Father motion (Ohio) · Go Syfert
← Ohio issues

Father motion in Ohio

110 Ohio opinions name it 3 courts 1905–2026 46 in the last five years

The cases below were cited by Ohio courts in a sentence that names this issue. Sides come from how each citing opinion treated the case (Syfertize flag on that citation), so a case can appear on both: that is where the law is contested. A red or yellow chip is the case's own overall treatment.

Followed or applied (37)

CaseFollowedCited
Blakemore v. Blakemoregreen
ohio · 1983 · cited in 6 Ohio opinions naming this issue, 2003–2026
2 sentences

2026“An abuse of discretion implies a decision that is unreasonable, arbitrary, or unconscionable.” Blakemore v. Blakemore, 5 Ohio St.3d 217, 219 (1983). {¶50} Father contends that after the magistrate found Mother in contempt for failing to permit the children to attend Father’s visit in August of 2024, the magistrate failed to issue an appropriate contempt sanction, and that the trial court abused its discretion in overruling Father’s objection to the contempt sanction.

2025It is not enough that the reviewing court, were it deciding the issue de novo, would not have found that reasoning process to be persuasive, perhaps in view of countervailing reasoning processes that would support a contrary result.’ ” Id., quoting Musgrove at ¶ 8 , citing AAAA Ents., Inc. v. River Place Community Redevelopment, 50 Ohio St.3d 157, 161 (1990). {¶ 12} With the foregoing standards in mind, we see no abuse of discretion in the trial court’s overruling of Father’s motion for legal custody of Z.L.A.

26
Braatz v. Braatzgreen
ohio · 1999 · cited in 2 Ohio opinions naming this issue, 2016–2022
2 sentences

2022Braatz v. Braatz, 85 Ohio St.3d 40, 44 , 706 N.E.2d 1218 (1999) (“‘Visitation’ and ‘custody’ are related but distinct legal concepts.”), quoting In re Gibson, R.C. 2151.011(B)(21) defines “legal custody” as follows: “Legal custody” means a legal status that vests in the custodian the right to have physical care and control of the child and to determine where and with whom the child shall live, and the right and duty to protect, train, and discipline the child and to provide the child with food, shelter, education, and medical care, all subject to any residual parental rights, privileges, and r

2022Braatz v. Braatz, 85 Ohio St.3d 40, 44 , 706 N.E.2d 1218 (1999) (“‘Visitation’ and ‘custody’ are related but distinct legal concepts.”), quoting In re Gibson, R.C. 2151.011(B)(21) defines “legal custody” as follows: “Legal custody” means a legal status that vests in the custodian the right to have physical care and control of the child and to determine where and with whom the child shall live, and the right and duty to protect, train, and discipline the child and to provide the child with food, shelter, education, and medical care, all subject to any residual parental rights, privileges, and r

12
Miller v. Millergreen
ohio · 1988 · cited in 2 Ohio opinions naming this issue, 2017–2018
2 sentences

2018Franklin No. 10AP-610, 2011-Ohio-2414 , ¶ 7, citing Miller v. Miller, 37 Ohio St.3d 71, 74 , 523 N.E.2d 846 (1988). {¶21} Here, the juvenile court granted Father’s objection to the administrative order, denied his motion for child support, and granted Mother’s motion for past care.

2018Franklin No. 10AP-610, 2011-Ohio-2414 , ¶ 7, citing Miller v. Miller, 37 Ohio St.3d 71, 74 , 523 N.E.2d 846 (1988). {¶21} Here, the juvenile court granted Father’s objection to the administrative order, denied his motion for child support, and granted Mother’s motion for past care.

12
Brodbeck v. Brodbeckgreen
ohioctapp · 2025 · cited in 1 Ohio opinions naming this issue, 2026–2026
1 sentence

2026"A claim for ineffective assistance of counsel is not a proper ground on which to reverse the judgment of a lower court in a civil case that does not result in incarceration in its application when the attorney was employed by a civil litigant." Brodbeck v. Brodbeck, 2025-Ohio-980, ¶ 23 (5th Dist.), citing Phillis v. Phillis, 2005-Ohio-6200 (5th Dist.).

11
In re T.R.green
ohioctapp · 2024 · cited in 1 Ohio opinions naming this issue, 2026–2026
1 sentence

2026See, e.g., In re A.M., 2025-Ohio-5029, ¶ 22 (9th Dist.); In re T.R., 2024-Ohio-3092, ¶ 24 (9th Dist.); In re J.W., 2019-Ohio-210, ¶ 15 (9th Dist.). {¶34} Moreover, the record does not support Father’s claim that he had made progress working toward reunification with the children.

