sufficiently meritorious claim (California) · Go Syfert
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sufficiently meritorious claim in California

26 California opinions name it 2 courts 1942–2025 8 in the last five years

The cases below were cited by California courts in a sentence that names this issue. Sides come from how each citing opinion treated the case (Syfertize flag on that citation), so a case can appear on both: that is where the law is contested. A red or yellow chip is the case's own overall treatment.

Followed or applied (14)

CaseFollowedCited
Olivera v. Gracegreen
cal · 1942 · cited in 8 California opinions naming this issue, 1959–2019
2 sentences

2019(See Olivera v. Grace (1942) 19 Cal.2d 570, 579 [meritorious factor may be satisfied where party “presents facts from which it can be ascertained that the [party] has a sufficiently meritorious claim to entitle him to a trial of the issue at a proper adversary proceeding”].) Plaintiffs argue Fireman’s Fund did not establish a meritorious defense because the motion did not attach a proposed pleading in intervention or a declaration with “evidence” showing a meritorious defense.

2018(See Olivera v. Grace (1942) 19 Cal.2d 570 , 579, 122 P.2d 564 [meritorious factor may be satisfied where party "presents facts from which it can be ascertained that the [party] has a sufficiently meritorious claim to entitle him to a trial of the issue at a proper adversary proceeding"].) Plaintiffs argue Fireman's Fund did not establish a meritorious defense because the motion did not attach a proposed pleading in intervention or a declaration with "evidence" showing a meritorious defense.

38
Serova v. Sony Music Entertainmentgreen
cal · 2022 · cited in 4 California opinions naming this issue, 2023–2025
2 sentences

2025(See Serova v. Sony Music Entertainment (2022) 13 Cal.5th 859 , 872 [“we may conclude a contested portion of an anti-SLAPP motion should be denied solely based on a plaintiff’s showing of merit, as a sufficiently meritorious claim cannot be struck regardless of whether it arises from activity the anti-SLAPP statute protects”].) For the remaining challenged statements—the statements on social media platforms and the oral statements to distributors—we will begin at step one.

2024(See Serova v. Sony Music Entertainment (2022) 13 Cal.5th 859 , 872 [“we may conclude a contested portion of an anti-SLAPP motion should be denied solely based on a plaintiff’s showing of merit, as a sufficiently meritorious claim cannot be struck regardless of whether it arises from activity the anti-SLAPP statute protects”].) In so concluding, the court rejected Maxon’s contention that the Schulte letter was absolutely privileged according to Civil Code section 47, subdivision (b) (section 47(b)).

34
Bennett v. Hibernia Bankgreen
cal · 1956 · cited in 2 California opinions naming this issue, 1980–1994
2 sentences

1994He must show, in other words, “facts indicating a sufficiently meritorious claim to entitle [him] to a fair adversary hearing.” (In re Marriage of Park, supra, 27 Cal.3d 337, 346 ; see also Bennett v. Hibernia Bank (1956) 47 Cal.2d 540, 554 [ 305 P.2d 20 ].) I agree with the majority that father’s allegations of mother’s active concealment, making it practically impossible for father to pay the child support installments as they fell due, are relevant to establish a defense of estoppel or waiver. 3 Again, however, the relevant facts are disputed and the present record is inadequate to determin

1994He must show, in other words, “facts indicating a sufficiently meritorious claim to entitle [him] to a fair adversary hearing.” (In re Marriage of Park, supra, 27 Cal.3d 337, 346 ; see also Bennett v. Hibernia Bank (1956) 47 Cal.2d 540, 554 [ 305 P.2d 20 ].) I agree with the majority that father’s allegations of mother’s active concealment, making it practically impossible for father to pay the child support installments as they fell due, are relevant to establish a defense of estoppel or waiver. 3 Again, however, the relevant facts are disputed and the present record is inadequate to determin

22
Park v. Parkgreen
cal · 1980 · cited in 9 California opinions naming this issue, 1994–2024
2 sentences

2024Rather, [it] must show facts indicating a sufficiently meritorious claim to entitle [it] to a fair adversary hearing.’ ” (Mechling v. Asbestos Defendants (2018) 29 Cal.App.5th 1241, 1246 (Mechling), quoting In re Marriage of Park (1980) 27 Cal.3d 337, 346 (Park).) In making this determination, a court does not judge the truth or credibility of the facts presented. “[A] hearing on a motion to relieve a defendant from default is not the place or time to ascertain whether defendant really has a defense.” (First Small Business Inv.

