q1 “because it was not stated under a separate heading or subheading”4 citing cases
- In re D.M., No. C100772 (Cal. Ct. App. Apr. 18, 2025).unpublished(declining to address an argument “because it was not stated under a separate heading or subheading)
- People v. Doulphus, No. C098549 (Cal. Ct. App. Nov. 26, 2024).unpublished(declining to address an argument “because it was not stated under a separate heading or subheading)
- Martinez v. Morgan Stanley Mortg. Loan Trust, No. E072075 (Cal. Ct. App. Dec. 15, 2021).unpublished
- People v. Martinez, No. A160336 (Cal. Ct. App. Jan. 21, 2022).unpublished
At page 563 cited at this page2 citing cases
- People v. Bd. of Parole Hearings, 83 Cal. App. 5th 432 (Cal. Ct. App. 2022).publishedThe Office points us to no other right enumerated in subdivision (b) of Marsy’s Law that supports its standing to petition for writ of mandate here.4 To the extent it relies on the Legislature’s findings and declarations expressed in artic…
- People v. Marquez, 56 Cal. App. 5th 40 (Cal. Ct. App. 2020).published (Lombardo, supra, 54 Cal.App.5th at p. 559, fn. 2.) Although Marsy’s Law must be interpreted broadly, we decline to read it so broadly as to restrict or eliminate altogether the Legislature’s ability to create new postjudgment proceedings.
At page 557 cited at this page1 citing case
- People v. Graham, No. A160737 (Cal. Ct. App. Dec. 28, 2021).unpublished(Lombardo, supra, 54 Cal.App.5th at p. 557; § 1170.95, subd. (a).) “Briefly, there are four main steps in the process.
At page 559 cited at this page1 citing case
- People v. Marquez, 56 Cal. App. 5th 40 (Cal. Ct. App. 2020).published (Lombardo, supra, 54 Cal.App.5th at p. 559, fn. 2.) Although Marsy’s Law must be interpreted broadly, we decline to read it so broadly as to restrict or eliminate altogether the Legislature’s ability to create new postjudgment proceedings.
Other citing cases
- Bobo v. Appellate Div. of Super. Ct., No. D087393 (Cal. Ct. App. Apr. 22, 2026).published
- People v. Shephard, No. E076346 (Cal. Ct. App. July 2, 2021).unpublished
v.
Lombardo
CERTIFIED FOR PUBLICATION
IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA
THIRD APPELLATE DISTRICT
(Tehama)
----
THE PEOPLE, C090041
Plaintiff and Respondent, (Super. Ct. No. NCR41795)
v.
VINCENT MICHAEL LOMBARDO,
Defendant and Appellant.
APPEAL from a judgment of the Superior Court of Tehama County, C. Todd
Bottke, Judge. Reversed.
Rebecca P. Jones, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for Defendant and Appellant.
Xavier Becerra, Attorney General, Thomas S. Patterson, Assistant Attorney General, Tamar Pachter and Nelson R. Richards, Deputy Attorneys General, for the California Attorney General as Amicus Curiae on behalf of Defendant and Appellant.
Matthew D. Rodgers, District Attorney (Tehama), James Waugh, Assistant District Attorney, and Gloria Han, Deputy District Attorney, for Plaintiff and Respondent.
In 1996 a jury found defendant Vincent Michael Lombardo guilty of second degree murder. In 2019 defendant filed a petition for resentencing under newly enacted Penal Code section 1170.95,1 which was enacted as part of Senate Bill No. 1437 (2017- 2018 Reg. Sess.) (Stats. 2018, ch. 1015) (Senate Bill 1437).
The superior court denied the petition because, in its view, Senate Bill 1437 impermissibly amended Proposition 7 (Ballot Pamp., Gen. Elec. (Nov. 7, 1978) text of Prop. 7) and Proposition 115 (Ballot Pamp., Primary Elec. (June 5, 1990) text of Prop. 115). We disagree with the superior court and agree with the unanimous conclusion of other appellate courts that have addressed the issue: Senate Bill 1437 is not an invalid amendment of either Propositions 7 or 115.
