state due process clause (Connecticut) · Go Syfert
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state due process clause in Connecticut

19 Connecticut opinions name it 3 courts 1993–2025 2 in the last five years

The cases below were cited by Connecticut courts in a sentence that names this issue. Sides come from how each citing opinion treated the case (Syfertize flag on that citation), so a case can appear on both: that is where the law is contested. A red or yellow chip is the case's own overall treatment.

Followed or applied (10)

CaseFollowedCited
State v. Ellisgreen
conn · 1995 · cited in 2 Connecticut opinions naming this issue, 2001–2003
2 sentences

2003See State v. Ellis, 232 Conn. 691 , 692 n.1, 657 A.2d 1099 (1995).

2003See State v. Ellis, 232 Conn. 691 , 692 n.1, 657 A.2d 1099 (1995).

22
State v. Smithgreen
conn · 2001 · cited in 3 Connecticut opinions naming this issue, 2003–2003
2 sentences

2003See State v. Smith, 255 Conn. 830 , 835 n.12, 769 A.2d 698 (2001) (“Although the defendant also claims a violation under the state due process clause, our decision is confined to the federal constitution because the defendant has failed to provide an independent analysis of the state constitutional issue.

2003See State v. Smith, 255 Conn. 830 , 835 n.12, 769 A.2d 698 (2001) (“Although the defendant also claims a violation under the state due process clause, our decision is confined to the federal constitution because the defendant has failed to provide an independent analysis of the state constitutional issue.

13
State v. Lockhartgreen
conn · 2010 · cited in 1 Connecticut opinions naming this issue, 2021–2021
2 sentences

2021See, e.g., State v. Lockhart, 298 Conn. 537 , 551–52, 4 A.3d 1176 (2010) (concluding that similarity between text of federal and state due process clauses supports ‘‘a common interpretation of the provi- sions’’ (internal quotation marks omitted)); see also footnotes 7 and 8 of this opinion.

2021See, e.g., State v. Lockhart, 298 Conn. 537 , 551–52, 4 A.3d 1176 (2010) (concluding that similarity between text of federal and state due process clauses supports ‘‘a common interpretation of the provi- sions’’ (internal quotation marks omitted)); see also footnotes 7 and 8 of this opinion.

11
State v. Medinagreen
conn · 1994 · cited in 1 Connecticut opinions naming this issue, 2013–2013
2 sentences

2013See State v. Medina, 228 Conn. 281, 300 , 636 A.2d 351 (1994) (although Golding review requested, because defendant did not clearly raise state constitutional claim before trial court, state not put on notice that it was required to defend against such claim, and, therefore, neither state nor trial court—nor court on appeal—had benefit of complete factual inquiry).

2013See State v. Medina, 228 Conn. 281, 300 , 636 A.2d 351 (1994) (although Golding review requested, because defendant did not clearly raise state constitutional claim before trial court, state not put on notice that it was required to defend against such claim, and, therefore, neither state nor trial court—nor court on appeal—had benefit of complete factual inquiry).

11
State v. Colemangreen
conn · 1997 · cited in 1 Connecticut opinions naming this issue, 2010–2010
2 sentences

2010See State v. Coleman, 242 Conn. 523, 534 , 700 A.2d 14 (1997) (“[w]e need not decide and, therefore, express no opinion regarding, the defendant’s state constitutional claim because we conclude, under our supervisory power, that, upon request by a defendant, a trial court should articulate its reasons for imposing a longer sentence after trial than was imposed previously pursuant to that defendant’s vacated guilty plea” [emphasis added]); see also State v. Faria, 254 Conn. 613, 628-29 , 758 A.2d 348 (2000) (not reaching state due process claim wherein “[t]he defendant, relying on State v. Cole

2010See State v. Coleman, 242 Conn. 523, 534 , 700 A.2d 14 (1997) (“[w]e need not decide and, therefore, express no opinion regarding, the defendant’s state constitutional claim because we conclude, under our supervisory power, that, upon request by a defendant, a trial court should articulate its reasons for imposing a longer sentence after trial than was imposed previously pursuant to that defendant’s vacated guilty plea” [emphasis added]); see also State v. Faria, 254 Conn. 613, 628-29 , 758 A.2d 348 (2000) (not reaching state due process claim wherein “[t]he defendant, relying on State v. Cole