11
In re Adoption of Gibsongreen
ohio · 1986 · cited in 1 Ohio opinions naming this issue, 2026–2026
1 sentence

2026In re Adoption of Gibson, 23 Ohio St.3d 170, 172 (1986); Davis v. Wilkerson, 29 Ohio App.3d 100, 101 (9th Dist. 1986).

11
Seasons Coal Co. v. City of Clevelandgreen
ohio · 1984 · cited in 1 Ohio opinions naming this issue, 2026–2026
1 sentence

2026“The underlying rationale of giving deference to the findings of the trial court rests with the knowledge that the trial judge is best able to view the witnesses and observe their demeanor, gestures and voice inflections, and use these observations in weighing the credibility of the proffered testimony.” Seasons Coal Co., Inc. v. Cleveland, 10 Ohio St.3d 77, 80 (1984). “‘If the evidence is susceptible of more than one construction, the reviewing court is bound to give it that interpretation which is consistent with the verdict and judgment, most favorable to sustaining the verdict and judgment

11
In re J.W.green
ohioctapp · 2019 · cited in 1 Ohio opinions naming this issue, 2026–2026
1 sentence

2026See, e.g., In re A.M., 2025-Ohio-5029, ¶ 22 (9th Dist.); In re T.R., 2024-Ohio-3092, ¶ 24 (9th Dist.); In re J.W., 2019-Ohio-210, ¶ 15 (9th Dist.). {¶34} Moreover, the record does not support Father’s claim that he had made progress working toward reunification with the children.

11
In re A.M.green
ohioctapp · 2025 · cited in 1 Ohio opinions naming this issue, 2026–2026
1 sentence

2026See, e.g., In re A.M., 2025-Ohio-5029, ¶ 22 (9th Dist.); In re T.R., 2024-Ohio-3092, ¶ 24 (9th Dist.); In re J.W., 2019-Ohio-210, ¶ 15 (9th Dist.). {¶34} Moreover, the record does not support Father’s claim that he had made progress working toward reunification with the children.

11
Farmer v. PNC Bank, N.A.green
ohioctapp · 2017 · cited in 1 Ohio opinions naming this issue, 2026–2026
1 sentence

2026We conclude that Father’s conduct fell “substantially below what is reasonable under the circumstances [and] evidences a complete disregard for the judicial system [and] the rights of the opposing party.” Farmer v. PNC Bank, N.A., 2017-Ohio-4203, ¶ 29 (2d Dist.).

11
ITS Fin., L.L.C. v. Gebregreen
ohioctapp · 2014 · cited in 1 Ohio opinions naming this issue, 2026–2026
1 sentence

2026ITS Fin., LLC v. Gebre, 2014-Ohio-2205, ¶ 37 (2nd Dist.). {¶51} We find no abuse of discretion in the trial court’s overruling of Father’s objection regarding the contempt sanction.

11
Davis v. Wilkersongreen
ohioctapp · 1986 · cited in 1 Ohio opinions naming this issue, 2026–2026
1 sentence

2026In re Adoption of Gibson, 23 Ohio St.3d 170, 172 (1986); Davis v. Wilkerson, 29 Ohio App.3d 100, 101 (9th Dist. 1986).

11
Miller v. Millergreen
ohioctapp · 2021 · cited in 1 Ohio opinions naming this issue, 2025–2025
11
In re A.A.green
ohioctapp · 2017 · cited in 1 Ohio opinions naming this issue, 2025–2025
1 sentence

2025Indeed, a “juvenile court is not required to prolong the custody proceedings for a parent to begin to cooperate in the case planning process.” In re May.R., 2019-Ohio-3601, ¶ 30 (6th Dist.), citing In re A.A., 2017-Ohio-8705, ¶ 37 (6th Dist.). {¶ 65} Here, as already discussed, Father refused treatment for his mental health conditions as required by his case plan.

