When service of process is challenged, the serving party bears the burden of proving its validity or good cause for failure to effect timely service.
A pro se plaintiff filed a civil rights action against federal agencies but failed to serve the United States Attorney and agencies by registered or certified mail as required. After receiving notice of defective service from an Assistant U.S. Attorney, the plaintiff disputed the validity rather than correcting the defects before the 120-day deadline expired. The district court dismissed the case without prejudice. On appeal, the court holds that the serving party bears the burden of proving valid service or good cause for failure to effect timely service. The court rules that pro se status does not excuse a complete failure to effect service and that simple ignorance of the rules does not constitute good cause. Because the plaintiff had ample notice of the defects but did not attempt correction, the district court did not abuse its discretion in dismissing the action.
At page 1013 Burden of proof for challenging service of process236 citing cases“when service of process is challenged, the serving party bears the burden of proving its validity or good cause for failure to effect timely service.”
- Poston, No. 4:24-cv-00117 (N.D. Miss. Mar. 30, 2026).(Although the actual notice and [plaintiff’s] efforts, coupled with his pro se status, arguably provide grounds for leniency in considering the technical imperfections of service, we find that the district court did not…)
- Anthony Murphy, Sr. v. John Miller, Biloxi Police Dep't Chief, & Matthew Boone, Chief Investigator, No. 1:24-cv-00385 (S.D. Miss. Mar. 20, 2026).(Pro se status does not excuse a litigant’s complete failure to effect service.)
- Spann v. Chase Bank, No. 2:21-cv-01643 (E.D. La. June 16, 2022). (Pro se status does not excuse a litigant’s complete failure to effect service.)
- Ray v. Kroger Store 734, No. 4:19-cv-03143 (S.D. Tex. Oct. 20, 2020).(A litigant’s pro se status neither excuses his failure to effect service nor excuses him for lack of knowledge of the Rules of Civil Procedure.)
- Showers v. City of Bay St. Louis, No. 1:19-cv-00323 (S.D. Miss. July 29, 2020).(Pro se status does not excuse a litigant's complete failure to effect service.)
- Moultry v. City of Poughkeepsie, 154 F. Supp. 2d 809 (S.D.N.Y. 2001).published(Pursuant to Rule 4(m), the plaintiff bears the burden of proof in showing that it had good cause in not timely serving the defendant.)
- Caldwell, No. 2:26-cv-00247 (E.D. La. Sept. 9, 2026). Sbiugrnds eSnu opfp plieros ovf. rUe.Sg.a Drdepin'tg o sf uJuffsitc.iency of the process [under Rule 12(b)(4)].”); , 903 F.2d 1011, 1013 (5th Cir. 1990) (per curiam)(“When service of process is challenged [under 12(b)(5)], the serving part…
- Aisha Trimble v. Mullin, No. 26-10028 (5th Cir. Sept. 2, 2026).unpublishedSigns Supplies v. U.S. Dep’t of Just., 903 F.2d 1011, 1013 (5th Cir. 1990) (cleaned up). “[S]imple inadvertence” or “ignorance of the rules” generally does not excuse a litigant’s failure to properly effect service, nor does her pro se sta…
- Roberts, No. 1:25-cv-00178 (N.D. Miss. Aug. 6, 2026).Signs Supplies v. U.S. Dep't of Justice, 903 F. 2d 1011, 1013 (Sth Cir. 1990).
- Kemp, No. 5:25-cv-01455 (W.D. La. July 20, 2026).Signs Supplies v. U.S. Dep’t of Just., 903 F.2d 1011, 1013 (5th Cir. 1990).
Show 186 more citing cases
- Plain, No. 3:25-cv-00368 (N.D. Miss. July 20, 2026).Signs Supplies v. U.S. Dep't Justice, 903 F. 2d 1011, 1013 (Sth Cir. 1990).
- Sage, No. 1:25-cv-01507 (W.D. Tex. July 16, 2026).Signs Supplies v. U.S. Dep’t of Just., Washington, D.C., 903 F.2d 1011, 1013 (5th Cir. 1990).
