lease clause (New York) · Go Syfert
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lease clause in New York

128 New York opinions name it 11 courts 1881–2025 11 in the last five years

The cases below were cited by New York courts in a sentence that names this issue. Sides come from how each citing opinion treated the case (Syfertize flag on that citation), so a case can appear on both: that is where the law is contested. A red or yellow chip is the case's own overall treatment.

Followed or applied (30)

CaseFollowedCited
BLF Realty Holding Corp. v. Kashergreen
nyappdiv · 2002 · cited in 3 New York opinions naming this issue, 2003–2012
2 sentences

2012Ave. v Pendry, 308 AD2d 543, 543-544 [2003]; see also BLF Realty Holding Corp. v Kosher, 299 AD2d 87, 91 [2002]).

2003Where, as here, there has been a substantial surcharge by the tenant, the tenant should not be permitted to cure the lease violation (see BLF Realty Holding Corp. v Kasher, supra; Continental Towers Ltd.

23
Kent v. Lefkowitzgreen
ny · 2016 · cited in 2 New York opinions naming this issue, 2024–2024
2 sentences

2024CPLR § 7803(3); Kent v. Lefkowitz, 27 N.Y.3d 499, 505 (2016); W. 58th St.

2024CPLR § 7803(3); Kent v. Lefkowitz, 27 N.Y.3d 499, 505 (2016); W. 58th St.

22
1050 Tenants Corp. v. Lapidusgreen
nyappdiv · 2001 · cited in 2 New York opinions naming this issue, 2021–2021
2 sentences

2021Contrary to defendants' contention, the relevant duty breached by them was the requirement in the proprietary lease to comply with all laws and ordinances. "[W]here it is alleged that the complained-of conduct constituted not merely a violation of the lease, but a lease violation consisting of illegal conduct or conduct causing ongoing damage to other apartments," the usual six-year statute of limitations for contract actions is tolled for harms that cause damage within the six-year period ( 1050 Tenants Corp. v Lapidus , 289 AD2d 145, 146 [1st Dept 2001]).

2021Contrary to defendants' contention, the relevant duty breached by them was the requirement in the proprietary lease to comply with all laws and ordinances. "[W]here it is alleged that the complained-of conduct constituted not merely a violation of the lease, but a lease violation consisting of illegal conduct or conduct causing ongoing damage to other apartments," the usual six-year statute of limitations for contract actions is tolled for harms that cause damage within the six-year period ( 1050 Tenants Corp. v Lapidus , 289 AD2d 145, 146 [1st Dept 2001]).

22
151-155 Atlantic Avenue Inc. v. Pendrygreen
nyappdiv · 2003 · cited in 2 New York opinions naming this issue, 2012–2012
2 sentences

2012Ave. v Pendry, 308 AD2d 543, 543-544 [2003]; see also BLF Realty Holding Corp. v Kosher, 299 AD2d 87, 91 [2002]).

2012Ave. v Pendry, 308 AD2d 543, 543-544 [2003]; see also BLF Realty Holding Corp. v Kosher, 299 AD2d 87, 91 [2002]).

22
Ben Lee Distributors, Inc. v. Halstead Harrison Partnershipgreen
nyappdiv · 2010 · cited in 2 New York opinions naming this issue, 2011–2011
2 sentences

2011A landlord may not circumvent General Obligations Law § 5-321 “merely by inserting in the lease a requirement that the tenant obtain insurance” (Graphic Arts Supply v Raynor, 91 AD2d 827, 828 ; see Ben Lee Distribs., Inc., 72 AD3d at 716 ).

2011A landlord may not circumvent General Obligations Law § 5-321 “merely by inserting in the lease a requirement that the tenant obtain insurance” (Graphic Arts Supply v Raynor, 91 AD2d 827, 828 [1982]; see Ben Lee Distribs., Inc., 72 AD3d at 716 ).

22
Landmark Properties v. Olivogreen
nyappterm · 2005 · cited in 2 New York opinions naming this issue, 2008–2011
2 sentences

2011However, since RPAPL 753 (4) applies only in New York City, elsewhere in the state ‘the only time available to a residential tenant within which a lease violation may be cured is the time provided in the notice to cure’ (Landmark Props. v Olivo, 10 Misc 3d 1, 2 [2005]).

2008However, since RPAPL 753 (4) applies only in New York City, elsewhere in the state “the only time available to a residential tenant within which a lease violation may be cured is the time provided in the notice to cure” (Landmark Props. v Olivo, 10 Misc 3d 1, 2 [2005]).