2019Rather, [it] must show facts indicating a sufficiently meritorious claim to entitle [it] to a fair adversary hearing.” (In re Marriage of Park, supra, 27 Cal.3d at p. 346 .) Here, the facts are (1) plaintiffs’ alleged asbestos exposure occurred decades ago; (2) neither Associated nor Fireman’s Fund defended the lawsuits; and (3) plaintiffs obtained default judgments totaling several millions of dollars, without any showing of the nature and extent of plaintiffs’ injuries, nor whether Associated caused those injuries.

19
Mechling v. Asbestosgreen
calctapp · 2018 · cited in 4 California opinions naming this issue, 2020–2024
2 sentences

2024Rather, [it] must show facts indicating a sufficiently meritorious claim to entitle [it] to a fair adversary hearing.’ ” (Mechling v. Asbestos Defendants (2018) 29 Cal.App.5th 1241, 1246 (Mechling), quoting In re Marriage of Park (1980) 27 Cal.3d 337, 346 (Park).) In making this determination, a court does not judge the truth or credibility of the facts presented. “[A] hearing on a motion to relieve a defendant from default is not the place or time to ascertain whether defendant really has a defense.” (First Small Business Inv.

2023Rather, [it] must show facts indicating a sufficiently meritorious claim to entitle [it] to a fair adversary hearing.’ ” (Mechling v. Asbestos Defendants (2018) 29 Cal.App.5th 1241, 1246 ; see also Gruber v. Gruber (2020) 48 Cal.App.5th 529 , 532 [court analyzes the merit of a claim by accepting the claimant’s evidence as true and evaluating whether the claim is legally and factually tenable].) Here, Antich asserts claims under the FDCPA and CCRAA, alleging she paid her debt to the original creditor before it was referred to Capital for collection, and Capital should not have reported a past d

14
Gruber v. Grubergreen
calctapp · 2020 · cited in 1 California opinions naming this issue, 2023–2023
1 sentence

2023Rather, [it] must show facts indicating a sufficiently meritorious claim to entitle [it] to a fair adversary hearing.’ ” (Mechling v. Asbestos Defendants (2018) 29 Cal.App.5th 1241, 1246 ; see also Gruber v. Gruber (2020) 48 Cal.App.5th 529 , 532 [court analyzes the merit of a claim by accepting the claimant’s evidence as true and evaluating whether the claim is legally and factually tenable].) Here, Antich asserts claims under the FDCPA and CCRAA, alleging she paid her debt to the original creditor before it was referred to Capital for collection, and Capital should not have reported a past d

11
Citizens for Fair REU Rates v. City of Reddinggreen
cal · 2018 · cited in 1 California opinions naming this issue, 2022–2022
1 sentence

2022(Ibid.; see generally Citizens for Fair REU Rates v. City of Redding (2018) 6 Cal.5th 1, 7 [when one argument resolved a case, we did not need to discuss an alternative argument that would have led to the same result].) Considering Serova’s showing of merit, we choose this approach.

11
In Re Brittany S.green
calctapp · 1993 · cited in 1 California opinions naming this issue, 1999–1999
2 sentences

1999Loss of a Substantial Right Inmates retain the right of reasonable visitation with their children. ( In re Smith (1980) 112 Cal.App.3d 956, 968-969 , 169 Cal.Rptr. 564 ; see also In re Brittany S., supra, 17 Cal.App.4th 1399, 1402 , 22 Cal.Rptr.2d 50 .) In its brief, respondent court underestimates the nature of the right that is at stake.

1999Loss of a Substantial Right Inmates retain the right of reasonable visitation with their children. ( In re Smith (1980) 112 Cal.App.3d 956, 968-969 , 169 Cal.Rptr. 564 ; see also In re Brittany S., supra, 17 Cal.App.4th 1399, 1402 , 22 Cal.Rptr.2d 50 .) In its brief, respondent court underestimates the nature of the right that is at stake.

