Am. Ass'n of Commodity Traders v. Dep't of the Treasury, Internal Revenue Serv. & United States of Am., 598 F.2d 1233 (1st Cir. 1979). · Go Syfert
Am. Ass'n of Commodity Traders v. Dep't of the Treasury, Internal Revenue Serv. & United States of Am., 598 F.2d 1233 (1st Cir. 1979). Cases Citing This Book View Copy Cite
40 citation events (6 in the last 25 years) across 15 distinct courts.
Strongest positive: Gonsalves v. IRS (ca1, 1993-02-26)
Treatment trajectory · 1980 → 2026 · click a year to view as-of
1980 2003 2026
Top citers, strongest first. 30 distinct citers. How cited ↗
discussed Cited as authority (quoted) Gonsalves v. IRS
1st Cir. · 1993 · quote attribution · 1 verbatim quote · confidence low
not clear that every loss of potential help from a bureaucrat is a loss of a constitutional interest
discussed Cited as authority (quoted) Gilbert T. Gonsalves v. Internal Revenue Service
1st Cir. · 1993 · quote attribution · 1 verbatim quote · confidence low
not clear that every loss of potential help from a bureaucrat is a loss of a constitutional interest
discussed Cited as authority (quoted) Gonsalves v. IRS
1st Cir. · 1993 · quote attribution · 1 verbatim quote · confidence low
not clear that every loss of potential help from a bureaucrat is a loss of a constitutional interest
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Lewis v. United States of America
D. Maryland · 2023 · confidence medium
Assoc. of Commodity Traders v. Dep’t of Treasury, 598 F.2d 1233, 1235 (1st Cir. 1979) (holding that the FTCA tax exception applied where it was alleged that the IRS “maliciously” over-taxed the plaintiff).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) West v. Secretary US Treasury
D.N.H. · 2006 · confidence medium
Ass'n of Commodity Traders v. Dep't of Treasury. 598 F.2d 1233, 1235 (1st Cir. 1979) (citing Califano v. Sanders. 430 U.S. 99, 107 (1977)). 3 The United States moves to dismiss on grounds that West's suit is barred by 26 U.S.C. § 7421 , the Anti-Injunction Act.
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Clark, Sharocco v. United States
7th Cir. · 2003 · confidence medium
Assoc. of Commodity Traders v. Dep’t of Treasury, 598 F.2d 1233, 1235 (1st Cir. 1979) (suit seeking damages for denial of tax-exempt status falls within § 2680(c)), including the payment of tax refunds, see Aetna Cas. & Sur.
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Sharocco Clark v. United States
7th Cir. · 2003 · confidence medium
Assoc. of Commodity Traders v. Dep’t of Treasury, 598 F.2d 1233, 1235 (1st Cir.1979) (suit seeking damages for denial of tax-exempt status falls within § 2680(c)), including the payment of tax refunds, see Aetna Cas. & Sur.
cited Cited as authority (rule) Tapia-Tapia v. United States
1st Cir. · 2003 · confidence medium
Ass’n of Commodity Traders v. Dep’t of Treasury, 598 F.2d 1233, 1235 (1st Cir.1979).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Usibelli Coal Mine v. United States
Fed. Cl. · 2002 · confidence medium
See also Improvement Co. v. Slack, 100 U.S. 648, 654 , 25 L.Ed. 609 (1879) ("Moneys involuntarily paid for internal-revenue taxes illegally exacted may be recovered back from the collector in an action of assumpsit”); American Association of Commodity Traders v. Dept. of Treasury, 598 F.2d 1233, 1235 (1st Cir.1979); see generally) United States v. Emery, Bird, Thayer Realty Co., 237 U.S. 28, 31-32 , 35 S.Ct. 499 , 59 L.Ed. 825 (1915); H.R.Rep.
cited Cited as authority (rule) Fredyma v. IRS
D.N.H. · 1998 · confidence medium
Department of Treasury, 598 F.2d 1233, 1235 (1st Cir. 1979).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) White v. Commissioner (2×)
D. Mass. · 1995 · confidence medium
See McMillen v. U.S. Dept. of Treasury, 960 F.2d 187, 188 (1st Cir.1991) (Section 2680(c) bars jurisdiction over plaintiffs claim for release of federal tax liens); and American Association of Commodity Traders v. Department of Treasury, 598 F.2d 1233, 1235 (1st Cir.1979) (Sections 2680(c) and 2680(a) bar a suit seeking damages for IRS’s delay in processing and failure to grant an application for tax exempt status).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Gonsalves v. IRS