Though the superior court did not clearly rule on the issue, the parties also ask us to determine whether Senate Bill 1437 violates Marsy’s Law (Ballot Pamp., Gen. Elec. (Nov. [4], 2008) text of Prop. 9). We conclude it does not, thereby agreeing with the unanimous conclusion of other appellate courts on this issue as well.
Accordingly, we reverse the trial court’s ruling and remand for further proceedings.
BACKGROUND
A. Legal Background[*~554–562] ch. 1015, § 1, subd. (f).) Effective January 1, 2019, the legislation amended sections 188 and 189 and added section 1170.95 to the Penal Code.
“Generally, malice is an essential element of the crime of murder. (§ 187.)” (People v. Johns (2020) 50 Cal.App.5th 46, 57 (Johns).) “Before Senate Bill No. 1437, the felony-murder rule and the natural and probable consequences doctrine were exceptions to the actual malice requirement. The felony-murder rule made ‘a killing while committing certain felonies murder without the necessity of further examining the defendant's mental state.’ [Citation.] First degree felony murder was ‘a killing during the course of a felony specified in [Penal Code] section 189, such as rape, burglary, or robbery.’ [Citation.] Second degree felony murder was ‘an unlawful killing in the course of the commission of a felony that is inherently dangerous to human life but is not included among the felonies enumerated in [Penal Code] section 189.’ [Citation.] The natural and probable consequences doctrine made ‘a person who aids and abets a confederate in the commission of a criminal act . . . liable not only for that crime (the target crime), but also for any other offense (nontarget crime) [including murder] committed by the confederate as a “natural and probable consequence” of the crime originally aided and abetted.’ [Citation.]” (Johns, supra, 50 Cal.App.5th at pp. 57-58.)
Senate Bill 1437 changed the “substantive offense of first and second degree murder, removing . . . exceptions that had allowed such convictions despite the absence of malice. Effective January 1, 2019, Senate Bill No. 1437 made that change by amending Penal Code sections 188 and 189 to restrict the scope of first degree felony murder and eliminate second degree murder based on the natural and probable consequences doctrine. (Sen. Bill 1437, §§ 2-3.) As amended, Penal Code section 188 directs malice may not ‘be imputed to a person based solely on his or her participation in a crime.’ (Pen. Code, § 188, subd. (a)(3).) Instead, ‘to be convicted of murder, a principal in a crime shall act with malice,’ (§ 188, subd. (a)(3)) except for cases applying the narrowed felony-murder rule in new subdivision (e) of Penal Code section 189, under[*~555–563] which ‘[a] participant in the perpetration or attempted perpetration of a felony listed in subdivision (a) in which a death occurs is liable for murder only if one of the following is proven: [¶] (1) The person was the actual killer[;] [¶] (2) The person was not the actual killer, but, with the intent to kill, aided, abetted, counseled, commanded, induced, solicited, requested, or assisted the actual killer in the commission of murder in the first degree[;] [¶] [or] (3) The person was a major participant in the underlying felony and acted with reckless indifference to human life, as described in subdivision (d) of . . . section 190.2.’ (Pen. Code, § 189, subd. (e), italics added.)” (Johns, supra, 50 Cal.App.5th at pp. 58-59, fn. omitted.)
New section 1170.95 permits those convicted of felony murder or murder under the natural and probable consequences doctrine to petition the sentencing court to vacate the conviction and to be resentenced on any remaining counts where: “(1) A complaint, information, or indictment was filed against the petitioner that allowed the prosecution to proceed under a theory of felony murder or murder under the natural and probable consequences doctrine. [¶] (2) The petitioner was convicted of first degree or second degree murder following a trial or accepted a plea offer in lieu of a trial at which the petitioner could be convicted for first degree or second degree murder. [¶] (3) The petitioner could not be convicted of first or second degree murder because of changes to Section 188 or 189 made effective January 1, 2019.” (§ 1170.95, subd. (a).)