11
Davis v. Davisgreen
calctapp · 1960 · cited in 1 California opinions naming this issue, 1982–1982
2 sentences

1982Bank v. Kirk, supra, 259 Cal.App.2d at p. 355; Davis v. Davis (1960) 185 Cal.App.2d 788, 792 [ 8 Cal.Rptr. 874 ]), and must plead “facts from which it can be ascertained that the plaintiff has a sufficiently meritorious claim to entitle him to a trial of the issue . . . .” (Olivera v. Grace, supra, 19 Cal.2d at p. 579 ; see Turner v. Allen (1961) 189 Cal.App.2d 753, 758-759 [ 11 Cal.Rptr. 630 ].) Rather than rely on these existing safeguards to prevent abuse by irresponsible or incompetent attorneys, the majority conclude that relief must be withheld from a concededly blameless plaintiff.

1982Bank v. Kirk, supra, 259 Cal.App.2d at p. 355; Davis v. Davis (1960) 185 Cal.App.2d 788, 792 [ 8 Cal.Rptr. 874 ]), and must plead “facts from which it can be ascertained that the plaintiff has a sufficiently meritorious claim to entitle him to a trial of the issue . . . .” (Olivera v. Grace, supra, 19 Cal.2d at p. 579 ; see Turner v. Allen (1961) 189 Cal.App.2d 753, 758-759 [ 11 Cal.Rptr. 630 ].) Rather than rely on these existing safeguards to prevent abuse by irresponsible or incompetent attorneys, the majority conclude that relief must be withheld from a concededly blameless plaintiff.

11
Turner v. Allengreen
calctapp · 1961 · cited in 1 California opinions naming this issue, 1982–1982
2 sentences

1982Bank v. Kirk, supra, 259 Cal.App.2d at p. 355; Davis v. Davis (1960) 185 Cal.App.2d 788, 792 [ 8 Cal.Rptr. 874 ]), and must plead “facts from which it can be ascertained that the plaintiff has a sufficiently meritorious claim to entitle him to a trial of the issue . . . .” (Olivera v. Grace, supra, 19 Cal.2d at p. 579 ; see Turner v. Allen (1961) 189 Cal.App.2d 753, 758-759 [ 11 Cal.Rptr. 630 ].) Rather than rely on these existing safeguards to prevent abuse by irresponsible or incompetent attorneys, the majority conclude that relief must be withheld from a concededly blameless plaintiff.

1982Bank v. Kirk, supra, 259 Cal.App.2d at p. 355; Davis v. Davis (1960) 185 Cal.App.2d 788, 792 [ 8 Cal.Rptr. 874 ]), and must plead “facts from which it can be ascertained that the plaintiff has a sufficiently meritorious claim to entitle him to a trial of the issue . . . .” (Olivera v. Grace, supra, 19 Cal.2d at p. 579 ; see Turner v. Allen (1961) 189 Cal.App.2d 753, 758-759 [ 11 Cal.Rptr. 630 ].) Rather than rely on these existing safeguards to prevent abuse by irresponsible or incompetent attorneys, the majority conclude that relief must be withheld from a concededly blameless plaintiff.

11
Huron College v. Yettergreen
calctapp · 1947 · cited in 1 California opinions naming this issue, 1959–1959
2 sentences

1959One who seeks the intervention of equity to set aside a judgment must allege facts showing that he “has a sufficiently meritorious claim to entitle him to a trial of the issue at a proper adversary proceeding.” (Olivera v. Grace, 19 Cal.2d 570, 579 [ 122 P.2d 564 , 140 A.L.R 1328].) “There must be reasonable certainty that plaintiff would have emerged in a more advantageous position. ’ ’ (Hart v. Gudger, 153 Cal. App.2d 217, 220 [ 314 P.2d 549 ].) The allegations must be such as to “ warrant the court in determining that if the facts so alleged be proven, a different result would ensue.” (Huro

1959One who seeks the intervention of equity to set aside a judgment must allege facts showing that he “has a sufficiently meritorious claim to entitle him to a trial of the issue at a proper adversary proceeding.” (Olivera v. Grace, 19 Cal.2d 570, 579 [ 122 P.2d 564 , 140 A.L.R 1328].) “There must be reasonable certainty that plaintiff would have emerged in a more advantageous position. ’ ’ (Hart v. Gudger, 153 Cal. App.2d 217, 220 [ 314 P.2d 549 ].) The allegations must be such as to “ warrant the court in determining that if the facts so alleged be proven, a different result would ensue.” (Huro