22
Graphic Arts Supply, Inc. v. Raynorgreen
nyappdiv · 1982 · cited in 5 New York opinions naming this issue, 1983–2011
2 sentences

2011A landlord may not circumvent General Obligations Law § 5-321 “merely by inserting in the lease a requirement that the tenant obtain insurance” (Graphic Arts Supply v Raynor, 91 AD2d 827, 828 ; see Ben Lee Distribs., Inc., 72 AD3d at 716 ).

2011A landlord may not circumvent General Obligations Law § 5-321 “merely by inserting in the lease a requirement that the tenant obtain insurance” (Graphic Arts Supply v Raynor, 91 AD2d 827, 828 [1982]; see Ben Lee Distribs., Inc., 72 AD3d at 716 ).

15
ATM One, LLC v. Landaverdegreen
ny · 2004 · cited in 2 New York opinions naming this issue, 2006–2023
2 sentences

2023The issue before this Court in that case was whether the rule set forth Matter of ATM One v Landaverde , 2 NY3d 472 (2004), requiring the [*2]addition of five days to the 10—day statutory cure period for service by mail of notices to cure a lease violation, should be extended to a notice of nonrenewal in a nonprimary residence proceeding.

2023The issue before this Court in that case was whether the rule set forth Matter of ATM One v Landaverde , 2 NY3d 472 (2004), requiring the [*2]addition of five days to the 10—day statutory cure period for service by mail of notices to cure a lease violation, should be extended to a notice of nonrenewal in a nonprimary residence proceeding.

12
61 East 72nd Street Corp. v. Zimberggreen
nyappdiv · 1990 · cited in 2 New York opinions naming this issue, 1991–2003
2 sentences

2003Corp. v Zimberg , 161 AD2d 542, 543 [1st Dept 1990]).

1991Corp. v Zimberg, 161 AD2d 542 ).

12
Eaton v. New York City Conciliation & Appeals Boardgreen
ny · 1982 · cited in 2 New York opinions naming this issue, 1987–1993
2 sentences

1993(McKinney’s Cons Laws of NY, Book 1, Statutes §§ 73, 76; Eaton v New York City Conciliation & Appeals Bd., 56 NY2d 340, 345 [1982]; Bender v Jamaica Hosp., 40 NY2d 560, 562 [1976]; Matter of De Peyster, 210 NY 216, 225 [1914]; Triborough Bridge & Tunnel Auth. v Crystal & Son, 2 AD2d 37, 39 [1st Dept], affd 2 NY2d 961 [1957].) The Appellate Term, First Department, has recognized that in a nonpayment proceeding involving rent-stabilized premises, "attorney’s fees may not be considered 'rent’ or be awarded as 'additional rent’ in order to enable [a] landlord to obtain a possessory judgment, and [

1987With respect to tenants’ claims for attorneys’ fees the Court of Appeals remitted to Special Term "for further consideration as to whether the landlord’s refusal to offer renewal leases in rent-stabilized terms constituted a failure to perform a covenant or agreement as is requisite to the application of section 234 of the Real Property Law.” (Supra, at 346.) In Nesbitt and Eaton (supra) the records on appeal reveal that the landlord’s lease clause provided, as in Litchman (supra) and the instant case, for attorneys’ fees in "any action or proceeding”.

12
Matter of Federation of Orgs. for the N.Y. State Mentally Disabled, Inc. v. Lindsaygreen
nyappdiv · 2024 · cited in 1 New York opinions naming this issue, 2025–2025
1 sentence

2025Additionally, in Matter of Federation of Orgs. for the N. Y State Mentally Disabled, Inc. v. Lindsay, 2024 NY Slip Op 06124, *1 [1st Dept 2024], the Appellate Division, First Department recently reversed the Appellate Term, First Department and dismissed a summary holdover proceeding upon the holding that "where the landlord serves a default notice providing a cure period and stating that the lease would be terminated upon failure to cure the lease violation, the termination must adhere to the lease procedures that allow the tenant to cure the default as provided in the notice." [Citing Tomfol

11
Tomfol Owners Corp. v. Hernandezgreen
nyappdiv · 2022 · cited in 1 New York opinions naming this issue, 2024–2024
2 sentences

2024Tomfol Owners Corp. v Hernandez , 201 AD3d 453, 454 [1st Dept 2022]).

2024Tomfol Owners Corp. v Hernandez , 201 AD3d 453, 454 [1st Dept 2022]).