11
State v. Fariagreen
conn · 2000 · cited in 1 Connecticut opinions naming this issue, 2010–2010
2 sentences

2010See State v. Coleman, 242 Conn. 523, 534 , 700 A.2d 14 (1997) (“[w]e need not decide and, therefore, express no opinion regarding, the defendant’s state constitutional claim because we conclude, under our supervisory power, that, upon request by a defendant, a trial court should articulate its reasons for imposing a longer sentence after trial than was imposed previously pursuant to that defendant’s vacated guilty plea” [emphasis added]); see also State v. Faria, 254 Conn. 613, 628-29 , 758 A.2d 348 (2000) (not reaching state due process claim wherein “[t]he defendant, relying on State v. Cole

2010See State v. Coleman, 242 Conn. 523, 534 , 700 A.2d 14 (1997) (“[w]e need not decide and, therefore, express no opinion regarding, the defendant’s state constitutional claim because we conclude, under our supervisory power, that, upon request by a defendant, a trial court should articulate its reasons for imposing a longer sentence after trial than was imposed previously pursuant to that defendant’s vacated guilty plea” [emphasis added]); see also State v. Faria, 254 Conn. 613, 628-29 , 758 A.2d 348 (2000) (not reaching state due process claim wherein “[t]he defendant, relying on State v. Cole

11
United States v. Joseph R. Pisanigreen
ca2 · 1986 · cited in 1 Connecticut opinions naming this issue, 2010–2010
2 sentences

2010See United States v. Pisani, supra, 76 (“[t]he joining in a single case of [the affirmed count] and the counts on which [the defendant’s] sentences were vacated was a matter of trial convenience”). 13 We note that the issue of the scope of the state due process clause in the context of sentencing is, in essence, one of first impression, because only two of the cases involving vindictiveness claims included state due process challenges under Pearce and, in both of these cases, the state due process claim was not reached.

2010See United States v. Pisani, supra, 76 (“[t]he joining in a single case of [the affirmed count] and the counts on which [the defendant’s] sentences were vacated was a matter of trial convenience”). 13 We note that the issue of the scope of the state due process clause in the context of sentencing is, in essence, one of first impression, because only two of the cases involving vindictiveness claims included state due process challenges under Pearce and, in both of these cases, the state due process claim was not reached.

11
White v. Stategreen
del · 1990 · cited in 1 Connecticut opinions naming this issue, 2010–2010
2 sentences

2010See State v. Coleman, 242 Conn. 523, 534 , 700 A.2d 14 (1997) (“[w]e need not decide and, therefore, express no opinion regarding, the defendant’s state constitutional claim because we conclude, under our supervisory power, that, upon request by a defendant, a trial court should articulate its reasons for imposing a longer sentence after trial than was imposed previously pursuant to that defendant’s vacated guilty plea” [emphasis added]); see also State v. Faria, 254 Conn. 613, 628-29 , 758 A.2d 348 (2000) (not reaching state due process claim wherein “[t]he defendant, relying on State v. Cole

2010See State v. Coleman, 242 Conn. 523, 534 , 700 A.2d 14 (1997) (“[w]e need not decide and, therefore, express no opinion regarding, the defendant’s state constitutional claim because we conclude, under our supervisory power, that, upon request by a defendant, a trial court should articulate its reasons for imposing a longer sentence after trial than was imposed previously pursuant to that defendant’s vacated guilty plea” [emphasis added]); see also State v. Faria, 254 Conn. 613, 628-29 , 758 A.2d 348 (2000) (not reaching state due process claim wherein “[t]he defendant, relying on State v. Cole

11
State v. Nevillegreen
lactapp · 1990 · cited in 1 Connecticut opinions naming this issue, 2010–2010
2 sentences

2010See State v. Coleman, 242 Conn. 523, 534 , 700 A.2d 14 (1997) (“[w]e need not decide and, therefore, express no opinion regarding, the defendant’s state constitutional claim because we conclude, under our supervisory power, that, upon request by a defendant, a trial court should articulate its reasons for imposing a longer sentence after trial than was imposed previously pursuant to that defendant’s vacated guilty plea” [emphasis added]); see also State v. Faria, 254 Conn. 613, 628-29 , 758 A.2d 348 (2000) (not reaching state due process claim wherein “[t]he defendant, relying on State v. Cole