11
Hock v. Solesgreen
ohioctapp · 2022 · cited in 1 Ohio opinions naming this issue, 2025–2025
11
In re M.S.green
ohioctapp · 2023 · cited in 1 Ohio opinions naming this issue, 2025–2025
1 sentence

2025As the agency must support its motion for permanent custody by the higher clear and convincing evidentiary standard, it is well settled that “if permanent custody is in the best interest of the child, legal custody to a relative necessarily is not.” In re M.S., 2023-Ohio-1558, ¶ 26 (9th Dist.), citing In re D.T., 2021-Ohio-1650, ¶ 15 (9th Dist.). 11 {¶33} Based on the above discussion, this Court concludes that the juvenile court did not err by granting CSB’s motion for permanent custody and terminating the Mother’s and Father’s parental rights.

11
In re O.V.green
ohioctapp · 2024 · cited in 1 Ohio opinions naming this issue, 2025–2025
1 sentence

2025See, e.g., In re P.O., 2024-Ohio-4472, ¶ 32-33 (9th Dist.); In re T.M., 2024-Ohio-2479, ¶ 27-32 (9th Dist.); and In re O.V., 2024-Ohio-2620, ¶ 36-39 (9th Dist.). {¶26} In its judgment entry ruling on Father’s objection to the magistrate’s decision, the juvenile court orders only that it “overrules said objection.” The judgment does not reiterate any prior orders relevant to the children’s custodial dispositions or the parents’ residual rights and responsibilities.

11
In re T.M.green
ohioctapp · 2024 · cited in 1 Ohio opinions naming this issue, 2025–2025
11
Bruns v. Green (Slip Opinion)green
ohio · 2020 · cited in 1 Ohio opinions naming this issue, 2025–2025
11
In re D.T.green
ohioctapp · 2021 · cited in 1 Ohio opinions naming this issue, 2025–2025
11
In re P.O.green
ohioctapp · 2024 · cited in 1 Ohio opinions naming this issue, 2025–2025
1 sentence

2025See, e.g., In re P.O., 2024-Ohio-4472, ¶ 32-33 (9th Dist.); In re T.M., 2024-Ohio-2479, ¶ 27-32 (9th Dist.); and In re O.V., 2024-Ohio-2620, ¶ 36-39 (9th Dist.). {¶26} In its judgment entry ruling on Father’s objection to the magistrate’s decision, the juvenile court orders only that it “overrules said objection.” The judgment does not reiterate any prior orders relevant to the children’s custodial dispositions or the parents’ residual rights and responsibilities.

11
AAAA Enterprises, Inc. v. River Place Community Urban Redevelopment Corp.green
ohio · 1990 · cited in 1 Ohio opinions naming this issue, 2025–2025
1 sentence

2025It is not enough that the reviewing court, were it deciding the issue de novo, would not have found that reasoning process to be persuasive, perhaps in view of countervailing reasoning processes that would support a contrary result.’ ” Id., quoting Musgrove at ¶ 8 , citing AAAA Ents., Inc. v. River Place Community Redevelopment, 50 Ohio St.3d 157, 161 (1990). {¶ 12} With the foregoing standards in mind, we see no abuse of discretion in the trial court’s overruling of Father’s motion for legal custody of Z.L.A.

11
In re M.R.green
ohioctapp · 2019 · cited in 1 Ohio opinions naming this issue, 2025–2025
1 sentence

2025Indeed, a “juvenile court is not required to prolong the custody proceedings for a parent to begin to cooperate in the case planning process.” In re May.R., 2019-Ohio-3601, ¶ 30 (6th Dist.), citing In re A.A., 2017-Ohio-8705, ¶ 37 (6th Dist.). {¶ 65} Here, as already discussed, Father refused treatment for his mental health conditions as required by his case plan.

11
In re N.B.green
ohioctapp · 2015 · cited in 1 Ohio opinions naming this issue, 2025–2025
1 sentence

2025In re N.B., 2015-Ohio-314, ¶ 59 (8th Dist.).