1st Cir. · 1992 · confidence medium
But "the sovereign immunity of the United States is not waived simply because agents of the government may be personally liable for deprivation of constitutional __________ interests." American Ass'n of Commodity Traders v. ________________________________________ Department of Treasury, 598 F.2d 1233, 1235 (1st Cir. 1979). ______________________ -5- There is no implied right of action, analogous to that found in Bivens, for claims against the government. ______ II __ The district court also correctly granted judgment to the government on Mr. Gonsalves' claims for damages under 26 U.S.C. 7433.
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Gilbert T. Gonsalves v. Internal Revenue Service
1st Cir. · 1992 · confidence medium
But “the sovereign immunity of the United States is not waived simply because agents of the government may be personally liable for deprivation of constitutional interests.” American Ass’n of Commodity Traders v. Department of Treasury, 598 F.2d 1233, 1235 (1st Cir.1979).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Gonsalves v. United States (2×)
D. Me. · 1992 · confidence medium
American Association of Commodity Traders v. Department of Treasury, 598 F.2d 1233, 1235 (1st Cir.1979) (footnote omitted).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Gilday v. Webster
D. Mass. · 1984 · confidence medium
See Beller v. Middendorf 632 F.2d 788 , 798 n. 5 (9th Cir. 1980), cert. denied 452 U.S. 905 , 101 S.Ct. 3030 , 69 L.Ed.2d 405 (1981); American Association of Commodity Traders v. Dept. of Treasury, 598 F.2d 1233, 1235 (1st Cir. 1979).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Holloman v. Watt
9th Cir. · 1983 · confidence medium
See Butz v. Economou, 438 U.S. 478, 504-05 , 98 S.Ct. 2894, 2909-10 , 57 L.Ed.2d 895 (1978); Keene Corp. v. United States, 700 F.2d 836 , 845 n. 13 (2d Cir.1983); Inupiat Community of the Arctic Slope v. United States, 680 F.2d 122, 132 (Ct.Cl.1982); American Ass’n of Commodity Traders v. Department of the Treasury, 598 F.2d 1233, 1235 (1st Cir.1979).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Holloman v. Watt
9th Cir. · 1983 · confidence medium
See Butz v. Economou, 438 U.S. 478, 504-05 , 98 S.Ct. 2894, 2909-10 , 57 L.Ed.2d 895 (1978); Keene Corp. v. United States, 700 F.2d 836 , 845 n. 13 (2d Cir.1983); Inupiat Community of the Arctic Slope v. United States, 680 F.2d 122, 132 (Ct.Cl.1982); American Ass'n of Commodity Traders v. Department of the Treasury, 598 F.2d 1233, 1235 (1st Cir.1979).
cited Cited as authority (rule) Feldstein v. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission
D. Mass. · 1982 · confidence medium
Assoc, of Commodity Traders v. Dept. of Treasury, 598 F.2d 1233, 1235 (1st Cir. 1979).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Abortion Rights Mobilization, Inc. v. Regan
S.D.N.Y. · 1982 · confidence medium
See e.g., Bob Jones Univ. v. Simon, 416 U.S. 725, 749-50 , 94 S.Ct. 2038, 2052-2053 , 40 L.Ed.2d 496 (1974); American Ass’n of Commodity Traders v. Dep’t of Treasury, 598 F.2d 1233, 1235 (1st Cir. 1979).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Medina v. United States
D.P.R. · 1982 · confidence medium
Moreover, “[i]t seems clear that the sovereign immunity of the United States is not waived simply because agents of the government may be personally liable for deprivation of constitutional interests.” American Association of Commodity Traders v. Dept. of Treasury, 598 F.2d 1233, 1235 (1st Cir. 1979), citing (Duarte v. United States, 532 F.2d 850 (2d Cir. 1976) and United States v. Testan, 424 U.S. 392 , 96 S.Ct. 948 , 47 L.Ed.2d 114 (1976)).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) White v. Commissioner (2×) also: Cited "see"
D. Colo. · 1982 · confidence medium
This jurisdictional limitation was described in American Association of Commodity Traders v. Department of the Treasury, 598 F.2d 1233, 1235 (1st Cir. 1979).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Akers v. United States
D. Conn. · 1982 · confidence medium