2010See State v. Coleman, 242 Conn. 523, 534 , 700 A.2d 14 (1997) (“[w]e need not decide and, therefore, express no opinion regarding, the defendant’s state constitutional claim because we conclude, under our supervisory power, that, upon request by a defendant, a trial court should articulate its reasons for imposing a longer sentence after trial than was imposed previously pursuant to that defendant’s vacated guilty plea” [emphasis added]); see also State v. Faria, 254 Conn. 613, 628-29 , 758 A.2d 348 (2000) (not reaching state due process claim wherein “[t]he defendant, relying on State v. Cole

11
State v. Fieldsgreen
conn · 2003 · cited in 1 Connecticut opinions naming this issue, 2004–2004
2 sentences

2004See State v. Fields, 265 Conn. 184 , 190 n.8, 827 A.2d 690 (2003). 3 The victim testified: “I got informed by the police about a person that they already had.

2004See State v. Fields, 265 Conn. 184 , 190 n.8, 827 A.2d 690 (2003). 3 The victim testified: “I got informed by the police about a person that they already had.

11

Distinguished, questioned or overruled (0)

CaseNegativeCited
No negative-treatment citations attached to this issue in Connecticut. Read the followed side critically anyway.

Also cited on this issue (17)

CaseCitedYears
State v. Morales green
conn · 1995
2 sentences

2017By contrast, in testifying that the text message was not inculpatory, the defendant stated that "I might have been drinking and that's how something could have happened, but as far as I know nothing has happened, and I didn't do anything." 10 In State v. Walker , supra, 147 Conn.App. at 29 n.4, 82 A.3d 630 , this court further stated: "Although our Supreme Court in Darden remanded the case to the trial court to hold an evidentiary hearing and to apply the Asherman balancing test, such a remand was appropriate in that case because the defendant had raised a state due process claim before the tr

2017By contrast, in testifying that the text message was not inculpatory, the defendant stated that "I might have been drinking and that's how something could have happened, but as far as I know nothing has happened, and I didn't do anything." 10 In State v. Walker , supra, 147 Conn.App. at 29 n.4, 82 A.3d 630 , this court further stated: "Although our Supreme Court in Darden remanded the case to the trial court to hold an evidentiary hearing and to apply the Asherman balancing test, such a remand was appropriate in that case because the defendant had raised a state due process claim before the tr

32010–2017
State v. Stanley green
conn · 1992
2 sentences

1994Nevertheless, on the basis of my analysis in State v. Stanley, 223 Conn. 674, 696 , 613 A.2d 788 (1992) (Berdon, J., dissenting), which noted that prior to the adoption of the state constitution in 1818, the common law required that the prosecution prove the voluntariness of a confession beyond a reasonable doubt, I conclude that Colorado v. Connelly, supra, must be rejected under the state due process clause.

1994Nevertheless, on the basis of my analysis in State v. Stanley, 223 Conn. 674, 696 , 613 A.2d 788 (1992) (Berdon, J., dissenting), which noted that prior to the adoption of the state constitution in 1818, the common law required that the prosecution prove the voluntariness of a confession beyond a reasonable doubt, I conclude that Colorado v. Connelly, supra, must be rejected under the state due process clause.

21993–1994
Fasulo v. Arafeh green
conn · 1977
2 sentences

2025Nevertheless, it has been well settled since Fasulo v. Arafeh, 173 Conn. 473 , 378 A.2d 553 (1977), that the state due process clause ‘‘shares but is not limited by the content of its federal counterpart.’’ Id., 475 .

2025Nevertheless, it has been well settled since Fasulo v. Arafeh, 173 Conn. 473 , 378 A.2d 553 (1977), that the state due process clause ‘‘shares but is not limited by the content of its federal counterpart.’’ Id., 475 .

12025–2025
Gideon v. Wainwright green
scotus · 1963
2 sentences

2025As for the historical circumstances surrounding the adoption of article first, § 8, of the Connecticut constitution, the defendant correctly notes that the right to counsel has deep roots in Connecticut, predating the adoption of the state constitution in 1818, and well before Gideon v. Wainwright, 372 U.S. 335 , 83 S. Ct. 792 , 9 L.

2025As for the historical circumstances surrounding the adoption of article first, § 8, of the Connecticut constitution, the defendant correctly notes that the right to counsel has deep roots in Connecticut, predating the adoption of the state constitution in 1818, and well before Gideon v. Wainwright, 372 U.S. 335 , 83 S. Ct. 792 , 9 L.

