At page 653 Applying intracorporate conspiracy doctrine to school boards66 citing cases“a corporation cannot conspire with itself anymore than a private individual can, and it is the general rule that the acts of the agent are the acts of the corporation.”
- Agoh v. Hyatt Corp., 992 F. Supp. 2d 722 (S.D. Tex. 2014).published (It is a long-standing rule in this circuit that a corporation cannot conspire with itself any more than a private individual can, and it is the general rule that the acts of the agents are the acts of the corporation.)
- Sharp, No. 3:25-cv-00080 (M.D. La. Mar. 30, 2026).(applying the intra-corporate conspiracy doctrine to a § 1985 conspiracy claims against a school board and its members)
- Olley v. TodmanThe clerks Off. is ORDERED to not accept any further filings in this matter until the motions to dismiss are ruled on.., No. 4:24-cv-04667 (S.D. Tex. Aug. 12, 2025).Tex. July 10, 2019) (first citing Benningfield v. City of Hous., 157 F.3d 369 , 378 (5th Cir. 1998); and then citing Hilliard v. Ferguson, 30 F.3d 649, 653 (5th Cir. 1994)).
- Huck v. Shreveport, No. 5:24-cv-01796 (W.D. La. June 25, 2025).Hilliard v. Ferguson, 30 F.3d 649, 653 (5th Cir. 1994).
- Young v. The City of Irving, No. 3:23-cv-01423 (N.D. Tex. Mar. 21, 2025).This principle has given rise to the intracorporate conspiracy doctrine, which provides that a “corporation cannot conspire with itself any more than a private individual can,” and “that the acts of the agents are the acts of the corporati…
- Zapata v. Howze, No. 1:24-cv-00610 (W.D. Tex. Feb. 13, 2025).Hilliard v. Ferguson, 30 F.3d 649, 653 (5th Cir. 1994); United Steel, Paper & Forestry, Rubber, Mfg., Energy, Allied Indus. & Serv.
- Thompson v. McGehee, No. 3:23-cv-01441 (N.D. Tex. Jan. 7, 2025).“A conspiracy necessarily involves two or more persons; it is elementary that an entity cannot conspire with itself.” Burns v. Harris Co. Bail Bond Bd., 139 F.3d 513, 502 (5th Cir. 1998) (citing Hilliard v. Ferguson, 30 F.3d 649, 653 (5th…
- Vela v. Lewis, No. 4:23-cv-03376 (S.D. Tex. Mar. 6, 2024).“the acts of the agent are the acts of the corporation”
- Reardon v. State of Mississippi, No. 3:22-cv-00050 (N.D. Miss. June 28, 2023).Importantly, the plaintiff “must establish that the conspiracy was motivated by class-based animus.” Id. at 740 (citing Hilliard v. Ferguson, 30 F.3d 649, 653 (5th Cir. 1994)).
- Khnanisho v. Texas Comm'n on Law Enf't, No. 1:22-cv-01230 (W.D. Tex. May 2, 2023).Hilliard v. Ferguson, 30 F.3d 649, 653 (5th Cir. 1994).
Show 17 more citing cases
- Hudler v. McAfee, No. 1:22-cv-00769 (W.D. Tex. Feb. 10, 2023).Tex. 1997), aff’d, 158 F.3d 583 (5th Cir. 1998); Hilliard v. Ferguson, 30 F.3d 649, 653 (5th Cir. 1994).
- Bous v. McAfee, No. 1:22-cv-00702 (W.D. Tex. Jan. 24, 2023).Hilliard v. Ferguson, 30 F.3d 649, 653 (5th.
- James v. Larcom, No. 1:22-cv-00149 (W.D. Tex. Oct. 3, 2022).Hilliard v. Ferguson, 30 F.3d 649, 653 (5th Cir. 1994).
- Prescott v. Johnson, No. 6:18-cv-00577, 2022 WL 672694 (E.D. Tex. Mar. 7, 2022).Hilliard v. Ferguson, 30 F.3d 649, 653 (5th Cir. 1994).
