firmly rooted hearsay exception in Alabama

23 Alabama opinions name it 2 courts 1989–2004 0 in the last five years

The cases below were cited by Alabama courts in a sentence that names this issue. Sides come from how each citing opinion treated the case (Syfertize flag on that citation), so a case can appear on both: that is where the law is contested. A red or yellow chip is the case's own overall treatment.

Followed or applied (5)

Case	Followed	Cited
Ohio v. Robertsred scotus · 1980 · cited in 21 Alabama opinions naming this issue, 1989–2004 2 sentences 1999Reliability can be established by showing (1) that the hearsay testimony "falls within a firmly rooted hearsay exception" or (2) that the statement is supported by "a showing of particularized guarantees of trustworthiness." Ohio v. Roberts , 448 U.S. 56 , 66 (1980). 1999Reliability can be established by showing (1) that the hearsay testimony "falls within a firmly rooted hearsay exception" or (2) that the statement is supported by "a showing of particularized guarantees of trustworthiness." Ohio v. Roberts, 448 U.S. 56, 66 , 100 S.Ct. 2531 , 65 L.Ed.2d 597 (1980).	4	21
Fortner v. Stategreen alacrimapp · 1990 · cited in 4 Alabama opinions naming this issue, 1994–2003 2 sentences 2003See Fortner v. State, 582 So.2d 581 (Ala.Crim.App.1990); see, also, Charles W. 1999See Fortner v. State , 582 So.2d 581 (Ala.Crim.App. 1990); *Page 1048 see, also, Charles W.	4	4
James v. Stategreen alacrimapp · 1998 · cited in 3 Alabama opinions naming this issue, 2001–2004 2 sentences 2004Idaho v. Wright , 497 U.S. 805 , 110 S.Ct. 3139 , 111 L.Ed.2d 638 (1990), quoting Ohio v. Roberts , 448 U.S. 56 , 65 , 100 S.Ct. 2531 , 65 L.Ed.2d 597 (1980)." James v. State , 723 So.2d 776 , 779 (Ala.Crim.App. 1998). 2003"Reliability can be inferred in a case where the evidence falls within a firmly rooted hearsay exception." James v. State, 723 So.2d at 779, citing Idaho v. Wright, 497 U.S. 805 , 110 S.Ct. 3139 , 111 L.Ed.2d 638 (1990).	3	3
Bush v. Stategreen alacrimapp · 1996 · cited in 1 Alabama opinions naming this issue, 2001–2001 1 sentence 2001In other cases, the evidence must be excluded, at least absent a showing of particularized guarantees of trustworthiness.'" Bush v. State, 695 So.2d 70, 126-27 (Ala.Crim.App.1995), aff'd, 695 So.2d 138 (Ala.1997), quoting Rouse v. State, 548 So.2d 643, 645-46 (Ala.Crim.App.1989), quoting, in turn, Ohio v. Roberts, 448 U.S. 56, 65-66 , 100 S.Ct. 2531 , 65 L.Ed.2d 597 (1980) (footnotes omitted). "[T]he requirements of the Confrontation Clause are met if [the] testimony is marked with such trustworthiness that there is no material departure from the reason of the general rule, and if it bears ind	1	1
Rouse v. Stategreen alacrimapp · 1989 · cited in 1 Alabama opinions naming this issue, 2001–2001 1 sentence 2001In other cases, the evidence must be excluded, at least absent a showing of particularized guarantees of trustworthiness.'" Bush v. State, 695 So.2d 70, 126-27 (Ala.Crim.App.1995), aff'd, 695 So.2d 138 (Ala.1997), quoting Rouse v. State, 548 So.2d 643, 645-46 (Ala.Crim.App.1989), quoting, in turn, Ohio v. Roberts, 448 U.S. 56, 65-66 , 100 S.Ct. 2531 , 65 L.Ed.2d 597 (1980) (footnotes omitted). "[T]he requirements of the Confrontation Clause are met if [the] testimony is marked with such trustworthiness that there is no material departure from the reason of the general rule, and if it bears ind	1	1

Distinguished, questioned or overruled (0)

Case	Negative	Cited
No negative-treatment citations attached to this issue in Alabama. Read the followed side critically anyway.