[*~556–564]five, six, or seven years in prison. Proposition 7 increased the punishment for first degree murder to life imprisonment with the possibility of parole after 25 years, and the penalty for second degree murder was increased to life imprisonment with the possibility of parole after 15 years. [Citation.]” (People v. Cruz (2020) 46 Cal.App.5th 740, 753-754, fns. omitted (Cruz).)
release decision is made.’ (Cal. Const., art. I, § 28, subd. (b)(9), (16).)” (Johns, supra, 50 Cal.App.5th at p. 68.)
with regard to the punitive scheme with regard to the felony murder rule in California as enacted by Prop. 7 and Prop. 115. [¶] . . . [¶] “. . . And, that is not even to get to the issue of Marsy’s Law with those changes being made with Marsy’s Law being enacted under Prop. 9. [¶] With those amendments being contrary to what is allowable under the California Constitution under Article 2, Section 10 running in violation of Prop. 7 and Prop. 115 and perhaps also Prop. 9 . . . [section] 1170.95 as applied is unconstitutional.
“. . . The [c]ourt is not making any finding as to whether or not there are factual circumstances that if [section] 1170.95 was found to be constitutional that [defendant] cannot . . . re-submit [his] petition[ ].”
Defendant timely appealed.
DISCUSSION
A. Proposition 7 and Proposition 115
Invoking People v. Kelly (2010) 47 Cal.4th 1008 (Kelly), defendant argues Senate Bill 1437 makes changes to related but distinct areas of law that Proposition 7 and Proposition 115 are concerned with. Defendant does not argue that Senate Bill 1437 permissibly amended Proposition 7 and Proposition 115. Rather, he argues Senate Bill 1437 did not amend those voter initiatives.[2] Accordingly, defendant contends the superior court erred by ruling that Senate Bill 1437 did amend those voter initiatives.
[*~557–565]Respondent, the Tehama County District Attorney, argues Senate Bill 1437 unconstitutionally amends Proposition 7, because it “takes away from Proposition 7’s mandates regarding the penalties for . . . murder by redefining and narrowing what constitutes the crime of murder for an accomplice,” and creates a means for “vacating the punishment of previously lawfully convicted . . . murderers.” Respondent argues Senate Bill 1437 unconstitutionally amends Proposition 115, because it “pares down the number of persons who may be convicted and punished for first degree felony murder . . . and . . . conflicts with the electorate’s intent to extend liability for special circumstances felony murder to aiders and abettors lacking an intent to kill.”
The other appellate courts that have considered these issues unanimously have rejected arguments similar to respondent’s. (See, e.g., People v. Superior Court (Gooden) (2019) 42 Cal.App.5th 270, 286 (Gooden) [4th App. Dist., Div. [1]]; Cruz, supra, 46 Cal.App.5th at p. 747 [4th App. Dist., Div. [3]]; Johns, supra, 50 Cal.App.5th at p. 63 [4th App. Dist., Div. [2]]; People v. Bucio (2020) 48 Cal.App.5th 300, 311-312 (Bucio) [2nd App. Dist., Div. 6].)
We agree with those decisions.
In Kelly, our Supreme Court emphasized that “[t]he Legislature remains free to address a ‘ “related but distinct area” ’ [citations] or a matter that an initiative measure ‘does not specifically authorize or prohibit.’ ” (Kelly, supra, 47 Cal.4th at pp. 1025- 1026.) Senate Bill 1437 addresses areas of law that are related to, but distinct from, what Propositions 7 and 115 address.
Contrary to respondent’s contentions, by “redefining and narrowing” the crime of murder, Senate Bill 1437 does not thereby “take[ ] away from Proposition 7’s mandates regarding the penalties” for murder. (Italics added.) “The punishment for murder remains the same. Penalties and elements of a crime are different.” (Bucio, supra, 48 Cal.App.5th at pp. 311-312.) While crimes and their punishment are invariably linked (Apprendi v. New Jersey (2000) 530 U.S. 466, 478 [120 S.Ct. 2348]), “ ‘the definition of[*~559–567] crimes generally has not been thought automatically to dictate what should be the proper penalty.’ ” (People v. Banks (2015) 61 Cal.4th 788, 801.)3
And while, by adding section 1170.95, Senate Bill 1437 did indeed create a vehicle for vacatur of some murder convictions, Senate Bill 1437 did not thereby truly create a means for “vacating the punishment of . . . lawfully convicted . . . murderers.” (Italics added.) “The effect of a successful petition under section 1170.95 ‘ “ ‘is to vacate the judgment . . . as if no judgment had ever been rendered.’ ” ’ ” (Gooden, supra, 42 Cal.App.5th at p. 286.)