- Te', No. 3:25-cv-00798 (M.D. La. July 10, 2026).System Sign Supplies v. U.S. Dept. of Justice, 903 F.2d 1011, 1013 (5th Cir. 1990); Aetna Business Credit, Inc. v. Universal Décor & Interior Design, Inc., 635 F.2d 434, 435 (5th Cir. 1990).
- Sims, No. 3:25-cv-00666 (W.D. La. July 9, 2026).Signs Supplies v. U.S. Dep't of Justice, Washington, D.C., 903 F.2d 1011, 1013 (5th Cir. 1990)).
- Stills, No. 5:25-cv-00392 (W.D. La. June 24, 2026).Signs Supplies v. U.S. Dep’t of Justice, 903 F.2d 1011, 1013 (5th Cir. 1990).
- Nath, No. 3:26-cv-00672 (N.D. Tex. June 23, 2026).Systems Signs Supplies v. United States Dep’t of Justice, 903 F.2d 1011, 1013 (Sth Cir. 1990) (citing Kersh v. Derozier, 851 F.2d 1509, 1512 (Sth Cir. 1988)).
- Gordon, No. 3:23-cv-02088 (N.D. Tex. June 11, 2026). “at least as much as would be required to show excusable neglect, as to which simple inadvertence or mistake of counsel or ignorance of the rules usually does not suffice”
- Reynoso, No. 3:25-cv-00188 (N.D. Tex. June 9, 2026).Signs Supplies v. DOJ, 903 F.2d 1011, 1013 (5th Cir. 1990).
- Brooks, No. 3:25-cv-00772 (S.D. Miss. June 4, 2026).Signs Supplies v. United States Dept. of Justice, 903 F.2d 1011, 1013 (5th Cir. 1990)).
- Lakeria M. Montgomery v. Thomas Richardson, No. 1:25-cv-00188 (S.D. Ala. June 2, 2026).Sings Supplies v. U.S. Dep’t of Justice, 903 F.2d 1011, 1013 (5th Cir. 1990)); Profit v. Americold Logistics, LLC, 2008 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 34526 , 2008 WL 1902190 , at *4 (N.D.
- Bradley, No. 2:25-cv-02452 (E.D. La. May 11, 2026).Signs Supplies v. U.S. Dep’t of Just., Washington, D.C., 903 F.2d 1011, 1013 (5th Cir. 1990) (citation omitted).
- Green, No. 3:22-cv-00742 (S.D. Miss. May 5, 2026).Signs Supplies v. U.S. Dep't of Justice, 903 F.2d 1011, 1013 (5th Cir. 1990)).
- Harold, No. 2:25-cv-00792 (E.D. La. Apr. 23, 2026).Uis.St.a Dkeep o'tf ocfo Juunsst.e, lW oars hig.,n Do.rCa.nce of the rules usually does not suffice.” , 903 F.2d 1011, 1013 (5th Cir. 1990) (citation omitted).
- Wright, No. 4:25-cv-05745 (S.D. Tex. Apr. 20, 2026).Sign Supplies v. U.S. Dep’t of Justice, 903 F.2d 1011, 1013 (Sth Cir. 1990). .
- Winborn, No. 2:24-cv-01823 (N.D. Ala. Apr. 6, 2026).Signs Supplies v. U.S. Dep’t of Just., 903 F.2d 1011, 1013 (5th Cir. 1990)).
- Wesley v. Neal, No. 24-40731 (5th Cir. Mar. 31, 2026).unpublishedSigns Supplies v. U.S. Dep’t of Just., 903 F.2d 1011, 1013 (5th Cir. 1990) (per curiam).
- Lewis, No. 3:25-cv-00201 (S.D. Tex. Mar. 26, 2026).Signs Supplies v. U.S. Dep’t of Justice, 903 F.2d 1011, 1013 (5th Cir. 1990).
- Nguyen, No. 3:25-cv-00204 (S.D. Tex. Mar. 25, 2026). Signs Supplies v. U.S. Dep’t of Just., 903 F.2d 1011, 1013 (5th Cir. 1990).
