after stating the facts in the foregoing language, delivered the opinion of the court.

[*283] The only question presented by this appeal is whether the judgment in the former action is a bar to this. At common law, ejectment was a mere possessory action between fictitious parties. The judgment therein did not determine the estate or interest of the parties in the property, nor did it conclusively determine the right to possession. It therefore was not a bar to another or subsequent action to recover possession of the same property: 2 Black, Jud. § 650. But in the majority of the states of the Union the common-law action has been pruned of its fiction and artificiality, and made a simple remedy for the recovery of the possession of real property and the trial of the title thereto. It has generally been prescribed, either expressly or by necessary inference, that the judgment in such an action shall be conclusive between the parties and privies. Such are the provisions of our statute. Any person having a legal estate in real property and the present right to the possession thereof, may recover such possession, with damages for withholding the same, by an action at law : B. & C. Comp. § 326. The plaintiff is required to set forth in his complaint the nature of his estate, whether in fee, for life, or for a term of years, and for whose life, or the duration of such term : B. & C. Comp. § 328. The defendant is not allowed to give evidence of any estate in himself or another, or any license or right to the possession of the property, “unless the same be pleaded in his answer,” with “the certainty and particularity required in a complaint”: B. & C. Comp. § 329. The jury are required to find, if their verdict is for the plaintiff, “that he is entitled to the possession of the property described in the complaint, or some part thereof, or some undivided share or interest in either, and the nature and duration of his estate in such property, part thereof, or undivided share or interest in either, as the case may be,” and, if for the defendant, “that the plaintiff is not entitled to the possession of the property described in[*284] the complaint, or to such part thereof as the defendant defends for, and the estate in such property or part thereof, or license or right to the possession of either, established on the trial by the defendant, if any, in effect, as the same is required to be pleaded”: B. & C. Comp. § 330. The judgment “shall be conclusive as to the estate in such property and the right to the possession thereof, so far as the same is thereby determined, upon the party against whom the same is given, and against all persons claiming from, through, or under such party, after the commencement of such action, except as in this section provided”: B. & C. Comp. § 339. It is thus apparent that the statute contemplates that the title to land may be tried in an action to recover possession thereof, and that, so far as the same is tried and determined, the judgment therein is conclusive upon the party against whom it is given : Barrell v. Title Guarantee Co. 27 Or. 77 (39 Pac. 992); Moores v. Moores, 36 Or. 261 (59 Pac. 327). But it is only when it appears from the judgment that the title has in fact been tried and determined that it can have such an effect. At common law, the judgment in an action to recover real property was not conclusive upon the parties, nor is it conclusive under the statute, unless it is within the terms thereof. It is declared in express terms that the judgment is conclusive on the title only “so far as the same is thereby determined,” and “that only is deemed to have been determined by a former judgment, decree, or order which appears upon its face to have been so determined, or which was actually and necessarily included therein or necessary thereto”: B. & C. Comp. § 748.

Now, looking at the verdict and judgment in the former action brought by the plaintiff to recover possession of the property now in controversy, all that appears to have been determined thereby is that the jury found “ for the defendants,” that the complaint was dismissed, and costs were[*285] awarded to the defendants. There is no finding by the jury nor adjudication by the court concerning the title, nor was it necessarily included in the judgment rendered, or essential thereto. There were two issues in the case — one as to the plaintiff’s title, and the other as to his right to the immediate possession of the property in controversy. A finding and judgment adverse to him on either issue would have defeated the action; but the record does not disclose whether the judgment was based upon the one or the other. The verdict affords no information on the subject. It contains no finding as to the title or right to the possession of the property. It does not conform to the requirements of the statute, and any judgment that might have been entered thereon would have been erroneous and reversible on appeal: Long v. Linn, 71 Ill. 152; Pensacola Lee Co. v. Perry, 120 U. S. 318 (7 Sup. Ct. 576); Oney v. Clendenin, 28 W. Va. 34. If the jury had found that the plaintiff was not entitled to the possession of the property, and that Mrs. Bartlett was the owner in fee thereof and entitled to the possession as pleaded in the answer, a judgment entered thereon, merely dismissing the complaint and awarding costs, might perhaps have been construed as an adjudication of the title, and therefore a bar to a subsequent action: 2 Black, Judgm. § 703; Amory v. Armory, 26 Wis. 152; Granger v. Singleton, 32 La. Ann. 898. So, too, a judgment rendered on the verdict actually returned, determining the question of title, might perhaps have been sufficient, on a collateral attack; but, when neither the verdict nor the judgment contains any finding or adjudication on such issue, it is not perceived on what theory the court would be justified under our statute in holding that the judgment is a bar to the present action.

2. When there are two issues in a case, upon either of which the judgment may rest, one going to the merits and the other not, its disposition will generally be con[*286]sidered as resting upon the latter; the merits remaining unadjudicated, unless the judgment appears to have been upon the merits: 21 Am. & Eng. Ency. Law (1 ed.), 265. Now, the verdict in the former action was simply a finding in favor of the defendants, and the judgment merely dismissed the complaint and taxed costs and disbursements against the plaintiff. Only two points ivere thereby determined : (1) That the complaint should be dismissed, no grounds therefor being stated; and (2) that the defendants should have judgment for their costs. Neither of these questions necessarily went to the merits of the title. Either could properly rest on the failure of the plaintiff to show a right to the immediate possession of the property, and, in view of the rule stated, it will be so considered.

3. A judgment dismissing a complaint in an action at law is a proceeding unknown to the statute, and does not necessarily determine any of the issues involved. Costs are but an incident to the judgment, and do not add to its force or effect. A bill or suit in equity may be “dismissed,” and such dismissal is an effectual bar to a subsequent suit for the same cause, unless given without prejudice : B. & C. Comp. § 412. An action at law, however, is disposed of either by a judgment in favor of the plaintiff or defendant, or one of nonsuit.. If the former, the cause of action is determined, and it is brought to an end. If the latter, only the pending action is disposed of, and another may be brought upon the same cause : Hughes v. Walker, 14 Or. 481 (13 Pac. 450). Since neither the verdict nor the judgment in the former action shows that the title to the property was tried and determined, the judgment can, in our opinion, have no more force than a non-suit, and is not a bar to a subsequent action to-recover possession of the same property: Fitch v. Cornell, 1 Sawy.[*287] 156 (Fed. Cas. No. 4,834); Hughes v. Wheeler, 76 Cal. 230 (18 Pac. 386).

4. It is not the recovery by the defendants that constitutes the bar or estoppel, but the decision upon the merits of the question which is in dispute between the parties : Dawley v. Brown, 79 N. Y. 390; King v. Townshend, 65 Hun, 567 (20 N. Y. Supp. 602); same case, 141 N. Y. 358 (36 N. E. 513).

It was insisted at the argument that, if the court should conclude that the court below was in error in holding the former judgment a bar, the cause should be remanded, with directions to enter a judgment on the verdict returned on the first trial of the present action. The verdict was contrary to the instructions of the trial court, for which reason it was set aside and a new trial awarded; and we do not think that we would be justified, under the circumstances, in so remanding the cause.

The judgment will be reversed, and a new trial ordered.

Reversed.