11
Gunthrope-Hardee v. Dormitory Authoritygreen
nyappdiv · 2007 · cited in 1 New York opinions naming this issue, 2017–2017
1 sentence

2017Seminary of Am. v Fitzer , 258 AD2d 337, 337-338 [1999]; see also Oxford [*2] Towers Co., LLC v Leites , 41 AD3d 144 [2007]).

11
In re Lonasyellow
nyappdiv · 1922 · cited in 1 New York opinions naming this issue, 2014–2014
11
Sohio Petroleum Co. v. Grynberggreen
coloctapp · 1988 · cited in 1 New York opinions naming this issue, 2011–2011
11
Akron Meats, Inc. v. 1418 Kitchens, Inc.green
nyappdiv · 1990 · cited in 1 New York opinions naming this issue, 2010–2010
11
Stuyvesant Plaza, Inc. v. Emizack, LLCgreen
nyappdiv · 2003 · cited in 1 New York opinions naming this issue, 2010–2010
11
Mack v. Assessor of Ramapogreen
nyappdiv · 1979 · cited in 1 New York opinions naming this issue, 2009–2009
11
Waldbaum, Inc. v. Finance Administratorgreen
ny · 1989 · cited in 1 New York opinions naming this issue, 2009–2009
11
EFCO Products v. Cullengreen
nyappdiv · 1990 · cited in 1 New York opinions naming this issue, 2009–2009
11
Williams Press v. State of NYgreen
ny · 1975 · cited in 1 New York opinions naming this issue, 2008–2008
11
Chimart Associates v. Paulgreen
ny · 1986 · cited in 1 New York opinions naming this issue, 2008–2008
11
Nestor v. McDowellgreen
ny · 1993 · cited in 1 New York opinions naming this issue, 2006–2006
11
Hooper Associates Ltd. v. AGS Computers, Inc.green
ny · 1989 · cited in 1 New York opinions naming this issue, 2006–2006
11
Probst v. . Rochester Steam Laundry Co.green
ny · 1902 · cited in 1 New York opinions naming this issue, 2006–2006
11
Long v. . Staffordgreen
ny · 1886 · cited in 1 New York opinions naming this issue, 2006–2006
11
Gannett Suburban Newspapers v. El-Kam Realty Co.green
nyappdiv · 2003 · cited in 1 New York opinions naming this issue, 2006–2006
11
Parkview Associates v. City of New Yorkgreen
ny · 1988 · cited in 1 New York opinions naming this issue, 2004–2004
11
Adam's Tower Ltd. Partnership v. Richtergreen
nyappterm · 2000 · cited in 1 New York opinions naming this issue, 2002–2002
11
B & L Realty L. L. C. v. Lianggreen
nycivct · 1999 · cited in 1 New York opinions naming this issue, 2001–2001
11

Distinguished, questioned or overruled (0)

CaseNegativeCited
No negative-treatment citations attached to this issue in New York. Read the followed side critically anyway.

Also cited on this issue (50)

CaseCitedYears
I Bldg, Inc. v. Hong Mei Cheung green
nyappdiv · 2016
2 sentences

2021Contrary to defendant's contention, plaintiff's alleged unreasonable withholding of consent to the tenant's proposed assignment of the lease is not a defense available to him under the unconditional and absolute guaranty ( see I Bldg, Inc. v Hong Mei Cheung , 137 AD3d 478 [1st Dept 2016]).

2021Contrary to defendant's contention, plaintiff's alleged unreasonable withholding of consent to the tenant's proposed assignment of the lease is not a defense available to him under the unconditional and absolute guaranty ( see I Bldg, Inc. v Hong Mei Cheung , 137 AD3d 478 [1st Dept 2016]).

22021–2021
Ram I, L. L. C. v. Stuart green
nyappdiv · 1998
2 sentences

2019Vil. v Lewis , 62 NY2d 431 [1984] [identifying the lease clause allegedly violated]; Ram I v Stuart , 248 AD2d 255 [1998] [same]; Marick Real Estate, LLC v Ramirez , 11 Misc 3d 42 [App Term, 2d Dept, 2d & 11th Jud Dists 2005] [same]).

2000While the dissent is correct in its analysis that entitlement to attorneys’ fees under a lease clause is a matter of contractual right, a court’s authority to withhold fees in a particular case is not so closely confined and may turn upon equitable factors or other considerations fact specific to the litigation (see, e.g., Solow v Bradley, 273 AD2d 75 , revg NYLJ, Aug. 10, 1999, at 22, col 1, for the reasons stated in the dissenting opn of Freedman, J.; RAM I v Stuart, 248 AD2d 255 ; Walentas v Johnes, 257 AD2d 352 ).