Also cited on this issue (9)

Case	Cited	Years
Idaho v. Wright green scotus · 1990 2 sentences 2003"Reliability can be inferred in a case where the evidence falls within a firmly rooted hearsay exception." James v. State, 723 So.2d at 779, citing Idaho v. Wright, 497 U.S. 805 , 110 S.Ct. 3139 , 111 L.Ed.2d 638 (1990). 2003"Reliability can be inferred in a case where the evidence falls within a firmly rooted hearsay exception." James v. State, 723 So.2d at 779, citing Idaho v. Wright, 497 U.S. 805 , 110 S.Ct. 3139 , 111 L.Ed.2d 638 (1990).	14	1990–2004
OM v. State green alacrimapp · 1991 2 sentences 1994In other eases, the evidence must be excluded, at least absent a showing of particularized guarantees of trustworthiness.’” Idaho v. Wright, 497 U.S. 805, 814-15 , 110 S.Ct. 3139, 3146 , 111 L.Ed.2d 638 (1990) (quoting Ohio v. Roberts, 448 U.S. 56, 65-66 , 100 S.Ct. 2531, 2538-39 , 65 L.Ed.2d 597 (1980)), quoted in O.M. v. State, 595 So.2d at 519 . 1994In other cases, the evidence must be excluded, at least absent a showing of particularized guarantees of trustworthiness.'" Idaho v. Wright, 497 U.S. 805, 814-15 , 110 S.Ct. 3139, 3146 , 111 L.Ed.2d 638 (1990) (quoting Ohio v. Roberts, 448 U.S. 56, 65-66 , 100 S.Ct. 2531, 2538-39 , 65 L.Ed.2d 597 (1980)), quoted in O.M. v. State, 595 So.2d at 519 .	2	1994–1994
Crawford v. Washington green scotus · 2004 2 sentences 2004The Court held that the admissibility standard developed in Roberts , which allowed the admission of hearsay evidence if it fell within a firmly rooted hearsay exception or had other indicia of reliability, was a "malleable standard [that] often fails to protect against paradigmatic confrontation violations." 541 U.S. at 60 , 124 S.Ct. at 1369 . 2004The Court held that the admissibility standard developed in Roberts , which allowed the admission of hearsay evidence if it fell within a firmly rooted hearsay exception or had other indicia of reliability, was a "malleable standard [that] often fails to protect against paradigmatic confrontation violations." 541 U.S. at 60 , 124 S.Ct. at 1369 .	1	2004–2004
Dennis v. Lowe green scotus · 2001 1 sentence 2001Idaho v. Wright, 497 U.S. 805 , 110 S.Ct. 3139 , 111 L.Ed.2d 638 (1990), quoting Ohio v. Roberts, 448 U.S. 56, 65 , 100 S.Ct. 2531 , 65 L.Ed.2d 597 (1980)." *37 James v. State, 723 So.2d 776, 779 (Ala. Crim.App.1998), cert. denied, 723 So.2d 786 (Ala.1998), appeal after remand, 788 So.2d 185 (Ala.Crim.App.2000), cert. denied, 532 U.S. 1040 , 121 S.Ct. 2005 , 149 L.Ed.2d 1007 (2001).	1	2001–2001
O'Keefe v. California green scotus · 2001 1 sentence 2001Idaho v. Wright, 497 U.S. 805 , 110 S.Ct. 3139 , 111 L.Ed.2d 638 (1990), quoting Ohio v. Roberts, 448 U.S. 56, 65 , 100 S.Ct. 2531 , 65 L.Ed.2d 597 (1980)." *37 James v. State, 723 So.2d 776, 779 (Ala. Crim.App.1998), cert. denied, 723 So.2d 786 (Ala.1998), appeal after remand, 788 So.2d 185 (Ala.Crim.App.2000), cert. denied, 532 U.S. 1040 , 121 S.Ct. 2005 , 149 L.Ed.2d 1007 (2001).	1	2001–2001
Yonamine v. Artuz green scotus · 2001 1 sentence 2001Idaho v. Wright, 497 U.S. 805 , 110 S.Ct. 3139 , 111 L.Ed.2d 638 (1990), quoting Ohio v. Roberts, 448 U.S. 56, 65 , 100 S.Ct. 2531 , 65 L.Ed.2d 597 (1980)." *37 James v. State, 723 So.2d 776, 779 (Ala. Crim.App.1998), cert. denied, 723 So.2d 786 (Ala.1998), appeal after remand, 788 So.2d 185 (Ala.Crim.App.2000), cert. denied, 532 U.S. 1040 , 121 S.Ct. 2005 , 149 L.Ed.2d 1007 (2001).	1	2001–2001
Ex Parte Bush green ala · 1997 1 sentence 2001In other cases, the evidence must be excluded, at least absent a showing of particularized guarantees of trustworthiness.'" Bush v. State, 695 So.2d 70, 126-27 (Ala.Crim.App.1995), aff'd, 695 So.2d 138 (Ala.1997), quoting Rouse v. State, 548 So.2d 643, 645-46 (Ala.Crim.App.1989), quoting, in turn, Ohio v. Roberts, 448 U.S. 56, 65-66 , 100 S.Ct. 2531 , 65 L.Ed.2d 597 (1980) (footnotes omitted). "[T]he requirements of the Confrontation Clause are met if [the] testimony is marked with such trustworthiness that there is no material departure from the reason of the general rule, and if it bears ind	1	2001–2001
James v. State green ala · 1998 1 sentence 2001Idaho v. Wright, 497 U.S. 805 , 110 S.Ct. 3139 , 111 L.Ed.2d 638 (1990), quoting Ohio v. Roberts, 448 U.S. 56, 65 , 100 S.Ct. 2531 , 65 L.Ed.2d 597 (1980)." *37 James v. State, 723 So.2d 776, 779 (Ala. Crim.App.1998), cert. denied, 723 So.2d 786 (Ala.1998), appeal after remand, 788 So.2d 185 (Ala.Crim.App.2000), cert. denied, 532 U.S. 1040 , 121 S.Ct. 2005 , 149 L.Ed.2d 1007 (2001).	1	2001–2001
James v. State green alacrimapp · 2000 1 sentence 2001Idaho v. Wright, 497 U.S. 805 , 110 S.Ct. 3139 , 111 L.Ed.2d 638 (1990), quoting Ohio v. Roberts, 448 U.S. 56, 65 , 100 S.Ct. 2531 , 65 L.Ed.2d 597 (1980)." *37 James v. State, 723 So.2d 776, 779 (Ala. Crim.App.1998), cert. denied, 723 So.2d 786 (Ala.1998), appeal after remand, 788 So.2d 185 (Ala.Crim.App.2000), cert. denied, 532 U.S. 1040 , 121 S.Ct. 2005 , 149 L.Ed.2d 1007 (2001).	1	2001–2001