11
Wilson v. Wilsongreen
calctapp · 1942 · cited in 1 California opinions naming this issue, 1959–1959
2 sentences

1959One who seeks the intervention of equity to set aside a judgment must allege facts showing that he “has a sufficiently meritorious claim to entitle him to a trial of the issue at a proper adversary proceeding.” (Olivera v. Grace, 19 Cal.2d 570, 579 [ 122 P.2d 564 , 140 A.L.R 1328].) “There must be reasonable certainty that plaintiff would have emerged in a more advantageous position. ’ ’ (Hart v. Gudger, 153 Cal. App.2d 217, 220 [ 314 P.2d 549 ].) The allegations must be such as to “ warrant the court in determining that if the facts so alleged be proven, a different result would ensue.” (Huro

1959One who seeks the intervention of equity to set aside a judgment must allege facts showing that he “has a sufficiently meritorious claim to entitle him to a trial of the issue at a proper adversary proceeding.” (Olivera v. Grace, 19 Cal.2d 570, 579 [ 122 P.2d 564 , 140 A.L.R 1328].) “There must be reasonable certainty that plaintiff would have emerged in a more advantageous position. ’ ’ (Hart v. Gudger, 153 Cal. App.2d 217, 220 [ 314 P.2d 549 ].) The allegations must be such as to “ warrant the court in determining that if the facts so alleged be proven, a different result would ensue.” (Huro

11
Parsons v. Weisgreen
cal · 1904 · cited in 1 California opinions naming this issue, 1959–1959
2 sentences

1959One who seeks the intervention of equity to set aside a judgment must allege facts showing that he “has a sufficiently meritorious claim to entitle him to a trial of the issue at a proper adversary proceeding.” (Olivera v. Grace, 19 Cal.2d 570, 579 [ 122 P.2d 564 , 140 A.L.R 1328].) “There must be reasonable certainty that plaintiff would have emerged in a more advantageous position. ’ ’ (Hart v. Gudger, 153 Cal. App.2d 217, 220 [ 314 P.2d 549 ].) The allegations must be such as to “ warrant the court in determining that if the facts so alleged be proven, a different result would ensue.” (Huro

1959One who seeks the intervention of equity to set aside a judgment must allege facts showing that he “has a sufficiently meritorious claim to entitle him to a trial of the issue at a proper adversary proceeding.” (Olivera v. Grace, 19 Cal.2d 570, 579 [ 122 P.2d 564 , 140 A.L.R 1328].) “There must be reasonable certainty that plaintiff would have emerged in a more advantageous position. ’ ’ (Hart v. Gudger, 153 Cal. App.2d 217, 220 [ 314 P.2d 549 ].) The allegations must be such as to “ warrant the court in determining that if the facts so alleged be proven, a different result would ensue.” (Huro

11
Hart v. Gudgergreen
calctapp · 1957 · cited in 1 California opinions naming this issue, 1959–1959
2 sentences

1959One who seeks the intervention of equity to set aside a judgment must allege facts showing that he “has a sufficiently meritorious claim to entitle him to a trial of the issue at a proper adversary proceeding.” (Olivera v. Grace, 19 Cal.2d 570, 579 [ 122 P.2d 564 , 140 A.L.R 1328].) “There must be reasonable certainty that plaintiff would have emerged in a more advantageous position. ’ ’ (Hart v. Gudger, 153 Cal. App.2d 217, 220 [ 314 P.2d 549 ].) The allegations must be such as to “ warrant the court in determining that if the facts so alleged be proven, a different result would ensue.” (Huro

1959One who seeks the intervention of equity to set aside a judgment must allege facts showing that he “has a sufficiently meritorious claim to entitle him to a trial of the issue at a proper adversary proceeding.” (Olivera v. Grace, 19 Cal.2d 570, 579 [ 122 P.2d 564 , 140 A.L.R 1328].) “There must be reasonable certainty that plaintiff would have emerged in a more advantageous position. ’ ’ (Hart v. Gudger, 153 Cal. App.2d 217, 220 [ 314 P.2d 549 ].) The allegations must be such as to “ warrant the court in determining that if the facts so alleged be proven, a different result would ensue.” (Huro

11

Distinguished, questioned or overruled (0)

CaseNegativeCited
No negative-treatment citations attached to this issue in California. Read the followed side critically anyway.