Regarding Proposition 115,4 respondent’s assertion that Senate Bill 1437 “pares down the number of persons who may be convicted and punished for first degree felony murder,” misses the relevant inquiry: whether Senate Bill 1437 addresses a matter that Proposition 115 specifically authorizes or prohibits. It does not.
“Proposition 115 amended section 189 to add select crimes to the list of predicate offenses for first degree felony-murder liability.” (Bucio, supra, 48 Cal.App.5th at p. 311.) Senate Bill 1437 “did not augment or restrict the list of predicate felonies on which felony murder may be based. Rather, it amended the mental state necessary for murder, which is ‘a distinct topic not addressed by Proposition 115’s text or ballot materials.’ (Gooden, [supra, 42 Cal.App.5th] at p. 287.)” (Bucio, at p. 312; see also Cruz, supra, 46 Cal.App.5th at p. 760 [“While the Legislature cannot remove Proposition 115’s five felonies from the list for first degree felony-murder liability, it can limit liability for accomplices under the felony-murder rule”].)
Accordingly, we conclude that Senate Bill 1437 does not amend either Propositions 7 or 115.
B. Marsy’s Law/Proposition 9
As an initial matter, we note that the superior court’s denial of defendant’s petition did not explicitly rest on a conclusion that Senate Bill 1437 violated Marsy’s Law. In its oral ruling, the superior court stated that it did “not even . . . get to the issue of Marsy’s Law,” but did observe that Senate Bill 1437 “perhaps also” contravened Marsy’s Law.
Because the parties briefed the issue both in the superior court and here and because—given the tenor of the trial court’s ruling—this issue is likely to reoccur in the trial court if we were to be silent on it, we will reach the merits of the issue. (Cf. People v. Wilson (1992) 3 Cal.4th 926, 937 [deciding to address issues raised on appeal, that were “likely to recur” in the superior court, even though there was no need to resolve the issues to adjudicate the matter].)
[*~560–568]Respondent argues the “resentencing provision” of Senate Bill 1437—section 1170.95—“fails to honor the rights of victims” protected by certain provisions of Marsy’s Law.[5]
Defendant argues Senate Bill 1437 does not violate Marsy’s Law.
We agree with the analyses of other appellate courts that have rejected Marsy’s Law challenges to Senate Bill 1437. (See, e.g., Lamoureux, supra, 42 Cal.App.5th at pp. 264-266; Johns, supra, 50 Cal.App.5th at pp. 68-70; Bucio, supra, 48 Cal.App.5th at pp. 312-313.)
“Although . . . we should, as a general matter, afford Marsy’s Law ‘a broad interpretation protective of victims’ rights’ ” (Johns, supra, 50 Cal.App.5th at p. 69) we should also, as a general matter, presume that legislation is valid (Kelly, supra, 47 Cal.4th at p. 1047).
Citing article I, section 28, subdivisions (a)(6) and (b)(9) of the California Constitution, and invoking subdivision (a)(4)’s “good-faith effort” language, respondent contends that “California’s elected officials have made no good-faith effort to even consider the victims’ and society’s shared collective right to a ‘prompt and final’ conclusion” to defendant’s case.
We reject respondent’s argument to the extent it relies on subdivisions (a)(4) and (a)(6), because those provisions articulate findings and declarations, “not an independent source of enforceable rights.” (Lamoureux, supra, 42 Cal.App.5th at p. 266.)
As for subdivision (b)(9), and its promise of a “prompt and final conclusion,” “we decline to interpret [Marsy’s Law] so broadly to find that voters intended to impede the Legislature from creating new postjudgment proceedings. ‘It would be anomalous and untenable for us to conclude, as [respondent] impliedly suggest, that the voters intended to categorically foreclose the creation of any new postjudgment proceedings not in existence at the time Marsy’s Law was approved simply because the voters granted crime victims a right to a “prompt and final conclusion” of criminal cases.’ (Lamoureux, supra, 42 Cal.App.5th at p. 265.)” (Johns, supra, 50 Cal.App.5th at p. 69.)