22000–2019
Perrotta v. Western Regional Off-Track Betting Corp. green
nyappdiv · 1983
2 sentences

2014We agree, essentially for reasons stated by Civil Court, that the lease clause at issue, authorizing petitioner landlord, as a successor owner, to “terminate” the governing commercial lease agreement upon 90 days’ notice in the event it “plans to develop a new building,” constituted a conditional limitation (see TSS-Seedman’s, Inc. v Elota Realty Co., 72 NY2d 1024 [1988]; Miller v Levi, 44 NY 489 [1871]; see also 2 Dolan, Rasch’s Landlord and Tenant — Summary Proceedings §§ 23:27, 23:28 [4th ed]), so as to permit resort to an RPAPL article 7 eviction proceeding (see Perrotta v Western Regional

1999Partnership v Jade Sea Rest. 151 Misc 2d 725 [Civ Ct, NY County 1991]; Matter of Ranalli v Burns, 157 AD2d 936 [3d Dept 1990]; Grabino v Howard Stores Corp., 110 Misc 2d 591 [Civ Ct, Kings County 1981].) If the lease clause merely created a condition, a summary proceeding would not lie. (2 Rasch, New York Landlord and Tenant — Summary Proceedings §§ 23:29, 23:30 [3d ed 1988]; Perrotta v Western Regional Off-Track Betting Corp., 98 AD2d 1 [4th Dept 1983].) In New York City, a 30-day notice of termination (also known as a notice to quit) in a holdover case must be served pursuant to RPAPL 735 if

21999–2014
Daval-Ogden v. Highbridge House Ogden green
nyappdiv · 2013
2 sentences

2014The limitation of remedy provision in paragraph 23 of the lease did not bar rescission pursuant to Real Property Law § 223-a, despite its “express language to the contrary” purporting to preserve the validity of the lease where the owner fails to timely deliver possession “for any reason,” because such a provision is limited to circumstances beyond the owner’s control and does not govern its intentional acts, such as the instant demolition and renovation (see Matter of Daval-Ogden, LLC v Highbridge House Ogden, LLC, 103 AD3d 422 [1st Dept 2013]).

2014The limitation of remedy provision in paragraph 23 of the lease did not bar rescission pursuant to Real Property Law § 223-a, despite its “express language to the contrary” purporting to preserve the validity of the lease where the owner fails to timely deliver possession “for any reason,” because such a provision is limited to circumstances beyond the owner’s control and does not govern its intentional acts, such as the instant demolition and renovation (see Matter of Daval-Ogden, LLC v Highbridge House Ogden, LLC, 103 AD3d 422 [1st Dept 2013]).

22014–2014
Truck Rent-A-Center, Inc. v. Puritan Farms 2nd, Inc. green
ny · 1977
2 sentences

2002We also reject the tenant’s claim that the holdover clause in question constitutes an unenforceable penalty, given no evidence that the projection of a 250% increase in rent was unreasonable, and also given that the premises were in fact rented to a new tenant in an amount approximating a 250% increase (see, Truck Rent-A-Center v Puritan Farms 2nd, 41 NY2d 420, 424-425 ).

1982(Truck Rent-A-Center v Puritan Farms 2nd, 41 NY2d 420, 424 ; Hankin v Armstrong, NYU, Jan. 20,1982, p 14, col 1 [App Term, 2d Dept].) II The question before this court, as in Weidman v Tomaselli ( 81 Misc 2d 328 , affd 84 Misc 2d 782 ), is the validity of a lease clause, here paragraph 38.

21982–2002
Post v. 120 East End Avenue Corp. green
ny · 1984
2 sentences

1992Corp. ( 62 NY2d 19, 27 ) the Court of Appeals interpreted this provision as: "in effect, authorizing Civil Court at the conclusion of summary proceedings to impose a permanent injunction in favor of the tenant barring forfeiture of the lease for the violation in dispute if the tenant cures within 10 days * * * To this extent the statute limits our holding in First Nat.

1989After the Court of Appeals pointed out the theoretical distinction seized upon by plaintiff, it went on to interpret the legislation "as impressing its terms on residential leases and, in effect, authorizing Civil Court at the conclusion of summary proceedings to impose a permanent injunction in favor of the tenant barring forfeiture of the lease for the violation in dispute if the tenant cures within 10 days” ( 62 NY2d 19, 27 , supra).