12025–2025
State v. Geisler green
conn · 1992
1 sentence

2021Applying the factors set forth in State v. Geisler ( 222 Conn. 672 ), this court declined the defendant’s request to adopt a prophylactic rule under the state constitution requiring Connecticut trial courts to consider whether coercive interrogation tactics, such as those employed in the present case, raise questions about the voluntariness of a confession: the text of the state due process clause did not support the defendant’s claim, the defendant did not cite to any federal or Connecticut authority in support of his claim that the state due process clause requires a more stringent analysis

12021–2021
State v. Walker green
connappct · 2013
2 sentences

2017By contrast, in testifying that the text message was not inculpatory, the defendant stated that "I might have been drinking and that's how something could have happened, but as far as I know nothing has happened, and I didn't do anything." 10 In State v. Walker , supra, 147 Conn.App. at 29 n.4, 82 A.3d 630 , this court further stated: "Although our Supreme Court in Darden remanded the case to the trial court to hold an evidentiary hearing and to apply the Asherman balancing test, such a remand was appropriate in that case because the defendant had raised a state due process claim before the tr

2017By contrast, in testifying that the text message was not inculpatory, the defendant stated that "I might have been drinking and that's how something could have happened, but as far as I know nothing has happened, and I didn't do anything." 10 In State v. Walker , supra, 147 Conn.App. at 29 n.4, 82 A.3d 630 , this court further stated: "Although our Supreme Court in Darden remanded the case to the trial court to hold an evidentiary hearing and to apply the Asherman balancing test, such a remand was appropriate in that case because the defendant had raised a state due process claim before the tr

12017–2017
Arizona v. Youngblood green
scotus · 1989
2 sentences

2010He does, however, rely on the independent state due process analysis from State v. Morales, supra, 232 Conn. 707 , in support of his argument that “the state constitution offers defendants vast protections regarding the calling of witnesses — even greater than those offered by the federal constitution — to ensure that defendants may adequately defend themselves against criminal charges.” In Morales , in considering whether the state’s failure to preserve potentially useful evidence, specifically a jacket worn by a sexual assault victim that had contained semen stains from the attack, violated

2010He does, however, rely on the independent state due process analysis from State v. Morales, supra, 232 Conn. 707 , in support of his argument that “the state constitution offers defendants vast protections regarding the calling of witnesses — even greater than those offered by the federal constitution — to ensure that defendants may adequately defend themselves against criminal charges.” In Morales , in considering whether the state’s failure to preserve potentially useful evidence, specifically a jacket worn by a sexual assault victim that had contained semen stains from the attack, violated

12010–2010
Blake v. State green
gactapp · 2005
2 sentences

2010See State v. Coleman, 242 Conn. 523, 534 , 700 A.2d 14 (1997) (“[w]e need not decide and, therefore, express no opinion regarding, the defendant’s state constitutional claim because we conclude, under our supervisory power, that, upon request by a defendant, a trial court should articulate its reasons for imposing a longer sentence after trial than was imposed previously pursuant to that defendant’s vacated guilty plea” [emphasis added]); see also State v. Faria, 254 Conn. 613, 628-29 , 758 A.2d 348 (2000) (not reaching state due process claim wherein “[t]he defendant, relying on State v. Cole

2010See State v. Coleman, 242 Conn. 523, 534 , 700 A.2d 14 (1997) (“[w]e need not decide and, therefore, express no opinion regarding, the defendant’s state constitutional claim because we conclude, under our supervisory power, that, upon request by a defendant, a trial court should articulate its reasons for imposing a longer sentence after trial than was imposed previously pursuant to that defendant’s vacated guilty plea” [emphasis added]); see also State v. Faria, 254 Conn. 613, 628-29 , 758 A.2d 348 (2000) (not reaching state due process claim wherein “[t]he defendant, relying on State v. Cole

12010–2010
United States v. Bagley green
scotus · 1985
2 sentences

2006United States v. Bagley, 473 U.S. 667, 681-82 , 105 S. Ct. 3375 , 87 L.

2006United States v. Bagley, 473 U.S. 667, 681-82 , 105 S. Ct. 3375 , 87 L.