- Brishawna L. Silby v. Jefferson Par., No. 2:21-cv-00662 (E.D. La. Jan. 3, 2022). “corporation cannot conspire with itself any more than a private individual can, and it is the general rule that the acts of the agent are the acts of the corporation”
- Cook v. Par. of Jefferson, No. 2:21-cv-00719 (E.D. La. Jan. 3, 2022). “corporation cannot conspire with itself any more than a private individual can, and it is the general rule that the acts of the agent are the acts of the corporation”
- Bright v. City of Killeen, No. 6:20-cv-00431 (W.D. Tex. Mar. 31, 2021). “A corporation cannot conspire with itself any more than a private individual can, and it is the general rule that the acts of the agent are the acts of the corporation”
- Cole v. Hunter, No. 3:13-cv-02719 (N.D. Tex. Oct. 29, 2020).J. 18, ECF No. 221 (citing Jabary v. City of Allen, 547 F. App’x 600 , 610–11(5th Cir. 2013)) (citing Cinel v. Connick, 15 F.3d 1338, 1343 (5th Cir. 1994)) (citing Estate of Farrar v. Cain, 941 F.2d 1311, 1313 (5th Cir. 1991)) (citing Hill…
- Mandawala v. Struga Mgmt., No. 5:19-cv-00635 (W.D. Tex. Aug. 20, 2020).Hilliard v. Ferguson, 30 F.3d 649, 653 (5th Cir. 1994).
- Howard v. Forrest Cnty., No. 2:19-cv-00084 (S.D. Miss. Aug. 5, 2020).Therefore, “[u]nder § 1985(3), a corporate entity and its employees constitute a ‘single legal entity which is incapable of conspiring with itself.’” Benningfield v. City of Houston, 157 F.3d 369, 378 (5th Cir. 1998) (quoting Hilliard v. F…
- Jackson v. City of Leland, No. 4:18-cv-00181 (N.D. Miss. July 27, 2020).“(1) a conspiracy involving two or more persons; (2) for the purpose of depriving, directly or indirectly, a person or class of persons of the equal protection of the laws; and (3) an act in furtherance of the conspiracy…”
- Lara-Haynes v. Garcia, No. 2:19-cv-00056 (N.D. Tex. July 21, 2020).Appx. 450, 451 (5th Cir. 2018) (citing Hilliard v. Ferguson, 30 F.3d 649, 653 (Sth Cir. 1994)).
- McMullin v. Mississippi Dep't of Pub. Saf., No. 3:17-cv-00095 (S.D. Miss. Apr. 15, 2020).Hilliard v. Ferguson, 30 F.3d 649, 653 (5th Cir. 1994).
- Villegas v. City of El Paso, No. 3:15-cv-00386, 2020 WL 981878 (W.D. Tex. Feb. 28, 2020). (applying the intracorporate conspiracy doctrine to a Section 1985 conspiracy claim against a school board and its members)
- Payne v. City of San Antonio, Texas, No. 5:19-cv-00407 (W.D. Tex. Dec. 20, 2019).Hilliard v. Ferguson, 30 F.3d 649, 653 (5th Cir. 1994).
- Richter v. Carnival Corp., No. 3:18-cv-02172, 2019 WL 5894213 (N.D. Tex. Nov. 12, 2019).“It is a long-standing rule . . . that a corporation cannot conspire with itself . . . .” Hillard v. Ferguson, 30 F.3d 649, 653 (5th Cir. 1994); see also Tex. Integrated Conveyor Sys., Inc. v. Innovative Conveyor Concepts, Inc., 300 S.W.3d…
- Barnett v. City of Laurel, No. 2:18-cv-00092 (S.D. Miss. Nov. 8, 2019).Therefore, the Court assumes that Defendants have no objection to Plaintiff’s inclusion of claims that were already dismissed. 7 157 F.3d 369 , 378 (5th Cir. 1998) (quoting Hilliard v. Ferguson, 30 F.3d 649, 653 (5th Cir. 1994)); see also…
At page 652 Determining constitutional rights of convicted felons in employment63 citing cases“(1) a conspiracy involving two or more persons; (2) for the purpose of depriving, directly or indirectly, a person or class of persons of the equal protection of the laws; and (3) an act in furtherance of the conspiracy; (4) which causes injury to a person or property, or a deprivation of any right…”
- Williams v. City of Indianola, Mississippi, No. 4:23-cv-00167 (N.D. Miss. Mar. 13, 2025).“(1) a conspiracy involving two or more persons; (2) for the purpose of depriving, directly or indirectly, a person or class of persons of the equal protection of the laws; and (3) an act in furtherance of the conspiracy…”
- Cantu v. Harris Cnty., Texas, No. 4:24-cv-02447, 2025 WL 786617 (S.D. Tex. Mar. 12, 2025). Hilliard v. Ferguson, 30 F.3d 649, 652-53 (5th Cir. 1994).