- Edwards, No. 2:25-cv-02179 (E.D. La. Mar. 24, 2026).Signs Supplies v. U.S. Dep’t of Justice, 903 F.2d 1011, 1013 (5th Cir. 1990) (internal quotation omitted). 4 in the absence of good cause, however, the Court has discretion to extend the time for service. !° Plaintiff has not shown that De…
- Atl. Mar. Servs., LLC v. Ecopetrol Am., LLC et al., No. 2:20-cv-03097 (E.D. La. Mar. 10, 2026).Signs Supplies v. U.S. Dep’t of Just., Washington, D.C., 903 F.2d 1011, 1013 (5th Cir. 1990) (citation omitted).
- Trimble v. United States, No. 25-10921 (5th Cir. Feb. 16, 2026).unpublishedSigns Supplies v. U.S. Dep’t of Just., 903 F.2d 1011, 1013 (5th Cir. 1990) (citation and quotation omitted).
- Taylor, No. 5:24-cv-00274 (N.D. Fla. Feb. 9, 2026).Sings Supplies v. U.S. Dep’t of Justice, 903 F.2d 1011, 1013 (5th Cir. 1990)).
- Kelley, No. 2:25-cv-02031 (E.D. La. Feb. 3, 2026).Signs Supplies v. U.S. Dep’t of Justice, 903 F.2d 1011, 1013 (5th Cir. 1990) (internal quotation omitted). 14 Yarbrough v. Swift, Civil Action No. 18-10093, 2019 WL 2027173 , at *5 (E.D.
- Edwards, No. 2:25-cv-02179 (E.D. La. Feb. 3, 2026).Signs Supplies v. U.S. Dep’t of Justice, 903 F.2d 1011, 1013 (5th Cir. 1990) (internal quotation omitted). 11 Yarbrough v. Swift, Civil Action No. 18-10093, 2019 WL 2027173 , at *5 (E.D.
- Jordan v. Am. Sec. Ins, No. 25-30210 (5th Cir. Jan. 19, 2026).unpublishedSigns Supplies v. U.S. Dep’t of Just., 903 F.2d 1011, 1013 (5th Cir. 1990).
- Bernard, No. 3:25-cv-00165 (M.D. La. Jan. 16, 2026).Signs Supplies v. U.S. Dep’t of Justice, Washington, D.C., 903 F.2d 1011, 1013 (5th Cir. 1990)).
- Markayla Smith v. City of Garland, No. 3:25-cv-00949 (N.D. Tex. Jan. 14, 2026).Signs Supplies v. U.S. Dep't of Just., Wash., D.C., 903 F.2d 1011, 1013 (5th Cir. 1990)).
- Lewis, No. 3:25-cv-01221 (N.D. Tex. Jan. 12, 2026).Signs Supplies v. U.S. Dep’t of Justice, 903 F.2d 1011, 1013 (5th Cir. 1990)), rec. adopted, 2021 WL 796133 (E.D.
- Anglin, No. 2:24-cv-02545 (E.D. La. Dec. 29, 2025).Signs Supplies v. U.S. Dep’t of Just., Washington, D.C., 903 F.2d 1011, 1013 (5th Cir. 1990) (internal quotations omitted). 9 “coupled with his pro se status, arguably provide grounds for leniency in considering the technical imperfections…
- Savoy, No. 2:25-cv-01178 (E.D. La. Nov. 7, 2025).Signs Supplies v. U.S. Dep’t of Just., 903 F.2d 1011, 1013 (5th Cir. 1990) (per curiam)). “[T]he district court enjoys a broad discretion in determining whether to dismiss an action for ineffective service of process.” Hawkins v. Potter, 2…
- Mills, No. 3:25-cv-00239 (W.D. La. Nov. 7, 2025).Signs Supplies v. U.S. Dep’t of Justice, Washington D.C., 903 F.2d 1011, 1013 (5th Cir. 1990)).
- Savoy, No. 2:25-cv-01178 (E.D. La. Nov. 4, 2025).Signs Supplies v. U.S. Dep’t of Just., 903 F.2d 1011, 1013 (5th Cir. 1990) (per curiam)). “[T]he district court enjoys a broad discretion in determining whether to dismiss an action for ineffective service of process.” Hawkins v. Potter, 2…
- Hall, No. 4:25-cv-00304 (S.D. Tex. Oct. 28, 2025).Signs Supplies v. U.S. Dep’t of Just., 903 F.2d 1011, 1012 (5th Cir. 1990).
