Sandstrom error in Connecticut

13 Connecticut opinions name it 2 courts 1980–1996 0 in the last five years

The cases below were cited by Connecticut courts in a sentence that names this issue. Sides come from how each citing opinion treated the case (Syfertize flag on that citation), so a case can appear on both: that is where the law is contested. A red or yellow chip is the case's own overall treatment.

Followed or applied (8)

Case	Followed	Cited
State v. Cerilligreen conn · 1992 · cited in 2 Connecticut opinions naming this issue, 1993–1996 2 sentences 1996You don’t have to waste [any time] on that if you find it occurred at Gamer — Garner is a correctional institution.” “In analyzing the defendant’s claim, we assume, without deciding, that the challenged instruction constituted a Sandstrom violation. [See Sandstrom v. Montana, supra, 442 U.S. 520 -24.] This assumption, however, does not end the inquiry because such an error is harmless if the reviewing court may confidently say, on the whole record, that the constitutional error was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt.” (Internal quotation marks omitted.) State v. Tucker, 226 Conn. 618, 624 , 62 1996You don’t have to waste [any time] on that if you find it occurred at Gamer — Garner is a correctional institution.” “In analyzing the defendant’s claim, we assume, without deciding, that the challenged instruction constituted a Sandstrom violation. [See Sandstrom v. Montana, supra, 442 U.S. 520 -24.] This assumption, however, does not end the inquiry because such an error is harmless if the reviewing court may confidently say, on the whole record, that the constitutional error was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt.” (Internal quotation marks omitted.) State v. Tucker, 226 Conn. 618, 624 , 62	1	2
In the Matter of the Petition of Edwin Grant Hamiltongreen ca9 · 1983 · cited in 1 Connecticut opinions naming this issue, 1987–1987 1 sentence 1987“Compare, e.g., Tucker v. Kemp, 762 F.2d 1496, 1501-1503 (CA11 1985) (en banc) (applying Chapman harmless-error analysis), cert. pending, No. 85-6447, with In re Hamilton, 721 F.2d 1189, 1190-1191 (CA9 1983) (holding that Sandstrom error would be harmless only if intent was not contested at trial).” Rose v. Clark, 478 U.S. 570 , 572 n.l, 106 S. Ct. 3101 , 92 L.	1	1
Richard Tucker v. Ralph Kemp, Warden, Georgia Diagnostic and Classification Center, Respondentgreen ca11 · 1985 · cited in 1 Connecticut opinions naming this issue, 1987–1987 1 sentence 1987“Compare, e.g., Tucker v. Kemp, 762 F.2d 1496, 1501-1503 (CA11 1985) (en banc) (applying Chapman harmless-error analysis), cert. pending, No. 85-6447, with In re Hamilton, 721 F.2d 1189, 1190-1191 (CA9 1983) (holding that Sandstrom error would be harmless only if intent was not contested at trial).” Rose v. Clark, 478 U.S. 570 , 572 n.l, 106 S. Ct. 3101 , 92 L.	1	1