21989–1992
La Vack v. National Shoes, Inc. green
nyappdiv · 1986
2 sentences

1989(La Vack v National Shoes, 124 AD2d 352 [3d Dept 1986].) If the action was brought by the tenant for damages due to the negligence of the landlord, the landlord could not use the indemnification clause of the lease as a defense.

1988Further, it is significant that unlike other lease provisions which have been reviewed by the courts, the lease at bar does not contain an indemnification clause or a provision which prohibits the tenant from asserting direct claims against the landlord premised upon the landlord’s negligence (see e.g., Hogeland v Sibley, Lindsay & Curr Co., supra, at 156-157; Metropolitan Art Assocs. v Wexler, 118 AD2d 548 ; Graphic Arts Supply v Raynor, 91 AD2d 827 ; cf., La Vack v National Shoes, 124 AD2d 352 ).

21988–1989
In re the Arbitration between the County of Rockland & Primiano Construction Co. green
ny · 1980
2 sentences

1986Co.) ( 51 NY2d 1, 7 ), constitutes a 'condition precedent to arbitration to be complied with’.

1984Co.) ( 51 NY2d 1, 7 ), constitutes a “condition precedent to arbitration to be complied with”.

21984–1986
First National Stores, Inc. v. Yellowstone Shopping Center, Inc. green
ny · 1968
2 sentences

1985Stores v Yellowstone Shopping Center ( 21 NY2d 630 [1968]).

1983Stores v Yellowstone Shopping Center, 21 NY2d 630 ).

21983–1985
Schuller v. D'Angelo green
nysupct · 1983
2 sentences

1984In Schuller v D’Angelo ( 117 Misc 2d 528 ), the prime tenant sought an injunction in which she could toll a lease violation, viz., illegal subletting and claimed that the person occupying her apartment was only a temporary “house guest”.

1984(See Schuller v D’ Angelo, supra.) For example, since RPAPL 753 is limited to “premises in the city of New York occupied for dwelling purposes” it does not bar a tenant from seeking a Yellowstone injunction where the landlord claims that an exclusive commercial use is a lease violation.

21984–1984
People v. Uddin (Afm) neutral
nyappterm · 2022
1 sentence

2025Corp v MTA Fine Arts Co., Inc. , 76 Misc 3d 136 [App Term, 1st Dept 2022]).

12025–2025
Upson v. Oliveira Contr. Inc. neutral
nyappdiv · 2022
1 sentence

2025Additionally, in Matter of Federation of Orgs. for the N. Y State Mentally Disabled, Inc. v. Lindsay, 2024 NY Slip Op 06124, *1 [1st Dept 2024], the Appellate Division, First Department recently reversed the Appellate Term, First Department and dismissed a summary holdover proceeding upon the holding that "where the landlord serves a default notice providing a cure period and stating that the lease would be terminated upon failure to cure the lease violation, the termination must adhere to the lease procedures that allow the tenant to cure the default as provided in the notice." [Citing Tomfol

12025–2025
Redbridge Bedford, LLC v. 240 Bedford Ave. Realty Holding Corp. neutral
nyappterm · 2021
1 sentence

2021Realty Holding Corp. , 71 Misc 3d 22 [App Term, 2d Dept, 2d, 11th & 13th Jud Dists 2021]).

12021–2021
Marick Real Estate, LLC v. Ramirez neutral
nyappterm · 2005
1 sentence

2019Vil. v Lewis , 62 NY2d 431 [1984] [identifying the lease clause allegedly violated]; Ram I v Stuart , 248 AD2d 255 [1998] [same]; Marick Real Estate, LLC v Ramirez , 11 Misc 3d 42 [App Term, 2d Dept, 2d & 11th Jud Dists 2005] [same]).

12019–2019
Park West Village v. Lewis green
ny · 1984
1 sentence

2019Vil. v Lewis , 62 NY2d 431 [1984] [identifying the lease clause allegedly violated]; Ram I v Stuart , 248 AD2d 255 [1998] [same]; Marick Real Estate, LLC v Ramirez , 11 Misc 3d 42 [App Term, 2d Dept, 2d & 11th Jud Dists 2005] [same]).

12019–2019
Hudson Associates v. Benoit green
nyappdiv · 1996
1 sentence

2016As it was landlord's burden to prove that tenants had failed to cure the alleged lease violation within the cure period as extended ( Hudson Assoc. v Benoit , 226 AD2d 196 [1996]), and as landlord failed to meet this burden, the final judgment is affirmed.