11
In re E.C.green
ohioctapp · 2016 · cited in 1 Ohio opinions naming this issue, 2024–2024
11
In re K.A.V.green
ohioctapp · 2014 · cited in 1 Ohio opinions naming this issue, 2024–2024
11
Jones v. Murphygreen
ohio · 1984 · cited in 1 Ohio opinions naming this issue, 2023–2023
11
Huffman v. Hair Surgeon, Inc.green
ohio · 1985 · cited in 1 Ohio opinions naming this issue, 2023–2023
11
In re Hayesred
ohio · 1997 · cited in 1 Ohio opinions naming this issue, 2022–2022
11
Zittkowski v. Zittkowskigreen
ohioctapp · 1990 · cited in 1 Ohio opinions naming this issue, 2022–2022
11
Caruso-Ciresi, Inc. v. Lohmangreen
ohio · 1983 · cited in 1 Ohio opinions naming this issue, 2021–2021
11
Kokoski v. Kokoskigreen
ohioctapp · 2013 · cited in 1 Ohio opinions naming this issue, 2021–2021
11
Baines v. Harwoodgreen
ohioctapp · 1993 · cited in 1 Ohio opinions naming this issue, 2019–2019
11
Kenney v. Carrollgreen
ohioctapp · 2017 · cited in 1 Ohio opinions naming this issue, 2019–2019
11
Batcher v. Piercegreen
ohioctapp · 2013 · cited in 1 Ohio opinions naming this issue, 2019–2019
11
In re K.R.green
ohioctapp · 2017 · cited in 1 Ohio opinions naming this issue, 2018–2018
11
Ockunzzi v. Ockunzzi, Unpublished Decision (11-2-2006)green
ohioctapp · 2006 · cited in 1 Ohio opinions naming this issue, 2018–2018
11

Distinguished, questioned or overruled (0)

CaseNegativeCited
No negative-treatment citations attached to this issue in Ohio. Read the followed side critically anyway.

Also cited on this issue (43)

CaseCitedYears
In Matter of Calhoun, 2008 Ca 00118 (10-20-2008) green
ohioctapp · 2008
2 sentences

2023Stark No. 2008CA00118, 2008-Ohio-5458 . {¶49} Because Father has not challenged the twelve of twenty-two-month finding, we would not need to address the merits of Father’s claim with regards to the trial court’s determination that the children could not or should not be placed with Father within a reasonable time.

2021Stark No. 2008CA00118, 2008-Ohio-5458 . {¶70} Because Father has not challenged the twelve of twenty-two-month finding, we would not need to address the merits of Father’s claim with regards to the trial court’s determination that O.S. could not or should not be placed with Father within a reasonable time.

32021–2023
Davis v. Flickinger green
ohio · 1997
2 sentences

2025“Therefore, an award of legal custody will not be reversed on appeal absent an abuse of discretion.” Id. (emphasis added). 26. {¶ 72} For these reasons, we find that our review of the trial court’s granting of Father’s motion for legal custody is for an abuse of the trial court’s discretion and not, as Mother suggests, whether that decision is against the manifest weight of the evidence.

2021To constitute a change of circumstances under Section 3109.04(E)(1)(a), the “change must be a change of substance, not a slight or inconsequential change.” Id. at 418 . {¶7} As previously noted, the hearing on Father’s motion was before a magistrate.

22021–2025
Goldfuss v. Davidson green
ohio · 1997
2 sentences

2023Plain error is not favored and is only applicable in rare cases where the error “seriously affects the basic fairness, integrity, or public reputation of the judicial process, thereby challenging the legitimacy of the underlying judicial process itself.” Id. at syllabus. {¶11} Father’s motion to modify custody was governed by R.C. 3109.04(E)(1)(a), which provides in relevant part that the trial court shall not modify a prior custody determination unless it finds based on facts that have arisen since the prior decree or that were unknown to the court at the time of the prior decree, that a chan

2019Plain error is only found in "exceptional circumstances where error, to which no objection was made at the trial court, seriously affects the basic fairness, integrity, or public reputation of the judicial process, thereby challenging the legitimacy of the underlying judicial process itself." Goldfuss v. Davidson, 79 Ohio St.3d 116 (1997), syllabus. {¶ 15} With respect to the denial of Father's motion to be transported to the hearing from prison, parents have a fundamental liberty interest in the care, custody and management of their children.

22019–2023
Santosky v. Kramer green
scotus · 1982
2 sentences

2021Santosky v. Kramer, 455 U.S. 745, 753-754 , 102 S.Ct. 1388 , 71 L.Ed.2d 599 , 102 S.Ct. 1388 (1982).

2021Santosky v. Kramer, 455 U.S. 745, 753-754 , 102 S.Ct. 1388 , 71 L.Ed.2d 599 , 102 S.Ct. 1388 (1982).