12006–2006
State v. Baldwin green
conn · 1993
2 sentences

2006In State v. Baldwin., 224 Conn. 347, 365 , 618 A.2d 513 (1993), a case involving the destruction of evidence, decided before the Morales court’s rejection of the Youngblood bad faith litmus test in a state due process analysis, this court stated that, in the absence of bad faith, “we apply a balancing test and first evaluate whether the missing evidence was material; that is, would the outcome of the trial have been different if the evidence had been made available?

2006In State v. Baldwin., 224 Conn. 347, 365 , 618 A.2d 513 (1993), a case involving the destruction of evidence, decided before the Morales court’s rejection of the Youngblood bad faith litmus test in a state due process analysis, this court stated that, in the absence of bad faith, “we apply a balancing test and first evaluate whether the missing evidence was material; that is, would the outcome of the trial have been different if the evidence had been made available?

12006–2006
State v. DeJesus green
conn · 2002
2 sentences

2005“Although the defendant also claims a violation under the state due process clause, our decision is confined to the federal constitution because the defendant has failed to provide an independent analysis of the state constitutional issue.” (Internal quotation marks omitted.) State v. Ceballos, 266 Conn. 364 , 367 n.4, 832 A.2d 14 (2003). 6 “Under Golding , a defendant can prevail on an unpreserved claim of constitutional error only if the following conditions are satisfied: (1) the record is adequate to review the alleged claim of error; (2) the claim is of constitutional magnitude alleging t

2005“Although the defendant also claims a violation under the state due process clause, our decision is confined to the federal constitution because the defendant has failed to provide an independent analysis of the state constitutional issue.” (Internal quotation marks omitted.) State v. Ceballos, 266 Conn. 364 , 367 n.4, 832 A.2d 14 (2003). 6 “Under Golding , a defendant can prevail on an unpreserved claim of constitutional error only if the following conditions are satisfied: (1) the record is adequate to review the alleged claim of error; (2) the claim is of constitutional magnitude alleging t

12005–2005
State v. Ceballos green
conn · 2003
2 sentences

2005“Although the defendant also claims a violation under the state due process clause, our decision is confined to the federal constitution because the defendant has failed to provide an independent analysis of the state constitutional issue.” (Internal quotation marks omitted.) State v. Ceballos, 266 Conn. 364 , 367 n.4, 832 A.2d 14 (2003). 6 “Under Golding , a defendant can prevail on an unpreserved claim of constitutional error only if the following conditions are satisfied: (1) the record is adequate to review the alleged claim of error; (2) the claim is of constitutional magnitude alleging t

2005“Although the defendant also claims a violation under the state due process clause, our decision is confined to the federal constitution because the defendant has failed to provide an independent analysis of the state constitutional issue.” (Internal quotation marks omitted.) State v. Ceballos, 266 Conn. 364 , 367 n.4, 832 A.2d 14 (2003). 6 “Under Golding , a defendant can prevail on an unpreserved claim of constitutional error only if the following conditions are satisfied: (1) the record is adequate to review the alleged claim of error; (2) the claim is of constitutional magnitude alleging t

12005–2005
State v. Coney green
conn · 2003
2 sentences

2004I, § 8; were violated by the trial court’s instructions. “ ‘Although the defendant also claims a violation under the state due process clause, our decision is confined to the federal constitution because the defendant has failed to provide an independent analysis of the state constitutional issue.’ ”State v. Coney, 266 Conn. 787 , 790-91 n.4, 835 A.2d 977 (2003).

2004I, § 8; were violated by the trial court’s instructions. “ ‘Although the defendant also claims a violation under the state due process clause, our decision is confined to the federal constitution because the defendant has failed to provide an independent analysis of the state constitutional issue.’ ”State v. Coney, 266 Conn. 787 , 790-91 n.4, 835 A.2d 977 (2003).

12004–2004
State v. Payne green
conn · 2002
2 sentences

2003Accordingly, we need not reach the defendant’s alternate request that we exercise our supervisory powers to reverse his conviction “to redress repeated and deliberate misconduct by a prosecutor seeking to increase the likelihood of conviction even though that conduct does not necessarily require reversal as a due process violation.” State v. Payne, 260 Conn. 446, 451-52 , 797 A.2d 1088 (2002).

2003Accordingly, we need not reach the defendant’s alternate request that we exercise our supervisory powers to reverse his conviction “to redress repeated and deliberate misconduct by a prosecutor seeking to increase the likelihood of conviction even though that conduct does not necessarily require reversal as a due process violation.” State v. Payne, 260 Conn. 446, 451-52 , 797 A.2d 1088 (2002).