Plaintiffs’ allegations of constitutional deprivations under the fourth and fifth amendments afford no right of action against the United States, see, e.g., American Assoc. of Commodity Traders v. Department of Treasury, 598 F.2d 1233, 1235 (1st Cir. 1979) (sovereign immunity bar), but only an action lying against individual government agents.
cited Cited as authority (rule) Louis J. Capozzoli, Jr. And Laura B. Capozzoli v. W. J. Tracey, Jr.
5th Cir. · 1981 · confidence medium
Assn. of Commodity Traders v. Dept. of Treasury, 598 F.2d 1233, 1235 (1st Cir. 1979).
cited Cited "see" Johnson v. United States
E.D.N.Y · 1987 · signal: see · confidence high
See American Association of Commodity Traders v. Department of Treasury, 598 F.2d 1233, 1235 (1st Cir.1979); Birnbaum v. United States, supra, 588 F.2d at 329.
discussed Cited "see" Gerald J. Rapp and Mary H. Rapp v. Commissioner of Internal Revenue
9th Cir. · 1985 · signal: see · confidence high
See generally American Assn. of Commodity Traders v. Department of Treasury, 598 F.2d 1233 (1st Cir.1979) (except where required by Internal Revenue Code, letter rulings issued as matter of IRS discretion).
discussed Cited "see" Scott v. Internal Revenue Service
E.D. Tenn. · 1985 · signal: see · confidence high
Assuming for the moment that the plaintiff’s various letters to the IRS could be construed as an administrative claim, the Act still prohibits tort actions which arise with respect to the assessment and collection of a federal income tax. 28 U.S.C. § 2680 (c); see American Association of Commodity Traders v. Department of the Treasury, 598 F.2d 1233 (1st Cir.1979).
discussed Cited "see" Interfirst Bank Dallas, N.A. v. United States of America, and Internal Revenue Service, Defendants
1st Cir. · 1985 · signal: accord · confidence high
As we stated in Garcia v. United States, 666 F.2d 960 (5th Cir.), cert. denied, 459 U.S. 832 , 103 S.Ct. 73 , 74 L.Ed.2d 72 (1982), “The Constitution does not waive the Government’s sovereign immunity in a suit for damages____ [S]uit[s] for damages against the United States based on the Constitution [are] not contemplated by Bivens and its progeny.” Id. at 966; accord American Association of Commodity Traders v. Department of Treasury, 598 F.2d 1233, 1235 (1st Cir.1979); Jaffee v. United States, 592 F.2d 712, 717-18 (3d Cir.), cert. denied, 441 U.S. 961 , 99 S.Ct. 2406 , 60 L.Ed.2d 1066 …
cited Cited "see" Robert L. Arnsberg, and Cross-Appellant v. United States of America, and Cross-Appellee
unknown court · 1985 · signal: accord · confidence high
Accord American Association of Commodity Traders v. Department of the Treasury, 598 F.2d 1233, 1235-36 (1st Cir.1979); Duarte v. United States, 532 F.2d 850, 851-52 (2nd Cir.1976). 7 III.
discussed Cited "see" Lopez v. Aran
D.P.R. · 1984 · signal: see · confidence high
See American Association of Commodity Traders v. Dept. of the Treasury, 598 F.2d 1233 (1st Cir.1979) (plaintiff could have sued federal agents personally while suing United States agency, although sovereign immunity of the United States would not be waived).
cited Cited "see, e.g." Gonsalves v. Internal Revenue Service
D. Me. · 1992 · signal: see also · confidence medium
See also American Association of Commodity Traders v. Department of Treasury, 598 F.2d 1233, 1236 (1st Cir.1979).
Retrieving the full opinion text from the archive…
AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF COMMODITY TRADERS, Plaintiff, Appellant,
v.
DEPARTMENT OF the TREASURY, Internal Revenue Service and United States of America, Defendants, Appellees
79-1019.
Court of Appeals for the First Circuit.
May 31, 1979.
598 F.2d 1233
David C. Buxbaum, New York City, with whom Vincent C. Martina, Amherst, New Hampshire was on brief, for plaintiff, appellant., Leonard J. Henzke, Jr., Atty., Tax Div., Dept, of Justice, Washington, D. C., with whom William H. Shaheen, U. S. Atty., Concord, N. H., M. Carr Ferguson, Asst. Atty. Gen., Gilbert E. Andrews and Richard D. Buik, Attys., Tax Div., Dept, of Justice, Washington, D. C., were on brief, for defendants, appellees.
Coffin, Campbell, Bownes.
Cited by 34 opinions  |  Published
1 passages pin-cited by 3 cases
Pinpoint authority: bottom 92%
Citer courts: First Circuit (3)
COFFIN, Chief Judge.