State v. Harrisongreen conn · 1979 · cited in 1 Connecticut opinions naming this issue, 1983–1983 2 sentences 1983Compare State v. Harrison, 178 Conn. 689, 695-99 , 425 A.2d 111 (1979) (invalidating instruction under Sandstrom rule) with State v. Pina, 186 Conn. 261, 264 , 440 A.2d 967 (1982) (validating instruction challenged under Sandstrom rule.). 1 Indeed, as we have previously stated, “the rule of Sandstrom may not be oversimplified.” State v. Mason, 186 Conn. 574, 582-83 , 442 A.2d 1335 (1982). 1983Compare State v. Harrison, 178 Conn. 689, 695-99 , 425 A.2d 111 (1979) (invalidating instruction under Sandstrom rule) with State v. Pina, 186 Conn. 261, 264 , 440 A.2d 967 (1982) (validating instruction challenged under Sandstrom rule.). 1 Indeed, as we have previously stated, “the rule of Sandstrom may not be oversimplified.” State v. Mason, 186 Conn. 574, 582-83 , 442 A.2d 1335 (1982).	1	1
State v. Masongreen conn · 1982 · cited in 1 Connecticut opinions naming this issue, 1983–1983 2 sentences 1983Compare State v. Harrison, 178 Conn. 689, 695-99 , 425 A.2d 111 (1979) (invalidating instruction under Sandstrom rule) with State v. Pina, 186 Conn. 261, 264 , 440 A.2d 967 (1982) (validating instruction challenged under Sandstrom rule.). 1 Indeed, as we have previously stated, “the rule of Sandstrom may not be oversimplified.” State v. Mason, 186 Conn. 574, 582-83 , 442 A.2d 1335 (1982). 1983Compare State v. Harrison, 178 Conn. 689, 695-99 , 425 A.2d 111 (1979) (invalidating instruction under Sandstrom rule) with State v. Pina, 186 Conn. 261, 264 , 440 A.2d 967 (1982) (validating instruction challenged under Sandstrom rule.). 1 Indeed, as we have previously stated, “the rule of Sandstrom may not be oversimplified.” State v. Mason, 186 Conn. 574, 582-83 , 442 A.2d 1335 (1982).	1	1
State v. Pinagreen conn · 1982 · cited in 1 Connecticut opinions naming this issue, 1983–1983 2 sentences 1983Compare State v. Harrison, 178 Conn. 689, 695-99 , 425 A.2d 111 (1979) (invalidating instruction under Sandstrom rule) with State v. Pina, 186 Conn. 261, 264 , 440 A.2d 967 (1982) (validating instruction challenged under Sandstrom rule.). 1 Indeed, as we have previously stated, “the rule of Sandstrom may not be oversimplified.” State v. Mason, 186 Conn. 574, 582-83 , 442 A.2d 1335 (1982). 1983Compare State v. Harrison, 178 Conn. 689, 695-99 , 425 A.2d 111 (1979) (invalidating instruction under Sandstrom rule) with State v. Pina, 186 Conn. 261, 264 , 440 A.2d 967 (1982) (validating instruction challenged under Sandstrom rule.). 1 Indeed, as we have previously stated, “the rule of Sandstrom may not be oversimplified.” State v. Mason, 186 Conn. 574, 582-83 , 442 A.2d 1335 (1982).	1	1
State v. Brokawgreen conn · 1981 · cited in 1 Connecticut opinions naming this issue, 1981–1981 2 sentences 1981See State v. Brokaw, 183 Conn. 29, 34 , 438 A.2d 815 (1981); State v. Arroyo, 179 Conn. 171, 179-80 , 429 A.2d 457 (1980). 1981See State v. Brokaw, 183 Conn. 29, 34 , 438 A.2d 815 (1981); State v. Arroyo, 179 Conn. 171, 179-80 , 429 A.2d 457 (1980).	1	1
Ronald Krzeminski v. E. P. Perini, Superintendent, Marion Correction Facilitygreen ca6 · 1980 · cited in 1 Connecticut opinions naming this issue, 1980–1980 2 sentences 1980Smith v. State, 244 Ga. 814, 821 , 262 S.E.2d 116 (1979); State v. Sunday, 609 P.2d 1188 (Mont. 1980); see also Krzeminski v. Perini, 614 F.2d 121, 126 (6th Cir. 1980). 1980Smith v. State, 244 Ga. 814, 821 , 262 S.E.2d 116 (1979); State v. Sunday, 609 P.2d 1188 (Mont. 1980); see also Krzeminski v. Perini, 614 F.2d 121, 126 (6th Cir. 1980).	1	1