12003–2003
State v. Prioleau green
conn · 1995
2 sentences

2001In his brief to this court, the defendant claims, for the first time, that the state due process clause offers more extensive protection than the federal due process clause and that the Whelan rule, which deals with the admissibility of hearsay evidence, runs afoul of the fundamental fairness guarantee of the state due process clause when its application allows the admission into evidence of statements given to the police when no one was present to represent the interests of the defendant. “[Rjeview of evidentiary rulings made by the trial court is limited to the specific legal ground raised i

2001In his brief to this court, the defendant claims, for the first time, that the state due process clause offers more extensive protection than the federal due process clause and that the Whelan rule, which deals with the admissibility of hearsay evidence, runs afoul of the fundamental fairness guarantee of the state due process clause when its application allows the admission into evidence of statements given to the police when no one was present to represent the interests of the defendant. “[Rjeview of evidentiary rulings made by the trial court is limited to the specific legal ground raised i

12001–2001
Kelley Property Development, Inc. v. Town of Lebanon green
conn · 1993
2 sentences

1997RPTR. 425 (July 24, 1996) (Booth, J.) (the court granted a motion to strike the state due process claim adopting the reasoning set forth in Kelley Property Development, Inc. v. Lebanon, supra, 226 Conn. 314 ); Thomas v. City of West Haven, Superior Court, judicial district of New Haven at New Haven, Docket No. 284555 (August 24, 1995) (Gordon, J.) (the court found that the plaintiffs did not have a "clear entitlement to the property interest sought).

1997RPTR. 425 (July 24, 1996) (Booth, J.) (the court granted a motion to strike the state due process claim adopting the reasoning set forth in Kelley Property Development, Inc. v. Lebanon, supra, 226 Conn. 314 ); Thomas v. City of West Haven, Superior Court, judicial district of New Haven at New Haven, Docket No. 284555 (August 24, 1995) (Gordon, J.) (the court found that the plaintiffs did not have a "clear entitlement to the property interest sought).

11997–1997
State v. Linares green
conn · 1995
2 sentences

1997“Although we often look to United States Supreme Court precedent when construing related provisions in our state constitution, we may determine that the protections afforded to the citizens of this state by our constitution go beyond those provided by the federal constitution, as that document has been interpreted by the United States Supreme Court.” (Interned quotation marks omitted.) State v. Linares, 232 Conn. 345, 378-79 , 655 A.2d 737 (1995).

1997“Although we often look to United States Supreme Court precedent when construing related provisions in our state constitution, we may determine that the protections afforded to the citizens of this state by our constitution go beyond those provided by the federal constitution, as that document has been interpreted by the United States Supreme Court.” (Interned quotation marks omitted.) State v. Linares, 232 Conn. 345, 378-79 , 655 A.2d 737 (1995).

11997–1997

Statutes the citing opinions construe

CT § Conn. Gen. Stat. § 51-199 (11) CT § Conn. Gen. Stat. § 53-21 (6) CT § Conn. Gen. Stat. § 53a-54a (6) CT § Conn. Gen. Stat. § 53a-70 (6) CT § Conn. Gen. Stat. § 54-86e (5) CT § Conn. Gen. Stat. § 53a-65 (4) CT § Conn. Gen. Stat. § 21a-277 (3) CT § Conn. Gen. Stat. § 53a-134 (3) CT § Conn. Gen. Stat. § 53a-48 (3) CT § Conn. Gen. Stat. § 53a-54c (3) CT § Conn. Gen. Stat. § 53a-55 (3)

Counted by distinct opinions that both name this issue and are annotated to the section; sections every opinion cites regardless of issue are not filtered here, so read the counts against the total above.

Where else courts name it

WA 27 (1979–2024) CA 22 (1982–2026) CT 19 (1993–2025) IA 18 (1987–2026) IL 16 (1985–2022) NY 13 (1978–2015) UT 7 (1996–2020) FL 4 (1984–2019) AZ 4 (1981–2003) PA 4 (2011–2026) TX 3 (1992–2002) HI 3 (2010–2020) CO 3 (1989–2026) AK 3 (1981–1997) NH 2 (1987–1992) ME 2 (2020–2021)

Opinions by the citing court's state. A doctrine retained in one state and abandoned in another shows up here as a year span that stalls.

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