- Castaneda v. Planet Fitness, Inc., No. 5:24-cv-00509 (W.D. Tex. Sept. 12, 2024).Hilliard v. Ferguson, 30 F.3d 649, 652-53 (5th Cir. 1994).
- Jones v. Am. Alt. Ins. Corp, No. 5:21-cv-00690 (W.D. La. Sept. 28, 2023).Ferguson, 30 F.3d 649, 652-53 (5th Cir. 1994) (citations omitted).
- Lofton v. Franklin Cnty. Mississippi, No. 5:22-cv-00052 (S.D. Miss. Feb. 14, 2023).United Bhd. of Carpenters & Joiners of Am., Loc. 610, AFL-CIO v. Scott, 463 U.S. 825 , 828–29 (1983); Hilliard v. Ferguson, 30 F.3d 649, 652-653 (5th Cir. 1994).
- Jones v. Am. Alt. Ins. Corp, No. 5:21-cv-00690 (W.D. La. Mar. 31, 2022).Hillard v. Ferguson, 30 F.3d 649, 652-53 (5th Cir. 1994) (citations omitted).
- Garner v. City of Many, No. 5:21-cv-00228 (W.D. La. Sept. 9, 2021). “To state a claim under § 1985(3), a plaintiff must allege: (1) a conspiracy involving two or more persons; (2) for the purpose of depriving, directly or indirectly, a person or class of persons of the equal protection of the laws; and (3)…
- Fisher v. Plaza Amarillo, LLC, No. 2:20-cv-00064 (N.D. Tex. Dec. 23, 2020).Subsection 3 prohibits a conspiracy to deprive any person or class of persons of the equal protection of the law, or of the equal privileges and immunities under the law. 42 U.S.C. § 1985 (3) “To state a claim under [Section] 1985(3), a pl…
- Armstead v. Sewage & Water Bd., No. 2:19-cv-11107 (E.D. La. Sept. 29, 2020).Doc. 30-1, pp.2-4. 54 Hilliard v. Ferguson, 30 F.3d 649, 652-53 (5th Cir. 1994). 55 R.
- Collins v. Barnard, No. 1:19-cv-01097 (W.D. Tex. May 26, 2020).Lockett v. New Orleans City, 607 F.3d 992, 1002 (5th Cir. 2010) (citing Hilliard v. Ferguson, 30 F.3d 649, 652-53 (5th Cir. 1994)).
Show 9 more citing cases
- Wright v. Harahan City, No. 2:19-cv-13529, 2020 WL 815289 (E.D. La. Feb. 19, 2020).Lockett v. New Orleans City, 607 F.3d 992, 1002 (5th Cir. 2010) (citing Hilliard v. Ferguson, 30 F.3d 649, 652-53 (5th Cir. 1994)).
- Conner v. Orleans Par. Sheriff's Off., No. 2:19-cv-00561 (E.D. La. Sept. 13, 2019). SECTION 1985 CLAIM Section 1985 creates a cause of action for, inter alia, conspiracy to deprive a person or class of persons of the equal protection of the laws. 42 U.S.C. § 1985 (3); Hilliard v. Ferguson, 30 F.3d 649, 652-53 (5th Cir. 19…
- Felipe Del Angel v. La Joya Indep. Sch, No. 15-41099 (5th Cir. Nov. 29, 2017).unpublishedWe have stated that “[i]t is 19 Hilliard v. Ferguson, 30 F.3d 649, 652-53 (5th Cir. 1994). 20 McLellan v. Miss.
- Body by Cook, Inc. v. State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins., 869 F.3d 381 (5th Cir. 2017).published“To- state a claim under § 1985(3), a plaintiff must allege facts demonstrating (1) a conspiracy; (2) for the purpose of depriving a person of the-equal protection of the laws; and (3) an act in furtherance of the conspiracy; • (4) which c…
- Triplett v. LeBlanc, 642 F. App'x 457 (5th Cir. 2016).unpublishedNor do his facts state a conspiracy claim under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 , see Cinel v. Connick, 15 F.3d 1338, 1343 (5th Cir.1994), or under § 1985, see Hilliard v. Ferguson, 30 F.3d 649, 652-53 (5th Cir.1994), because his facts have failed to sho…
- Willie Triplett v. James LeBlanc, No. 15-30243 (5th Cir. Apr. 4, 2016).unpublishedNor do his facts state a conspiracy claim under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 , see Cinel v. Connick, 15 F.3d 1338, 1343 (5th Cir. 1994), or under § 1985, see Hilliard v. Ferguson, 30 F.3d 649, 652-53 (5th Cir. 1994), because his facts have failed to s…
- Randle v. Tregre, 147 F. Supp. 3d 581 (E.D. La. 2015).publishedHilliard v. Ferguson, 30 F.3d 649, 652-53 (5th Cir.1994) (citations omitted).