Distinguished, questioned or overruled (0)

Case	Negative	Cited
No negative-treatment citations attached to this issue in Connecticut. Read the followed side critically anyway.

Also cited on this issue (11)

Case	Cited	Years
Sandstrom v. Montana green scotus · 1979 2 sentences 1995So you need not deal with that element and you need not make that finding.” The defendant argues that this instruction violated the Sandstrom doctrine against a mandatory presumption; Sandstrom v. Montana, 442 U.S. 510, 517-24 , 99 S. Ct. 2450 , 61 L. 1995So you need not deal with that element and you need not make that finding.” The defendant argues that this instruction violated the Sandstrom doctrine against a mandatory presumption; Sandstrom v. Montana, 442 U.S. 510, 517-24 , 99 S. Ct. 2450 , 61 L.	4	1985–1995
Connecticut v. Johnson green scotus · 1983 2 sentences 1993The defendant argues that the instruction in this case violated the Sandstrom doctrine; Sandstrom v. Montana, 442 U.S. 510, 517-24 , 99 S. Ct. 2450 , 61 L. Ed. 2d 39 (1979); thereby rendering “irrelevant the evidence on the issue because the jury may have relied upon the presumption rather than upon that evidence.” Connecticut v. Johnson, 460 U.S. 73, 85 , 103 S. Ct. 969 , 74 L. Ed. 2d 823 (1983). 1993The defendant argues that the instruction in this case violated the Sandstrom doctrine; Sandstrom v. Montana, 442 U.S. 510, 517-24 , 99 S. Ct. 2450 , 61 L. Ed. 2d 39 (1979); thereby rendering “irrelevant the evidence on the issue because the jury may have relied upon the presumption rather than upon that evidence.” Connecticut v. Johnson, 460 U.S. 73, 85 , 103 S. Ct. 969 , 74 L. Ed. 2d 823 (1983).	2	1993–1995
Rose v. Clark red scotus · 1986 2 sentences 1993“When the verdict of guilty reached in a case in which Sandstrom error was committed is correct beyond a reasonable doubt, reversal of the conviction does nothing to promote the interest that the rule serves.” Rose v. Clark, 478 U.S. 570, 580 , 106 S. Ct. 3101 , 92 L. Ed. 2d 460 (1986). 1993“When the verdict of guilty reached in a case in which Sandstrom error was committed is correct beyond a reasonable doubt, reversal of the conviction does nothing to promote the interest that the rule serves.” Rose v. Clark, 478 U.S. 570, 580 , 106 S. Ct. 3101 , 92 L. Ed. 2d 460 (1986).	2	1987–1993
State v. Evans green conn · 1973 2 sentences 1985As there was no objection to the charge to the jury nor a request for a different charge after the instructions were given, it must first be determined whether this claim of error is reviewable under the “exceptional circumstances” rule of State v. Evans, 165 Conn. 61 , 327 A.2d 576 (1973). “[W]e have repeatedly held that a claim of error under Sandstrom v. Montana, 442 U.S. 510 , 99 S. Ct. 2450 , 61 L. 1985As there was no objection to the charge to the jury nor a request for a different charge after the instructions were given, it must first be determined whether this claim of error is reviewable under the “exceptional circumstances” rule of State v. Evans, 165 Conn. 61 , 327 A.2d 576 (1973). “[W]e have repeatedly held that a claim of error under Sandstrom v. Montana, 442 U.S. 510 , 99 S. Ct. 2450 , 61 L.	2	1982–1985
State v. Tucker green conn · 1993 2 sentences 1996You don’t have to waste [any time] on that if you find it occurred at Gamer — Garner is a correctional institution.” “In analyzing the defendant’s claim, we assume, without deciding, that the challenged instruction constituted a Sandstrom violation. [See Sandstrom v. Montana, supra, 442 U.S. 520 -24.] This assumption, however, does not end the inquiry because such an error is harmless if the reviewing court may confidently say, on the whole record, that the constitutional error was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt.” (Internal quotation marks omitted.) State v. Tucker, 226 Conn. 618, 624 , 62 1996You don’t have to waste [any time] on that if you find it occurred at Gamer — Garner is a correctional institution.” “In analyzing the defendant’s claim, we assume, without deciding, that the challenged instruction constituted a Sandstrom violation. [See Sandstrom v. Montana, supra, 442 U.S. 520 -24.] This assumption, however, does not end the inquiry because such an error is harmless if the reviewing court may confidently say, on the whole record, that the constitutional error was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt.” (Internal quotation marks omitted.) State v. Tucker, 226 Conn. 618, 624 , 62	1	1996–1996
Smith v. Murray green scotus · 1986 2 sentences 1987Smith v. Murray, 477 U.S. 527, 533 , 106 S. Ct. 2661 , 91 L. 1987Smith v. Murray, 477 U.S. 527, 533 , 106 S. Ct. 2661 , 91 L.	1	1987–1987
State v. Ruth green conn · 1980 2 sentences 1981State v. Ruth, 181 Conn. 187, 200-201 , 435 A.2d 3 (1980). 1981State v. Ruth, 181 Conn. 187, 200-201 , 435 A.2d 3 (1980).	1	1981–1981
State v. Arroyo green conn · 1980 1 sentence 1981See State v. Brokaw, 183 Conn. 29, 34 , 438 A.2d 815 (1981); State v. Arroyo, 179 Conn. 171, 179-80 , 429 A.2d 457 (1980).	1	1981–1981
Smith v. State green ga · 1979 2 sentences 1980Smith v. State, 244 Ga. 814, 821 , 262 S.E.2d 116 (1979); State v. Sunday, 609 P.2d 1188 (Mont. 1980); see also Krzeminski v. Perini, 614 F.2d 121, 126 (6th Cir. 1980). 1980Smith v. State, 244 Ga. 814, 821 , 262 S.E.2d 116 (1979); State v. Sunday, 609 P.2d 1188 (Mont. 1980); see also Krzeminski v. Perini, 614 F.2d 121, 126 (6th Cir. 1980).	1	1980–1980
State v. Sunday green mont · 1980 2 sentences 1980Smith v. State, 244 Ga. 814, 821 , 262 S.E.2d 116 (1979); State v. Sunday, 609 P.2d 1188 (Mont. 1980); see also Krzeminski v. Perini, 614 F.2d 121, 126 (6th Cir. 1980). 1980Smith v. State, 244 Ga. 814, 821 , 262 S.E.2d 116 (1979); State v. Sunday, 609 P.2d 1188 (Mont. 1980); see also Krzeminski v. Perini, 614 F.2d 121, 126 (6th Cir. 1980).	1	1980–1980
County Court of Ulster Cty. v. Allen green scotus · 1979 2 sentences 1980To the contrary, the court took care to incorporate its analysis of inferences and presumptions in an opinion issued two weeks earlier; Ulster County Court v. Allen, 442 U.S. 140 , 99 S. Ct. 2213 , 60 L. 1980To the contrary, the court took care to incorporate its analysis of inferences and presumptions in an opinion issued two weeks earlier; Ulster County Court v. Allen, 442 U.S. 140 , 99 S. Ct. 2213 , 60 L.	1	1980–1980