Quoting from article I, section 28, subdivision (b)(16) of the California Constitution, respondent argues that “no part of [Senate Bill] 1437 resentencing procedures honors the victims’ right ‘to have . . . the victim’s family, and the general[*~562–568] public considered before any parole or other post-judgment release decision is made,’ ” because Senate Bill 1437 has “no public safety considerations whatsoever.” This expansive reading and suggested application of Marsy’s Law far exceeds the scope of its language, which speaks to particularized decisions in individual cases, not public safety goals. Assuming for the sake of argument that vacatur of a murder conviction is a postjudgment release decision within the meaning of the term as used in subdivision (b)(16), “[i]f a court rules a petitioner is entitled to vacatur of his or her murder conviction, it must then resentence the petitioner on any remaining counts. [Citation.] During resentencing, the court may weigh the same sentencing factors it considers when it initially sentences a defendant, including whether the defendant presents ‘a serious danger to society’ and ‘[a]ny other factors [that] reasonably relate to the defendant or the circumstances under which the crime was committed.’ (Cal. Rules of Court, rule 4.421(b)(1), (c).) At minimum, the trial court’s ability to consider these factors during resentencing ensures the safety of the victim, the victim’s family, and the general public are ‘considered,’ as required by Marsy’s Law.” (Lamoureux, supra, 42 Cal.App.5th at p. 266; accord Bucio, supra, 48 Cal.App.5th at p. 313; Johns, supra, 50 Cal.App.5th at p. 69.)
Finally, respondent presents an argument that to our knowledge has not been addressed in a published decision. He argues that uncodified section 1, subdivision (e) of Senate Bill 1437 finds and declares a purpose—alleviation of prison overcrowding—that conflicts with article I, section 28, subdivision (f)(5) of the California Constitution, which reads as follows: “Sentences that are individually imposed upon convicted criminal wrongdoers based upon the facts and circumstances surrounding their cases shall be carried out in compliance with the courts’ sentencing orders, and shall not be substantially diminished by early release policies intended to alleviate overcrowding in custodial facilities.”
[*~563–568]The language of the constitutional provision clearly expresses a policy—that sentences imposed on criminal defendants should be carried out and not modified to address overcrowding. Whether the policy as expressed is self-executing could be questioned. Regardless, it is clear the alleviation of overcrowding, though mentioned in passing, was not a central focus of Senate Bill 1437.
Thus, the uncodified section provides, “Reform is needed in California to limit convictions and subsequent sentencing so that the law of California fairly addresses the culpability of the individual and assists in the reduction of prison overcrowding, which partially results from lengthy sentences that are not commensurate with the culpability of the individual.” (Stats. 2018, ch. 1015, § 1, subd. (e), italics added.) Other findings and declarations in section 1 of Senate Bill 1437 include: “a need for statutory changes to more equitably sentence offenders in accordance with their involvement in homicides,” (id., § 1, subd. (b)), and the “bedrock principle of the law and of equity that a person should be punished for his or her actions according to his or her own level of individual culpability,” (id., § 1, subd. (d)).
We agree with defendant and with the Attorney General, as amicus, that the bill was passed to address a perceived unfairness in the law. Obviously any changes in the law of crimes and punishments that restrict the number of offenders subject to punishment will have an effect on the number of people sentenced to prison, but this consequence does not justify their characterization as “early release policies intended to alleviate overcrowding in custodial facilities.” (Cal. Const., art I, § 28, subd. (f)(5).) Rather, the measure was “first and foremost, a law designed to ensure” that accomplices are convicted of crimes reflecting their actual culpability and was “not primarily concerned with addressing overcrowding or reducing sentences.”
In light of our earlier analysis of respondent’s Proposition 7 and Proposition 115 challenges to Senate Bill 1437, we think the design of Senate Bill 1437 reflects a policy[*~564–568] to narrow the definition of murder rather than a policy to reduce the punishment for murder. Accordingly, we conclude that Senate Bill 1437 does not violate Marsy’s Law. 6 DISPOSITION The order is reversed.