Statutes the citing opinions construe

AL § Ala. Code § 13A-5-40 (7) AL § Ala. Code § 13A-5-49 (6) AL § Ala. Code § 13A-5-45 (5) AL § Ala. Code § 13A-5-53 (5) AL § Ala. Code § 13A-6-66 (4) AL § Ala. Code § 15-25-2 (4) AL § Ala. Code § 15-25-3 (4) AL § Ala. Code § 15-25-31 (4) AL § Ala. Code § 15-25-32 (4) AL § Ala. Code § 15-25-39 (4) AL § Ala. Code § 13A-5-47 (3) AL § Ala. Code § 13A-6-2 (3)

Counted by distinct opinions that both name this issue and are annotated to the section; sections every opinion cites regardless of issue are not filtered here, so read the counts against the total above.

Where else courts name it

TX 87 (1985–2021) OH 81 (1984–2026) IL 66 (1983–2021) CA 53 (1990–2023) WA 41 (1984–2016) WI 35 (1981–2021) KS 33 (1984–2008) NC 32 (1981–2016) CO 31 (1982–2017) AZ 29 (1983–2008) OR 28 (1982–2024) NM 26 (1985–2015) FL 25 (1984–2019) PA 24 (1986–2023) MN 24 (1984–2016) AL 23 (1989–2004) CT 23 (1988–2026) MS 21 (1986–2016) TN 19 (1997–2017) MD 19 (1984–2021) MI 18 (1989–2026) NY 18 (1980–2023) WV 18 (1987–2026) HI 17 (1989–2015) GA 15 (1991–2003) IN 14 (1992–2007) NJ 14 (1989–2016) LA 14 (1984–2013) VA 13 (1999–2012) ID 12 (1981–2009) OK 12 (1985–2023) SD 12 (1983–2005) MA 12 (1986–2015) DE 11 (1985–2026) AR 11 (1991–2008) SC 11 (1997–2014) NH 9 (1992–2025) DC 9 (1981–2009) UT 9 (1989–2020) MO 8 (1988–2021) NE 6 (1990–2013) MT 5 (1987–2024) IA 4 (1982–2001) WY 4 (2000–2015) NV 4 (1998–2006) AK 4 (1985–2015) RI 3 (1990–2010) KY 3 (1993–2001) VT 3 (1986–2020) ME 3 (1987–2024) VI 2 (2005–2011)

Opinions by the citing court's state. A doctrine retained in one state and abandoned in another shows up here as a year span that stalls.

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