- J. Crook v. Pedro Galaviz, No. 15-50244 (5th Cir. Sept. 22, 2015).unpublishedIt remains the case under our precedent that felons are not a suspect or quasi- suspect class, Hilliard v. Ferguson, 30 F.3d 649, 652 (5th Cir. 1994), and that public employment is not a fundamental right, Arceneaux v. Treen, 671 F.2d 128,…
- J. Crook v. Pedro Galaviz, 616 F. App'x 747 (5th Cir. 2015).unpublishedIt remains the case under our precedent that felons are not a suspect or quasi-suspect class, Hilliard v. Ferguson, 30 F.3d 649, 652 (5th Cir.1994), and that public employment is not a fundamental right, Arceneaux v. Treen, 671 F.2d 128, 1…
At page 654 cited at this page1 citing case
- Dong Phuong Bakery, Inc. v. Gemini Soc'y, LLC, No. 2:21-cv-01109 (E.D. La. May 11, 2022).April 29, 2016) (citing Hilliard v. Ferguson, 30 F.3d 649, 654 (5th Cir. 1994)).
v.
Barbara FERGUSON, Superintendent of the Orleans Parish School System, and Orleans Parish School Board, Defendants-Appellees
The plaintiff in this case, Charles E. Hilli-ard, brought.a civil rights action against Barbara Ferguson, Superintendent of the Orleans Parish School Board, and the Orleans Parish School Board pursuant to 42 U.S.C. §§ 1983 and 1985(3). The district court entered summary judgment for the defendants. We affirm that decree.
I.
In early 1992, Hilliard applied for a job with Project Independence, which was part of the Adult Education Program of the Orleans Parish School System. He contends that James Raby, a coordinator at Project Independence, told him that his application[*651] would be denied because Board policy precluded consideration of applicants with prior felony convictions. [1] Hilliard acknowledges, however, that Raby also told him that, irrespective of his prior conviction, no available positions existed with the Adult Education Program. Raby recommended that Hilliard apply directly to the Orleans Parish School Board.
Hilliard took that advice and submitted his application to the Board. In response, the Board sent him a brochure outlining Board policies. The pamphlet, “Application Procedures for a Teaching Position with the New Orleans Public Schools” stated that “Felony convictions will automatically eliminate an applicant from consideration.” Later, the Board informed Hilliard that it hired only certified applicants (Hilliard still needed to pass the National Teacher’s Exam).
While updating his application, Hilliard wrote to the Board’s personnel director. In his letter, Hilliard stated his belief that the Board’s automatic elimination of convicted felons from the application process violated federal law. The personnel director informed Hilliard that his accusation was premature because no decision had yet been reached on Hilliard’s application. Moreover, the letter informed Hilliard that he would nonetheless be interviewed and should, at that time, explain the details of his conviction. After the interview, a decision as to Hilliard’s suitability would be reached. [2]
II.
Hilliard filed suit in federal court alleging that Ferguson and the Board violated his fourth and fourteenth amendment rights by denying him employment on the basis of his status as a convicted felon. He also alleged that the Board’s policy on this matter constituted a conspiracy to deprive members of his class (convicted felons) of their rights to equal protection.
The defendants moved for summary judgment on both claims. As to the former, the defendants argued that Board policy does not exclude all felons from employment. The Board contends (and Hilliard admitted) that the statement in the pamphlet that all convicted felons are automatically eliminated was made in error. Instead, the Board’s actual and long-standing policy requires the superintendent to review the facts and circumstances of each applicant’s felony conviction. Then, an individualized determination as to the suitability of the candidate is made. Factors considered include the crime, the position sought, and evidence of rehabilitation.
