force rule (Texas) · Go Syfert
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force rule in Texas

82 Texas opinions name it 3 courts 1883–2025 9 in the last five years

The cases below were cited by Texas courts in a sentence that names this issue. Sides come from how each citing opinion treated the case (Syfertize flag on that citation), so a case can appear on both: that is where the law is contested. A red or yellow chip is the case's own overall treatment.

Followed or applied (16)

CaseFollowedCited
Cliff v. Hugginsgreen
tex · 1987 · cited in 35 Texas opinions naming this issue, 1988–2025
2 sentences

2025“In the absence of evidence to the contrary, the presumption [of service] has the force of a rule of law.” Cliff v. Huggins, 724 S.W.2d 778, 780 (Tex. 1987).

2025Co. v. Herrera, 11 S.W.3d 924, 927 (Tex. 1999) (determining that Rule 21a presumption vanished because conflicting evidence of non-receipt was presented to trial court); Cliff v. Huggins, 724 S.W.2d 778, 780 (Tex. 1987) (“In the absence of evidence to the contrary, the presumption has the force of a rule of law.”).

1935
Thomas v. Raygreen
tex · 1994 · cited in 20 Texas opinions naming this issue, 1996–2024
2 sentences

2024Regardless, the court asked Wilcrest if the notice of hearing was sent by certified mail, return receipt requested on Kapur, and Wilcrest confirmed it had been. 10 contrary, the presumption has the force of a rule of law.” Thomas v. Ray, 889 S.W.2d 237, 238 (Tex. 1994) (orig. proceeding).

2024“In the absence of any proof to the contrary, the presumption has the force of a rule of law.” Thomas v. Ray, 889 S.W.2d 237, 238 (Tex. 1994) (orig. proceeding).

520
Bell v. Stategreen
texcrimapp · 1986 · cited in 2 Texas opinions naming this issue, 1994–2024
2 sentences

2024This presumption “vanishes when opposing evidence is introduced that [a document] was not received.” In re E.A., 287 S.W.3d 1, 5 (Tex. 2009) (quoting Cliff, 724 S.W.2d at 780).

1994In the absence of evidence to the contrary, the presumption has the force of a rule of law. [citation omitted] The presumption, however, is not “evidence” and it *17 vanishes when opposing evidence is introduced that the letter was not received. [citation omitted] Cliff, 724 S.W.2d at 780.

22
Southland Life Insurance v. Greenwadegreen
tex · 1942 · cited in 7 Texas opinions naming this issue, 1987–2019
2 sentences

2013Jur. 2d Notice § 38; E.W.H., Annotation, Rebuttal of Presumption of Receipt of Letter Properly Mailed and Addressed, 91 A.L.R. 161 (1934). 7 evidence to the contrary, the presumption has the force of a rule of law.‖ Southland, 138 Tex. at 455 , 159 S.W.2d at 857 . ―This presumption relieves the sender of the difficult burden of showing that the recipient actually received notice.‖ Wesco Distribution, Inc. v. Westport Group, Inc., 150 S.W.3d 553, 561 (Tex. App.—Austin 2004, no pet.).

2013Jur. 2d Notice § 38; E.W.H., Annotation, Rebuttal of Presumption of Receipt of Letter Properly Mailed and Addressed, 91 A.L.R. 161 (1934). 7 evidence to the contrary, the presumption has the force of a rule of law.‖ Southland, 138 Tex. at 455 , 159 S.W.2d at 857 . ―This presumption relieves the sender of the difficult burden of showing that the recipient actually received notice.‖ Wesco Distribution, Inc. v. Westport Group, Inc., 150 S.W.3d 553, 561 (Tex. App.—Austin 2004, no pet.).

17
Wembley Investment Co. v. Herreragreen
tex · 1999 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2025–2025
1 sentence

2025Co. v. Herrera, 11 S.W.3d 924, 927 (Tex. 1999) (determining that Rule 21a presumption vanished because conflicting evidence of non-receipt was presented to trial court); Cliff v. Huggins, 724 S.W.2d 778, 780 (Tex. 1987) (“In the absence of evidence to the contrary, the presumption has the force of a rule of law.”).

11
In Re EAgreen
tex · 2009 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2024–2024
1 sentence

2024This presumption “vanishes when opposing evidence is introduced that [a document] was not received.” In re E.A., 287 S.W.3d 1, 5 (Tex. 2009) (quoting Cliff, 724 S.W.2d at 780).

11
Clark v. Arizonagreen
scotus · 2006 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2015–2015
1 sentence

2015“As applied to mens rea (and every other element), the force of the presumption of innocence is measured by the force of the showing needed to overcome it, which is proof beyond a reasonable doubt that a defendant’s state of mind was in fact what the charge states.” Clark v. Arizona, 548 U.S. 735, 766 (2006); Louis v. State, 329 S.W.3d 260, 269 (Tex. App. Texarkana 2010), affirmed, 393 S.W.3d 246 (Tex. Crim.