Statutes the citing opinions construe

CT § Conn. Gen. Stat. § 53a-70 (4) CT § Conn. Gen. Stat. § 53a-103 (3) CT § Conn. Gen. Stat. § 53a-119 (3) CT § Conn. Gen. Stat. § 53a-134 (3) CT § Conn. Gen. Stat. § 53a-54c (3) CT § Conn. Gen. Stat. § 53a-94 (3)

Counted by distinct opinions that both name this issue and are annotated to the section; sections every opinion cites regardless of issue are not filtered here, so read the counts against the total above.

Where else courts name it

CA 20 (1984–2017) GA 14 (1981–2008) CT 13 (1980–1996) MA 12 (1981–2022) NY 12 (1979–2007) MT 12 (1979–1986) TN 10 (1990–2010) IN 8 (1981–2015) VA 4 (1983–2000) AL 4 (1988–1997) WV 3 (1982–1986) OR 3 (2023–2026) PA 3 (1984–1999) LA 2 (1980–1981) VT 2 (2006–2006) MI 2 (1983–1998) IA 2 (1985–1988) DE 2 (1983–1983) KS 2 (1985–1986) ND 2 (1982–1989) IL 2 (1986–1989) TX 2 (1983–1989) UT 2 (1985–1993) DC 2 (1987–1992)

Opinions by the citing court's state. A doctrine retained in one state and abandoned in another shows up here as a year span that stalls.

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