This is an appeal from the district court’s dismissal of a complaint seeking recovery of damages resulting from defendants’ failure to grant plaintiff tax-exempt status under the Internal Revenue Code. The district court dismissed for lack of subject matter jurisdiction. We affirm.

This dispute arises out of the alleged refusal of the Internal Revenue Service to process appellant’s application for exempt status under 26 U.S.C. § 501(c)(3). Taking all of appellant’s factual allegations to be true, Conley v. Gibson, 355 U.S. 41, 45-46, 78 S.Ct. 99, 2 L.Ed.2d 80 (1957), the record reveals that appellant first filed an application for a letter ruling in 1967. The Service[*1235] began initial processing of the application, issuing a comment letter and requesting additional information. The Service then apparently lost the application. Appellant’s numerous queries concerning the status of the application and requests for processing fell on deaf ears for the next ten years.

Appellant brought suit against the Treasury Department, the Service, and the United States, alleging that agents of the IRS had maliciously pigeon-holed the application for a letter ruling. The complaint claimed damages in the amount of $10,000 for taxes illegally collected, $750,000 for injury to appellant’s business, and $250,000 in punitive damages. Upon motion of the government, the district court denied appellant’s request for a discovery order and dismissed the suit.

Appellant now advances numerous grounds to support federal jurisdiction, none of which have merit. First, appellant’s recharacterization of its claim for taxes paid as “damages” resulting from the misconduct of IRS officials will not suffice to supplant the jurisdictional requirement that an administrative claim precede a refund suit. 26 U.S.C. § 7422(a); Clement v. United States, 472 F.2d 776, 778 (1st Cir.), cert. denied, 414 U.S. 864, 94 S.Ct. 115, 38 L.Ed.2d 85 (1973). When the injury claimed is payment of excessive income taxes and the defendant is the United States, no amount of artful pleading will convince us that the case is not a claim for refund of taxes.