Also cited on this issue (11)

CaseCitedYears
Shields v. Siegel green
calctapp · 1966
2 sentences

2019To support this argument, plaintiffs rely on Shields v. Siegel (1966) 246 Cal.App.2d 334, 337 , where the moving party supported its motion with a declaration from counsel “that there was a meritorious defense to the action, and a proposed unverified answer.” (Id. at p. 337.) The Shields court determined the moving party established a meritorious defense, but it did not hold a proposed pleading or declaration is required to establish this factor.

2018To support this argument, plaintiffs rely on Shields v. Siegel (1966) 246 Cal.App.2d 334 , 337, 54 Cal.Rptr. 577 , where the moving party supported its motion *905 with a declaration from counsel "that there was a meritorious defense to the action, and a proposed unverified answer." ( Id. at p. 337, 54 Cal.Rptr. 577 .) The Shields court determined the moving party established a meritorious defense, but it did not hold a proposed pleading or declaration is required to establish this factor. ( Id. at p. 342, 54 Cal.Rptr. 577 .) To be sure, a moving party may satisfy the meritorious defense facto

32018–2019
McArdle Real Estate Co. v. McGowan green
nj · 1932
2 sentences

1969McArdle Real Estate Co. v. McGowan, 109 N.J.L. 595 [ 163 Atl. 24 ].) It is enough if the complaint presents facts from which it can be ascertained that the plaintiff has a sufficiently meritorious claim to entitle him to a trial of the issue at a proper adversary proceeding.” (Olivera v. Grace, supra, 19 Cal.2d 570, 579 .) We feel that the declaration of the guardian ad litem that the wife is unable to support or care for herself and incapable of obtaining any sort of employment is a sufficient allegation of the necessity for the relief requested.

1969McArdle Real Estate Co. v. McGowan, 109 N.J.L. 595 [ 163 Atl. 24 ].) It is enough if the complaint presents facts from which it can be ascertained that the plaintiff has a sufficiently meritorious claim to entitle him to a trial of the issue at a proper adversary proceeding.” (Olivera v. Grace, supra, 19 Cal.2d 570, 579 .) We feel that the declaration of the guardian ad litem that the wife is unable to support or care for herself and incapable of obtaining any sort of employment is a sufficient allegation of the necessity for the relief requested.

31942–1969
Rappleyea v. Campbell green
cal · 1994
2 sentences

2021Rather, [it] must show facts indicating a sufficiently meritorious claim to entitle [it] to a fair adversary hearing.’ ” (Mechling, supra, 29 Cal.App.5th at p. 1246 .) The low threshold for this showing is demonstrated by Rappleyea v. Campbell (1994) 8 Cal.4th 975 (Rappleyea), where our Supreme Court reasoned: “Ordinarily a verified answer to a complaint’s allegations suffices to show merit. [Citation.] The answer here was not verified, but neither was the complaint.

2015(In re Marriage of Park (1980) 27 Cal.3d 337, 346 .) Rather, a defendant “must show facts indicating a sufficiently meritorious claim to entitle her to a fair adversary hearing.” (Ibid.) 5 In Rappleyea v. Campbell (1994) 8 Cal.4th 975 (Rappleyea), the California Supreme Court held the defendant’s unverified answer to the unverified complaint constituted a showing of a meritorious defense because it responded to the complaint’s allegations.

22015–2021
Benjamin v. Dalmo Manufacturing Co. green
cal · 1948
2 sentences

2020Co. (1948) 31 Cal.2d 523 ,6 the trial court 6 The trial court stated, “The California Supreme Court found sufficient evidence of extrinsic mistake in the case of Benjamin v. Dalmo Mfg.

2020Co. (1948) 31 Cal.2d 523 ,5 the trial court Holly E.

22020–2020
First Small Business Inv. Co. v. Sistim, Inc. green
calctapp · 1970
1 sentence

2024Co. v. Sistim, Inc. (1970) 12 Cal.App.3d 645, 650 .) “The court’s inquiry is limited to whether the affidavit or verified pleading contains a statement of facts sufficient to constitute a meritorious case, and the truth concerning the meritorious defense is not at issue.” (Ludka v. Memory Magnetics International (1972) 25 Cal.App.3d 316 , 323–324 (Ludka).) On this record, Ronald made the “minimal showing” necessary to demonstrate a potentially meritorious defense.