12016–2016
People v. Soto green
nyappdiv · 2005
1 sentence

2016Insofar as the facts alleged in tenant's counterclaims may constitute defenses to landlord's claim for rent, and insofar as the counterclaims may be inextricably intertwined with those defenses, they are cognizable in the Justice Court proceeding notwithstanding the lease clause barring counterclaims ( All 4 Sports & Fitness, Inc. v Hamilton, Kane, Martin Enters., Inc. , 22 AD3d at 514 ).

12016–2016
TSS-Seedman's, Inc. v. Elota Realty Co. green
ny · 1988
12014–2014
Miller v. . Levi green
ny · 1871
12014–2014
Siegel v. Kentucky Fried Chicken of Long Island, Inc. green
nyappdiv · 1985
12011–2011
Ansonia Associates v. Bozza green
nyappterm · 2000
12011–2011
Pinciss v. 60 East Equities, Inc. green
nyappdiv · 1998
12011–2011
Siegel v. Kentucky Fried Chicken of Long Island, Inc. green
ny · 1986
12011–2011
Big \V\" Supermarkets green
· 1985
12009–2009
Capital Holding Co. v. Stavrolakes neutral
ny · 1998
12009–2009
LeRoy v. Sayers green
nyappdiv · 1995
12009–2009
Brandt v. Elghanayan green
nyappdiv · 1997
12009–2009
Roxborough Apartments Corp. v. Becker neutral
nyappdiv · 2002
12009–2009
PLWJ Realty, Inc. v. Gonzalez green
nyappdiv · 2001
12008–2008
Blake v. Neighborhood Housing Services of New York City, Inc. green
ny · 2003
12007–2007
Satterwhite v. Hernandez green
nyappdiv · 2005
12007–2007
Clough v. Szymansk green
nyappdiv · 2006
12007–2007
Ahmed v. Momart Discount Store, Ltd. neutral
nyappdiv · 2006
12007–2007
Congregation Nezach Israel v. ABGG Construction Inc. neutral
nyappdiv · 2007
12007–2007
Escalera v. New York Housing Authority green
nysd · 1996
12007–2007
Mountain View Coach Lines, Inc. v. Storms green
nyappdiv · 1984
12006–2006
Fragiacomo v. Pugliese neutral
nyappterm · 2006
12006–2006
Wierzbicki v. Mathew green
nyappdiv · 2004
12006–2006
930 Fifth Corp. v. King green
ny · 1977
12006–2006
Canton Human Services Initiatives, Inc. v. Town of Canton green
nysupct · 2004
12004–2004

Statutes the citing opinions construe

NY § N.Y. Real Property Law § 234 (10) NY § N.Y. General Obligations Law § 5-321 (6) NY § N.Y. General Obligations Law § 7-103 (4)

Counted by distinct opinions that both name this issue and are annotated to the section; sections every opinion cites regardless of issue are not filtered here, so read the counts against the total above.

Where else courts name it

NY 128 (1881–2025) TX 39 (1939–2025) CA 29 (1895–2025) IL 25 (1914–2025) DC 17 (1944–2021) MA 15 (1926–2026) NJ 13 (1944–2025) LA 10 (1880–2014) GA 10 (1937–1995) OH 10 (1949–2021) FL 10 (1944–2022) WI 9 (1939–2024) PA 8 (1897–2021) MO 7 (1919–2025) AL 7 (1955–2010) KS 7 (1937–2013) CO 7 (1956–2001) MD 6 (1920–2016) CT 6 (1943–2009) AZ 6 (1970–2023) HI 5 (1980–2017) AK 5 (1972–2022) MN 5 (1887–2003) UT 4 (1983–2026) IN 4 (1930–2007) OK 4 (1913–2001) KY 4 (1931–2023) MI 4 (1903–2002) IA 4 (1970–2015) MT 4 (1887–1957) NE 3 (1909–1990) NC 3 (1992–2015) WA 3 (1892–1996) WV 3 (1915–1987) DE 2 (2004–2016) TN 2 (1992–2016) NH 2 (2004–2019) WY 2 (1924–1981) SD 2 (1998–1998) NM 2 (1949–2012) NV 2 (1942–1956) SC 2 (2013–2023)

Opinions by the citing court's state. A doctrine retained in one state and abandoned in another shows up here as a year span that stalls.

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