- Ammann, No. 1:25-cv-00468 (W.D. Tex. Oct. 27, 2025).Signs Supplies v. U.S. Dep’t of Justice, Washington, D.C., 903 F.2d 1011, 1013 (5th Cir. 1990)).
- Herminio Castillo, Jr. v. Chad Thomas, et al., No. 2:24-cv-00210 (S.D. Tex. Oct. 20, 2025).Signs Supplies v. U.S. Dep't of Just., Washington, D.C., 903 F.2d 1011, 1013 (5th Cir. 1990).
- Covarrubias, No. 6:23-cv-00404 (E.D. Tex. Oct. 17, 2025).(litigant's pro se status does not excuse failure to effect proper service)
- Bazile v. Texas Juv. Just. Dep't, No. 4:24-cv-02936 (S.D. Tex. Sept. 17, 2025).Signs Supplies v. U.S. Dep’t of Just., 903 F.2d 1011, 1013 (5th Cir. 1990) (per curiam) (the serving party must prove that the person who accepted service was actually authorized to do so); Wagster v. Gauthreaux, Civ.
- Dantzler v. Bourgeois, Jr, No. 3:24-cv-01018 (M.D. La. Sept. 9, 2025).Signs Supplies v. U.S. Dep’t of Justice, Washington, D.C., 903 F.2d 1011, 1013 (5th Cir. 1990)).
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- Parker v. Walker, No. 3:23-cv-00663 (M.D. La. Oct. 23, 2024).
- Kellett v. Livingston Par. Sch. Dist., No. 3:24-cv-00252 (M.D. La. Oct. 22, 2024).
- Hill, Sr. v. City of Monahans, No. 4:24-cv-00012 (W.D. Tex. Oct. 30, 2024).
- Dixon v. Tesla Motors, Inc., No. 1:23-cv-00326 (W.D. Tex. Nov. 13, 2024).
- Ziae v. Garland, No. 3:24-cv-01122 (N.D. Tex. Nov. 8, 2024).
- Rodriguez v. Cotton, No. 4:24-cv-00313 (N.D. Tex. Nov. 15, 2024).
- Reddell v. Rankin Cnty., Mississippi, No. 3:24-cv-00264 (S.D. Miss. Jan. 17, 2025).
- Piper v. Nissan Motors Acceptance Corp., No. 3:24-cv-01131 (N.D. Tex. Jan. 8, 2025).
- Jackson v. Mortg. Rsch. Ctr. L L C, No. 6:24-cv-00360 (W.D. La. Jan. 28, 2025).
- Green v. Jackson Pub. Schs. Dist., No. 3:22-cv-00742 (S.D. Miss. Mar. 26, 2025).
- Thomas v. Sticker, No. 2:25-cv-00289 (E.D. La. Apr. 17, 2025).
- Floyd v. Avista Capital Holdings, LP, No. 1:21-cv-00559 (E.D. Tex. Apr. 24, 2025).
- Durant v. Paxton, No. 3:24-cv-02716 (N.D. Tex. Apr. 25, 2025).
- Thompson v. Hayes Int'l Inc, No. 5:24-cv-00200 (W.D. La. June 4, 2025).
- Villa RX Consulting LLC v. Prodigy Health, LLC, No. 4:24-cv-00751 (E.D. Tex. July 1, 2025).
- Atkinson-Seal v. Pearl River Cnty., Mississippi, No. 1:24-cv-00371 (S.D. Miss. Aug. 6, 2025).
- Trimble v. United States, No. 3:24-cv-01615 (N.D. Tex. July 31, 2025).
- Aguila v. RQM+ LLC, No. 1:23-cv-24702 (S.D. Fla. Aug. 12, 2025).
- Burton v. HWY 160 Revocable Trust, No. 4:24-cv-00606 (E.D. Tex. Aug. 13, 2025).
- Parsons v. TransUnion, No. 4:25-cv-00597 (N.D. Tex. July 18, 2025).
- Laird v. Shellpoint Mortg. Servicing, No. 4:25-cv-00435 (N.D. Tex. July 23, 2025).
- Boyd v. Posey, No. 3:24-cv-00805 (S.D. Miss. Aug. 29, 2025).
- Belton v. Regions Bank NA, No. 3:24-cv-00722 (M.D. La. Aug. 7, 2025).