22019–2021
Anders v. California green
scotus · 1967
2 sentences

2019To protect the children’s privacy, we will use initials for the children’s names and will refer to the parents as “Mother” and “Father.” {¶ 2} Father raises the following assignments of error: (1) the trial court abused its discretion by denying Father’s motion for a continuance the day of the permanent custody hearing; (2) trial counsel rendered ineffective assistance of counsel; and (3) the trial court erred in granting permanent custody of A.C. and N.C. to Appellee, Montgomery County Department of Job and Family Services – Child Services Division (“MCCS”). {¶ 3} Mother’s counsel filed a bri

2019To protect the children’s privacy, we will use initials for the children’s names and will refer to the parents as “Mother” and “Father.” {¶ 2} Father raises the following assignments of error: (1) the trial court abused its discretion by denying Father’s motion for a continuance the day of the permanent custody hearing; (2) trial counsel rendered ineffective assistance of counsel; and (3) the trial court erred in granting permanent custody of A.C. and N.C. to Appellee, Montgomery County Department of Job and Family Services – Child Services Division (“MCCS”). {¶ 3} Mother’s counsel filed a bri

22017–2019
State v. Unger green
ohio · 1981
2 sentences

2019On appeal, Synuria raises the following assignments of error: {¶10} “[1.] The trial court committed reversible error in denying Father’s motion for continuance.” 3 {¶11} “[2.] The trial court committed reversible error and plain error in failing to appoint counsel for M.A.S.” {¶12} In the first assignment of error, Synuria challenges the denial of the motion for a continuance of the permanent custody hearing. {¶13} Juvenile Rule 23 provides: “Continuances shall be granted only when imperative to secure fair treatment for the parties.” {¶14} “In evaluating a motion for a continuance, a court sh

2019On appeal, Synuria raises the following assignments of error: {¶10} “[1.] The trial court committed reversible error in denying Father’s motion for continuance.” 3 {¶11} “[2.] The trial court committed reversible error and plain error in failing to appoint counsel for M.A.S.” {¶12} In the first assignment of error, Synuria challenges the denial of the motion for a continuance of the permanent custody hearing. {¶13} Juvenile Rule 23 provides: “Continuances shall be granted only when imperative to secure fair treatment for the parties.” {¶14} “In evaluating a motion for a continuance, a court sh

22013–2019
Phillis v. Phillis green
ohioctapp · 2005
1 sentence

2026"A claim for ineffective assistance of counsel is not a proper ground on which to reverse the judgment of a lower court in a civil case that does not result in incarceration in its application when the attorney was employed by a civil litigant." Brodbeck v. Brodbeck, 2025-Ohio-980, ¶ 23 (5th Dist.), citing Phillis v. Phillis, 2005-Ohio-6200 (5th Dist.).

12026–2026
Quonset Hut, Inc. v. Ford Motor Co. green
ohio · 1997
1 sentence

2026Instead of granting the dismissal at that time, the trial court granted Mother’s 15 alternative motion and ordered Father to produce discovery. “[A party] has notice of an impending dismissal with prejudice for failure to comply with a discovery order when [that party’s] counsel has been informed that dismissal is a possibility and has had a reasonable opportunity to defend against dismissal.” Quonset Hut, Inc. v. Ford Motor Co., 80 Ohio St.3d 46 (1997), syllabus.

12026–2026
Bank of Am., N.A. v. Kuchta (Slip Opinion) green
ohio · 2014
1 sentence

2026A Civ.R. 60(B) Motion Is Not a Substitute for a Direct Appeal {¶ 19} Father's motion fails on a threshold procedural ground: res judicata bars him from using Civ.R. 60(B) to litigate, for the first time, the argument that the magistrate failed to consider the factors in R.C. 2151.361(B). {¶ 20} The Ohio Supreme Court has held that "a Civ.R. 60(B) motion cannot be used as a substitute for an appeal and . . . the doctrine of res judicata applies to such a motion." Bank of Am., N.A. v. Kuchta, 2014-Ohio-4275 , ¶ 16.

12026–2026
In re R.O. green
ohioctapp · 2025
1 sentence

2025Id.

12025–2025
In re B.M. green
ohioctapp · 2023
12025–2025
Boyden v. Boyden green
ohioctapp · 2025
12025–2025
State v. Wintermeyer (Slip Opinion) green
ohio · 2019
1 sentence

2025As a foundational principle of appeals, “a party ordinarily may not present an argument on appeal that it failed to raise below.” State v. Wintermeyer, 2019-Ohio-5156, ¶ 10 .