Second, appellant’s attempt to base jurisdiction for its other damage claims upon 28 U.S.C. § 1346(b) is defeated by two clear provisions of the Federal Tort Claims Act. We have little doubt that this suit falls within the FTCA exclusion of claims “in respect of the assessment or collection of any tax . . . .” 28 U.S.C. § 2680(c). In Bob Jones Univ. v. Simon, 416 U.S. 725, 94 S.Ct. 2038, 40 L.Ed.2d 496 (1974), the Court held that a suit to enjoin withdrawal of tax-exempt status is a suit “for the purpose of restraining the assessment or collection of any tax . . . 26 U.S.C. § 7421(a). Because the language of the FTCA is identical to that involved in Bob Jones, we think a. suit seeking damages for the denial of tax-exempt status comes within the ban of section 2680(c).

Another and equally relevant provision is 28 U.S.C. § 2680(a) which commands that FTCA jurisdiction shall not exist where the act complained of involves “the exercise or performance or the failure to exercise or perform a discretionary function . . .” Nothing in the Internal Revenue Code requires the Commissioner to issue private letter rulings. When such rulings do issue, they represent the application of the Commissioner’s unique expertise and judgment to a particular set of facts. We can think a few more discretionary functions than deciding how and when to issue private letter rulings. See Coastwise Packet Co. v. United States, 398 F.2d 77 (1st Cir.), cert. denied, 393 U.S. 937, 89 S.Ct. 300, 21 L.Ed.2d 274 (1968) (discussing valid policy reasons for excluding discretionary judgments from FTCA jurisdiction).

Appellant’s attempt to find an independent grant of jurisdiction in the Administrative Procedure Act is clearly precluded by Califano v. Sanders, 430 U.S. 99, 107, 97 S.Ct. 980, 51 L.Ed.2d 192 (1977).

Appellant’s final argument would have us find jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1331(a) following the theory of Bivens v. Six Unknown Named Agents of Federal Bureau of Narcotics, 403 U.S. 388, 91 S.Ct. 1999, 29 L.Ed.2d 619 (1971). The most telling problem with this theory is that no agents of the federal government are parties to this suit, and even if they were, their presence would not affect our jurisdiction over defendant agencies of the United States. It seems clear that the sovereign immunity [1] of the United States is not waived simply because agents of the government may be personally liable for deprivation of constitutional interests. Duarte v. United States, 532 F.2d 850 (2d Cir. 1976); see United States v. Testan, 424 U.S. 392, 96 S.Ct. 948, 47 L.Ed.2d 114 (1976). We see no reason why defendants who can[*1236] not be hailed into federal court under any theory of the case should be subjected to discovery proceedings simply because their employees might be subject to federal jurisdiction. Appellant argues that it could have amended its complaint to sue an “indeterminable Number of Federal Internal Revenue Agents”, and that we should not apply arcane pleading requirements when an amendment would have saved the case. [2] Appellant misses the fundamental point that no amendment would be sufficient to keep these defendants in the case; if a case against IRS agents exists, that is a different case.

Affirmed.

1

. Appellant’s lengthy arguments pointing out the limited good faith immunity applicable to the agents who allegedly refused to process the application, see Butz v. Economou, 438 U.S.[*1236] 478, 98 S.Ct. 2894, 57 L.Ed.2d 895 (1978) is, to put it kindly, misdirected. The issue here is sovereign immunity, not the personal immunity of federal officials.

2

. Although we need not and do not decide the sufficiency of a Bivens claim against the individuals responsible for processing appellant’s application, we think it appropriate to mention at this point our recent decision in Francis-Sobel v. University of Maine, 597 F.2d 15 (1st Cir. 1979). Nowhere in the voluminous argument in this case has appellant explained what constitutional interests were lost in the administraUve delay of the IRS. Even if appellant would have been put to some trouble to judicially challenge the legal issue of exemption in a refund suit, it is not clear that every loss of potential help from a bureaucrat is a loss of a constitutional interest. Francis-Sobel, supra. More important for this case, judicial remedies are implied from the constitution only when there is no direct means for redress already available. Appellant in this case has for several years had available the judicial remedy of 26 U.S.C. § 7428, a declaratory judgment suit to establish exempt status, in addition to the ever present remedy of a refund suit.