- Garcia-Perez v. Masters, No. 7:23-cv-00137 (S.D. Tex. Sept. 3, 2025).
- Polendo v. Nueces Cnty. Sheriff's Off., No. 2:25-cv-00138 (S.D. Tex. Sept. 9, 2025).
- Ahmed Shabazz v. City of Houston, 515 F. App'x 263 (5th Cir. 2013).unpublished
- Atala, No. 4:25-cv-05708 (S.D. Tex. June 5, 2026).
At page 1014 Finding no abuse of discretion regarding service defect9 citing casesAs [Plaintiff] had ample notice of a defect, but did not attempt correction within the statutory period, we cannot say that the district court abused its discretion in dismissing the case.
- Spann v. Chase Bank, No. 2:21-cv-01643 (E.D. La. June 16, 2022). Doc. 4 (indicating that plaintiffs’ complaint was filed on September 20, 2021). 903 F.2d at 1013 (“Pro se status does not excuse a litigant’s complete failure to effect service.”).
- Hickman v. Columbus Mun. Sch. Dist., No. 1:18-cv-00235 (N.D. Miss. Nov. 22, 2019).(As [Plaintiff] had ample notice of a defect, but did not attempt correction within the statutory period, we cannot say that the district court abused its discretion in dismissing the case.)
- Kelley, No. 3:25-cv-00346 (N.D. Miss. July 27, 2026).Signs Supplies v. U.S. Dep’t of Just., 903 F.2d 1011, 1014 (5th Cir. 1990) (per curiam), Kelly and Jackson did not request an extension to serve Target.
- Laughlin Energy Motor Sports, LLC v. Americana Pro Detailing Prods. LLC, No. 4:22-cv-00876 (N.D. Tex. Feb. 7, 2023).
- Hill, Sr. v. City of Monahans, No. 4:24-cv-00012 (W.D. Tex. Oct. 30, 2024).
- Julius J. Jones, Jr. v. Anthony M. Frank, Postmaster Gen., United States Postal Serv., 973 F.2d 872 (10th Cir. 1992).published
- Sanders v. Fluor Daniel, Inc., 151 F.R.D. 138 (M.D. Fla. 1993).published
- Henderson v. Lowes Home Ctr., No. 5:21-cv-02529 (W.D. La. Jan. 28, 2022).
- Williams v. Comm'r of Soc. Sec., No. 3:22-cv-00073 (S.D. Miss. Jan. 12, 2023).
At page 1012 cited at this page1 citing case
- Hall, No. 4:25-cv-00304 (S.D. Tex. Oct. 28, 2025).Signs Supplies v. U.S. Dep’t of Just., 903 F.2d 1011, 1012 (5th Cir. 1990).
v.
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE, WASHINGTON, D.C., Et Al., Defendants-Appellees
Plaintiff Jahurett Castrillon appeals the dismissal of his civil rights action against the United States Government for failure to meet the service requirements of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. We affirm.
Proper service on the United States Government requires a litigant to deliver
a copy of the summons and of the complaint to the United States attorney for the district in which the action is brought or to an assistant United States attorney or clerical employee designated by the United States attorney in a writing filed with the clerk of the court and by sending a copy of the summons and of the complaint by registered or certified mail to the Attorney General of the United States at Washington, District of Columbia. ...
Fed.R.Civ.P. 4(d)(4). Additionally, in eases challenging the actions of federal agencies, a copy of the summons and complaint must be sent by registered or certified mail to the relevant agencies. Id. If service is not perfected within 120 days of filing the complaint and if there is no showing of good cause for failure to do so, the case is subject to dismissal without prejudice. Id. 4(j).
On May 24, 1988 Jahurett and Mercedes Castrillon, as individuals and on behalf of Systems Signs Supplies, Inc., filed suit against the United States Department of Justice, the Federal Bureau of Investigation (“FBI”), and the Drug Enforcement Agency (“DEA”), alleging violations of civil[*1013] rights under 42 U.S.C. §§ 1982, 1983, and 1985. In May and July of 1988, plaintiffs attempted to serve all federal defendants either by mail or personal service. However, they served the DEA and the FBI personally rather than by registered or certified mail as required by rule 4. Additionally, they maintain that the U.S. Attorney was served by a relative on May 25, 1988 and by a friend on July 12, 1988. However, there is no proof that service was received by an authorized individual in that office.