12025–2025
State ex rel. Mobley v. Tyack neutral
ohio · 2023
12024–2024
Cook v. Wilson green
ohioctapp · 2006
12024–2024
In re E.H. green
ohioctapp · 2016
12024–2024
Meilen v. Meilen green
ohioctapp · 2013
12024–2024
In re Ca.S. green
ohioctapp · 2021
12023–2023
In re Adoption of Y.E.F. (Slip Opinion) green
ohio · 2020
12023–2023
Divincenzo v. Divincenzo green
ohioctapp · 2022
12023–2023
State v. Pickens neutral
ohioctapp · 2021
12022–2022
Mullane v. Central Hanover Bank & Trust Co. green
scotus · 1950
12022–2022
Smith v. Smith neutral
ohioctapp · 2018
12022–2022
In re James green
ohio · 2007
12022–2022
Oyedare v. Oyedare green
ohioctapp · 2019
12022–2022
Roberts v. Roberts green
ohioctapp · 2013
12022–2022
In Re J.J., Unpublished Decision (2-8-2007) green
ohioctapp · 2007
12022–2022
Salloum v. Falkowski (Slip Opinion) green
ohio · 2017
12021–2021
Pitts v. Ohio Department of Transportation green
ohio · 1981
12021–2021
In re M.B. neutral
ohioctapp · 2019
12020–2020
Waxman v. Link neutral
ohioctapp · 2020
12020–2020
In Re the Adoption of S.B.D., Unpublished Decision (9-29-2006) green
ohioctapp · 2006
12020–2020
In Matter of T.M., Ca2007-01-019 (11-13-2007) neutral
ohioctapp · 2007
12020–2020
Sherlock v. Myers, Unpublished Decision (9-29-2004) green
ohioctapp · 2004
12019–2019
State Ex Rel. Buck v. McCabe green
· 1942
12019–2019
Williams v. Williams green
ohio · 2000
12019–2019
Ungar v. Sarafite green
scotus · 1964
12018–2018
Hudson v. Cooper neutral
ohioctapp · 2016
12018–2018
In re I.L.J. neutral
ohioctapp · 2016
12018–2018
In re Adoption of M.G.B.-E. neutral
ohioctapp · 2016
12018–2018

Statutes the citing opinions construe

OH § Ohio Rev. Code § 3109.04 (36) OH § Ohio Rev. Code § 2151.414 (25) OH § Ohio Rev. Code § 3109.051 (11) OH § Ohio Rev. Code § 2151.353 (9) OH § Ohio Rev. Code § 3119.05 (7) OH § Ohio Rev. Code § 3119.23 (7) OH § Ohio Rev. Code § 3119.79 (7) OH § Ohio Rev. Code § 2151.011 (6) OH § Ohio Rev. Code § 2151.413 (6) OH § Ohio Rev. Code § 2151.415 (6) OH § Ohio Rev. Code § 2151.04 (5) OH § Ohio Rev. Code § 2151.352 (5)

Counted by distinct opinions that both name this issue and are annotated to the section; sections every opinion cites regardless of issue are not filtered here, so read the counts against the total above.

Where else courts name it

PA 387 (1868–2026) CA 149 (1924–2026) IN 141 (1925–2026) TX 123 (1972–2026) MO 122 (1919–2025) OH 110 (1905–2026) AZ 86 (2011–2026) NY 64 (1924–2026) TN 52 (1980–2026) UT 46 (1987–2026) OK 39 (1985–2026) IA 34 (2009–2026) NM 30 (1993–2024) WY 28 (2000–2025) AL 24 (1966–2025) VA 21 (1985–2025) SC 21 (1936–2025) NC 18 (2002–2025) FL 18 (1957–2025) GA 18 (1911–2025) WV 17 (1895–2026) MA 16 (1947–2026) HI 13 (1970–2026) IL 13 (1956–2026) ME 12 (1830–2022) KS 11 (1995–2025) MD 10 (2006–2025) KY 10 (2011–2026) DE 7 (2015–2024) MT 7 (2017–2025) CO 7 (2011–2025) ID 6 (1961–2022) VT 6 (1911–2024) OR 6 (1971–2017) WA 6 (1984–2023) LA 6 (1981–2022) MS 5 (1994–2009) MI 5 (1988–2015) SD 4 (1993–2024) MN 4 (1915–2003) CT 3 (2009–2021) NE 2 (1985–2020) DC 2 (1990–2013) NH 2 (1989–2021) WI 2 (1939–1992)

Opinions by the citing court's state. A doctrine retained in one state and abandoned in another shows up here as a year span that stalls.

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