12024–2024
Ludka v. Memory Magnetics International green
calctapp · 1972
1 sentence

2024Co. v. Sistim, Inc. (1970) 12 Cal.App.3d 645, 650 .) “The court’s inquiry is limited to whether the affidavit or verified pleading contains a statement of facts sufficient to constitute a meritorious case, and the truth concerning the meritorious defense is not at issue.” (Ludka v. Memory Magnetics International (1972) 25 Cal.App.3d 316 , 323–324 (Ludka).) On this record, Ronald made the “minimal showing” necessary to demonstrate a potentially meritorious defense.

12024–2024
Baral v. Schnitt green
cal · 2016
1 sentence

2022(Baral v. Schnitt (2016) 1 Cal.5th 376, 384 .) But only a claim “ ‘that satisfies both 8 SEROVA v. SONY MUSIC ENTERTAINMENT Opinion of the Court by Jenkins, J. prongs of the anti-SLAPP statute . . . is a SLAPP, subject to being stricken under the statute.’ ” (Oasis West Realty, LLC v. Goldman (2011) 51 Cal.4th 811, 820 .) Given this and “this court’s ‘inherent, primary authority over the practice of law,’ ” we may conclude a contested portion of an anti-SLAPP motion should be denied solely based on a plaintiff’s showing of merit, as a sufficiently meritorious claim cannot be struck regardless

12022–2022
Oasis West Realty v. Goldman green
cal · 2011
1 sentence

2022(Baral v. Schnitt (2016) 1 Cal.5th 376, 384 .) But only a claim “ ‘that satisfies both 8 SEROVA v. SONY MUSIC ENTERTAINMENT Opinion of the Court by Jenkins, J. prongs of the anti-SLAPP statute . . . is a SLAPP, subject to being stricken under the statute.’ ” (Oasis West Realty, LLC v. Goldman (2011) 51 Cal.4th 811, 820 .) Given this and “this court’s ‘inherent, primary authority over the practice of law,’ ” we may conclude a contested portion of an anti-SLAPP motion should be denied solely based on a plaintiff’s showing of merit, as a sufficiently meritorious claim cannot be struck regardless

12022–2022
Stiles v. Wallis green
calctapp · 1983
1 sentence

2020(Stiles v. Wallis, supra, 147 Cal.App.3d at p. 1148 .) An unverified pleading combined with a lawyer’s general declaration that the defendants had “a very good (and certainly a justiciable) defense” has also been found to establish merit.

12020–2020
In Re Smith green
calctapp · 1980
2 sentences

1999Loss of a Substantial Right Inmates retain the right of reasonable visitation with their children. ( In re Smith (1980) 112 Cal.App.3d 956, 968-969 , 169 Cal.Rptr. 564 ; see also In re Brittany S., supra, 17 Cal.App.4th 1399, 1402 , 22 Cal.Rptr.2d 50 .) In its brief, respondent court underestimates the nature of the right that is at stake.

1999Loss of a Substantial Right Inmates retain the right of reasonable visitation with their children. ( In re Smith (1980) 112 Cal.App.3d 956, 968-969 , 169 Cal.Rptr. 564 ; see also In re Brittany S., supra, 17 Cal.App.4th 1399, 1402 , 22 Cal.Rptr.2d 50 .) In its brief, respondent court underestimates the nature of the right that is at stake.

11999–1999
Orange Empire National Bank v. Kirk green
calctapp · 1968
1 sentence

1982Bank v. Kirk, supra, 259 Cal. App.2d at p. 355 ; Davis v. Davis (1960) 185 Cal. App.2d 788, 792 [ 8 Cal. Rptr. 874 ]), and must plead "facts from which it can be ascertained that the plaintiff has a sufficiently meritorious claim to entitle him to a trial of the issue...." ( Olivera v. Grace, supra, 19 Cal.2d at p. 579 ; see Turner v. Allen (1961) 189 Cal. App.2d 753, 758-759 [ 11 Cal. Rptr. 630 ].) *906 Rather than rely on these existing safeguards to prevent abuse by irresponsible or incompetent attorneys, the majority conclude that relief must be withheld from a concededly blameless plainti

11982–1982

Where else courts name it

CA 26 (1942–2025) NY 3 (1982–2006)

Opinions by the citing court's state. A doctrine retained in one state and abandoned in another shows up here as a year span that stalls.

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