Ón Hilliard’s second claim, the defendants argued that they were entitled to summary judgment because a corporation cannot conspire with its own agents or employees. In this case, they contend, the alleged conspiracy involved Ferguson, an employee or agent of the board, and the Board itself. These are all factions of the same legal entity: The School Board. The district court granted the defendants’ motion as to both claims.
III.
We review the district court’s grant of summary judgment de novo. We look to see first, whether a disputed issue of material fact exists and, second, whether the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. [3] In this case, to defeat the Board’s motion for summary judgment, Hilliard must have set forth specific facts showing the existence of a genuine issue for trial. [4] In our examination, we view the evidence in a light most favorable to Hilliard, the non-moving party. [5]
[*652] IV.
Section 1983 provides a cause of action against “[e]very person who, under color of any statute ... of any State ... subjects, or causes to be subjected, any citizen ... to the deprivation of any rights, privileges, or immunities secured by the Constitution and laws_” Moreover, section 1983 provides a cause of action against local governmental units when the allegedly improper action was taken pursuant to municipal policy or custom. [6]
Hilliard’s § 1983 claim that the Board policy excluding from consideration any convicted felon violates his fourth and fourteenth amendment rights is contradicted by his own testimony. He testified at his deposition that Raby never told him that his felony conviction automatically disqualified him for a position. In fact, Hilliard acknowledged at his deposition that the actual Board policy requires a case-by-case examination into the circumstances of each felon’s conviction. [7] In other words, subject to special clearance from the Orleans Parish Department of Personnel, a convicted felon may be eligible for employment. This admission precludes a finding of any disputed issue of fact as to the Board’s official policy.
Having ascertained the Board’s actual policy, we must determine whether it runs afoul of the applicable legal standard. It does not. Because the “right to hold public employment is not a recognized fundamental right,” [8] and convicted felons are not a constitutionally protected suspect class, [9] no heightened level of scrutiny applies. Instead, we apply the rational basis test. We examine the Board’s policy to determine whether it bears “a rational relationship to a legitimate end”. [10]
The Board’s policy easily satisfies that minimal threshold. Looking a little deeper into a convicted felon’s background and, in particular, at the circumstances of the conviction is rationally related to serve the legitimate interest in protecting the schoolchildren within that teacher’s proximity and care. [11] We would expect nothing less. The policy serves to ensure that the highest degree possible of educational services will be provided to the children of Orleans Parish within a safe and secure environment.
V.
Hilliard also alleges a conspiracy between Ferguson and the Board to deprive him of his civil rights. To state a claim under 42 U.S.C. § 1985(3), a plaintiff must allege: (1) a conspiracy involving two or more persons; (2) for the purpose of depriving, directly or indirectly, a person or class of persons of the equal protection of the laws; and (3) an act in furtherance of the conspiracy; (4) which causes injury to a person or property, or a deprivation of any right or[*653] privilege of a citizen of the United States. [12] In so doing, the plaintiff must show that the conspiracy was motivated by a class-based animus. [13]
The district court concluded that Hil-liard had failed to show that the conspiracy involved two or more persons. That conclusion is sound.
It is a long-standing rule in this circuit that a “corporation cannot conspire with itself any more than a private individual can, and it is the general rule that the acts of the agent are the acts of the corporation.” [14] In this case, we apply that rule to the School Board.
In Hull v. Cuyahoga Valley Joint Vocational Sch. Dist. 15 , the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit did exactly that. In Hull, the court applied our holding in Nelson to a § 1985(3) claim alleging a similar conspiracy involving the Cuyahoga School Board. The plaintiff in Hull alleged that the Cuyahoga School Superintendent conspired with the executive director of the district and a school administrator. All were employees of the School Board. The court held that, as all were members of the same collective entity, the conspiracy did not involve two or more people. [16] Three district court cases in this Circuit have reached the same conclusion. [17] We do so as well.
We do not overlook the ways in which a school board is unique and distinct from a corporation. A corporation maintains a unified face in the eyes of the law. It is in that vein that we say that a corporation is a person. A school board, however, is a collection of individuals, some fill elected positions, some are salaried workers. Still, that distinction is not dispositive. All are employees of the school board. We follow the reasoning of the other courts on this question and hold that a school board and its employees constitute a single legal entity which is incapable of conspiring with itself for the purposes of § 1985(3).