On August 23, 1988, approximately one month prior to the date on which the 120-day period would lapse, an Assistant U.S. Attorney wrote to Mr. Castrillon, advising him that he had not properly served the United States. Although the letter did not specify the defects in the attempted service, it directed Mr. Castrillon to the appropriate rules of civil procedure and invited him to call if there were any further questions. In a written response Mr. Castrillon informed the attorney that, according to his interpretation of the rules, the government had been properly served. He then took no further action. [1]
After the 120-day period for service had lapsed, the federal defendants filed a motion to dismiss, claiming that the plaintiffs had not properly served the U.S. Attorney’s Office, the FBI, or the DEA. Mr. Castrillon responded to this motion by requesting that the United States Marshall effect service since he had attempted to comply but had evidently failed. The district court granted the government’s motion to dismiss and denied the service request. Mr. Castrillon pursues this appeal on his own behalf, claiming that the district court erred in dismissing the complaint. We review the district court’s ruling for abuse of discretion. George v. U.S. Dep’t of Labor, Occupational Safety & Health Admin., 788 F.2d 1115, 1116 (5th Cir.1986).
When service of process is challenged, the serving party bears the burden of proving its validity or good cause for failure to effect timely service. Winters v. Teledyne Movible Offshore, Inc., 776 F.2d 1304, 1305 (5th Cir.1985); Aetna Business Credit, Inc. v. Universal Decor & Interior Design, Inc., 635 F.2d 434, 435 (5th Cir. Unit A Jan. 1981). Rule 4 lists the parties that may be served in the U.S. Attorney’s Office. In this case, the record merely contains service documentation, without supporting affidavits indicating the person served in the U.S. Attorney’s Office. Because there is no proof that an authorized person accepted service at the U.S. Attorney’s Office, the district court was entitled to find that Mr. Castrillon had not carried his burden in proving that the government was properly served. See Fed.R.Civ.P. 4(d)(4). He, however, contends that good cause existed for his noncompliance.
To establish good cause, a litigant must demonstrate “at least as much as would be required to show excusable neglect, as to which simple inadvertence or mistake of counsel or ignorance of the rules usually does not suffice.” Winters, 776 F.2d at 1306 (emphasis omitted). Additionally, the claimant must make a showing of good faith and establish “ ‘some reasonable basis for noncompliance within the time specified.’ ” Id. (quoting 4A C. Wright & A. Miller, Federal Practice and Procedure § 1165, at 480 (2d ed. 1987)). Mr. Castrillon relies on his pro se status to support his claim that good cause existed for his failure to perfect service. Additionally, he points to his repeated attempts to comply with the rules as evidence of his good faith. The district court implicitly found that this was insufficient to establish good cause.
Pro se status does not excuse a litigant’s complete failure to effect service. Kersh v. Derozier, 851 F.2d 1509, 1512 (5th Cir.1988). Mr. Castrillon, however, attempted service on the federal defendants more than once within the statutory period[*1014] and each defendant apparently had actual notice of the suit. Although the actual notice and his efforts, coupled with his pro se status, arguably provide grounds for leniency in considering the technical imperfections of service, see Winters, 776 F.2d at 1307 (suggesting mitigating value of actual notice), we find that the district court did not abuse its discretion.
The Assistant U.S. Attorney, apparently sensitive to the plaintiff’s lack of familiarity with procedural rules, advised him nearly one month before the statutory period was to lapse that service was defective. The attorney additionally cited the procedural rules governing service and invited Mr. Castrillon to call with any questions. Instead of looking at the rules more closely or calling the attorney to find out what the problems were, he chose to dispute the validity of service. As Mr. Castrillon had ample notice of a defect, but did not attempt correction within the statutory period, we cannot say that the district court abused its discretion in dismissing the case.
AFFIRMED.
. Mr. Castrillon claims that because the defendants failed to respond to his summons, he filed a motion for service by a United States Marshall, dated September 22, 1988, which the district court failed to docket. However, there is no evidence that the district court ever received this motion. Moreover, it was not presented to the district court in response to the government’s motion to dismiss and is therefore outside the record.