the court. Of course no injunctive relief is now considered.

4

The question has been discussed and resolved in favor of trial by a jury: Chilton v. National Cash Register Co., 370 F.Supp. 660 (S.D.Ohio 1974); Cleverly v. Western Electric Co., 69 F.R.D. 348 (W.D.Mo.1975), and Murphy v. American Motors Sales Corp., 410 F.Supp. 1403 (N.D.Ga.1976). A list of cases implicitly settling the point is to be found in Murphy v. American Motors Sales Corp., supra, at 1402.

5

See Curtis v. Loether, 415 U.S. at 196-97 n. 13, 94 S.Ct. 1005, citing Johnson v. Georgia Highway Express, Inc., 417 F.2d 1122, 1125 (5 Cir. 1969); Robinson v. Lorillard Corp., 444 F.2d 791, 802 (4 Cir.), cert. dismissed under Rule 60, 404 U.S. 1006, 92 S.Ct. 573, 30 L.Ed.2d 655 (1971); cf. McFerren v. County Board of Education, 455 F.2d 199, 202-04 (6 Cir. 1972); Harkiess v. Sweeny Independent School District, 427 F.2d 319, 324 (5 Cir. 1970), cert. denied, 400 U.S. 991, 91 S.Ct. 451, 27 L.Ed.2d 439 (1971); Smith v. Hampton Training School, 360 F.2d 577, 581 n. 8 (4 Cir. 1966) (en banc); see generally Developments in the Law — Employment Discrimination and Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, 84 Harv.L.Rev. 1109, 1265-66 (1971). To this list of the Court may be added Cox v. Babcock & Wilcox Co., 471 F.2d 13 (4 Cir. 1972).

6

At once, we recognize that the Seventh Amendment extends its guarantee not only to common law forms of action recognized at its date of enactment — 1791 — but also to actions under modern statutes that create legal rights and remedies. Curtis v. Loether, 415 U.S. at 194, 94 S.Ct. 1005; see F.R.Civ.P. 38(a).

7

In this court plaintiff for the first time moved to amend her complaint to include a claim for punitive damages. This motion must be remanded for presentation to the trial court. F.R.Civ.P. 15(a). Likewise items of costs and attorney’s fees are matters for decision by that court.

Concurrence

BUTZNER, Circuit Judge,

concurring specially:

I agree with the majority opinion that 29 U.S.C. § 626(b) entitles a litigant to a jury in an action for the recovery of lost wages resulting from a violation of the Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967. Although the Sixth Circuit has reached a contrary conclusion,* I concur in my brothers’ ruling that the statute incorporates the provisions for a jury trial required by § 16(b) of the Fair Labor Standards Act, 29 U.S.C. § 216(b).

Since the statute settles the controversy, I find no occasion for embarking on the constitutional quest which my brothers pursue. See Ashwander v. Tennessee Valley Authority, 297 U.S. 288, 346-48, 56 S.Ct. 466, 80 L.Ed. 688 (1936) (Brandeis, J., concurring) (especially rule 4).

Morelock v. NCR Corp., 546 F.2d 682 (6th Cir. 1976).