VL
We are convinced that Hilliard did not receive an offer of employment because no positions for which he was qualified and certified were available. The plaintiff is resting on “mere allegations or denials” [18] in his effort to show that something more serious or sinister was involved. This he may not do. Judgment for the defendants was proper.
AFFIRMED.
. Hilliard had spent just shy of ten years in federal prison for armed robbery.
. Even if he were found to be a suitable candidate, other obstacles still stood in Hilliard's way. The Board informed him, for example, that any vacancies would first be filled by surplus teachers and then by fully certified teachers.
. Fed.R.Civ.P. 56(c).
. Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 256-57, 106 S.Ct. 2505, 2514-15, 91 L.Ed.2d 202 (1986).
. Salas v. Carpenter, 980 F.2d 299, 304 (5th Cir.1992).
. Monell v. Department of Social Services, 436 U.S. 658, 690, 98 S.Ct. 2018, 2035-36, 56 L.Ed.2d 611 (1978).
. Hilliard admitted that the official Board policy regarding the employment of convicted felons provides, in part:
An applicant must be of good character. If he/she has any prior record of arrest or conviction by any local, state, or federal law enforcement agency for an offense other than a minor traffic violation, the facts must be reviewed by the Superintendent and his/her staff who shall decide whether the applicant shall be declared eligible for appointment.
Basic Employment Requirements of the Orleans Parish School Board, adopted Aug. 4, 1969, revised, Nov. 26, 1973 and March 22, 1976.
. Massachusetts Bd. of Retirement v. Murgia, 427 U.S. 307, 313, 96 S.Ct. 2562, 2566-67, 49 L.Ed.2d 520 (1976); Arceneaux v. Treen, 671 F.2d 128, 133 (5th Cir.1982).
. Baer v. City of Wauwatosa, 716 F.2d 1117, 1125 (7th Cir.1983); Upshaw v. McNamara, 435 F.2d 1188, 1190 (1st Cir.1970).
. United States v. Galloway, 951 F.2d 64, 66 (5th Cir.1992).
. Our holding is in keeping with other courts that have examined this issue in other contexts. See, e.g., Upshaw, 435 F.2d at 1190-91 (convicted felon subsequently granted a full pardon by the state of Massachusetts sought appointment to the Boston Police Department after scoring well on his civil service examination; court upheld denial of his application on the basis of his criminal record); McGarvey v. District of Columbia, 468 F.Supp. 687, 689-90 (D.D.C.1979) (upholding examination mandated by D.C.Code into the circumstances of a felony conviction prior to public employment).
. Deubert v. Gulf Fed. Sav. Bank, 820 F.2d 754, 757 (5th Cir.1987) (citing United Brotherhood of Carpenters and Joiners of America, Local 610 v. Scott, 463 U.S. 825, 828-29, 103 S.Ct. 3352, 3355-57, 77 L.Ed.2d 1049 (1983)).
. Burns-Toole v. Byrne, 11 F.3d 1270, 1276 (5th Cir.), cert. denied, — U.S. -, 114 S.Ct. 2680, 129 L.Ed.2d 814 (1994).
. Nelson Radio & Supply Co. v. Motorola, Inc., 200 F.2d 911, 914 (5th Cir.1952), ce rt. denied, 345 U.S. 925, 73 S.Ct. 783, 97 L.Ed. 1356 (1953).
. 926 F.2d 505 (6th Cir.), cert. denied, 501 U.S. 1261, 111 S.Ct. 2917, 115 L.Ed.2d 1080 (1991).
.Id. at 509-10.
. See Moody v. Jefferson Parish School Board, 803 F.Supp. 1158, 1166 (E.D.La.1992) (School Board, Principal, Vice-Principal, and various teachers are all employed by the Jefferson Parish School Board and, thus, are a single entity), aff'd 2 F.3d 604 (5th Cir.1993); Hankins v. Dallas Indep. Sch. Dist., 698 F.Supp. 1323, 1330 (N.D.Tex.1988) (high school and its officials constitute a single entity); Chambliss v. Foote, 421 F.Supp. 12, 15 (E.D.La.1976) (“the university and its officials are considered as constituting a single legal entity which cannot conspire with itself”), aff'd, 562 F.2d 1015 (5th Cir.1977), ce rt. denied, 439 U.S. 839, 99 S.Ct. 127, 58 L.Ed.2d 137 (1978).
. Liberty Lobby, 477 U.S. at 256, 106 S.Ct. at 2514.