11
Louis v. Stategreen
texapp · 2010 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2015–2015
1 sentence

2015“As applied to mens rea (and every other element), the force of the presumption of innocence is measured by the force of the showing needed to overcome it, which is proof beyond a reasonable doubt that a defendant’s state of mind was in fact what the charge states.” Clark v. Arizona, 548 U.S. 735, 766 (2006); Louis v. State, 329 S.W.3d 260, 269 (Tex. App. Texarkana 2010), affirmed, 393 S.W.3d 246 (Tex. Crim.

11
Virgil Edward Kuykendall v. Jessica Beverlygreen
texapp · 2014 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2015–2015
1 sentence

2015Kuykendall v. Beverly, 436 S.W.3d 809, 813 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 2014. no pet.).

11
Brown v. Ogbolugreen
texapp · 2011 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2014–2014
1 sentence

2014Brown v. Ogbolu, 331 S.W.3d 530, 534 (Tex.App.-Dallas 2011, no pet.). 12 Thus, we hold that the certificate of service of the amended petition by Lewisville ISD by certified mail under rule 21a was sufficient to affirmatively establish on the face of the record strict compliance with the rules and with due process.

11
Wesco Distribution, Inc. v. Westport Group, Inc.green
texapp · 2004 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2013–2013
1 sentence

2013Jur. 2d Notice § 38; E.W.H., Annotation, Rebuttal of Presumption of Receipt of Letter Properly Mailed and Addressed, 91 A.L.R. 161 (1934). 7 evidence to the contrary, the presumption has the force of a rule of law.‖ Southland, 138 Tex. at 455 , 159 S.W.2d at 857 . ―This presumption relieves the sender of the difficult burden of showing that the recipient actually received notice.‖ Wesco Distribution, Inc. v. Westport Group, Inc., 150 S.W.3d 553, 561 (Tex. App.—Austin 2004, no pet.).

11
Donnell v. Ottsgreen
texapp · 1921 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2009–2009
1 sentence

2009Donnell v. Otts, 230 S.W. 864, 865 (Tex. Civ.

11
Vaughn v. Stategreen
texcrimapp · 1919 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 1999–1999
2 sentences

1999Moreover, Subsection (b) imbues this requirement with the force of a presumption because, as the Court of Criminal Appeals aptly phrased it, "The punishment of one for an offense when he is able to show that the act was done without guilty knowledge or intent is contrary to the general principles of criminal law ...." Vaughn v. State, 86 Tex.Crim. 255 , 219 S.W. 206, 208 (1919); [other citations omitted].

1999Moreover, Subsection (b) imbues this requirement with the force of a presumption because, as the Court of Criminal Appeals aptly phrased it, "The punishment of one for an offense when he is able to show that the act was done without guilty knowledge or intent is contrary to the general principles of criminal law ...." Vaughn v. State, 86 Tex.Crim. 255 , 219 S.W. 206, 208 (1919); [other citations omitted].

11
Krchnak v. Fultongreen
texapp · 1988 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 1991–1991
1 sentence

1991Cliff v. Huggins, 724 S.W.2d 778, 780 (Tex. 1987); Krchnak v. Fulton, 759 S.W.2d 524, 528 (Tex. 1988, writ denied); Hurt v. Bays, 537 S.W.2d 139 (Tex. Civ.

11
Costello v. Johnsongreen
texapp · 1984 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 1988–1988
1 sentence

1988Cliff v. Huggins, 724 S.W.2d 778, 780 (Tex.1987); Costello v. Johnson, 680 S.W.2d 529, 532 (Tex.App. — Dallas 1984, writ ref d n.r.e.).

11
Hancock v. Butlergreen
tex · 1858 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 1970–1970
11

Distinguished, questioned or overruled (0)

CaseNegativeCited
No negative-treatment citations attached to this issue in Texas. Read the followed side critically anyway.

Also cited on this issue (27)

CaseCitedYears
APPROXIMATELY $14,980.00 v. State green
texapp · 2008
2 sentences

2020See Modelist, 2011 WL 3717010 , at *2; Approximately $14,980.00, 261 S.W.3d at 186 .

2020See Modelist, 2011 WL 3717010 , at *2; Approximately $14,980.00, 261 S.W.3d at 186 .

22020–2020
Meek v. Bishop Peterson & Sharp, P.C. green
texapp · 1996
2 sentences

2003Id.

2000Id.

22000–2003
Neill v. State green
texcrimapp · 1949
2 sentences

2001Despite Subsection (b), of course, the legislature is free to dispense with the requirement of a culpable mental state — as it has done in creating the so-called strict liability offenses, e.g., Neill v. State, 225 S.W.2d 829 (Tex.Crim.App.1949) (adulterated food); Goodwin v. State, 63 Tex.Crim. 140 , 138 S.W. 399 (1911) (speeding) —but its intent to eliminate mens rea must be manifest.

1999Despite Subsection (b), of course, the legislature is free to dispense with the requirement of a culpable mental state—as it has done in creating the so-called strict liability offenses, e.g., Neill v. State, 225 S.W.2d 829 (Tex.Crim.App. 1949) (adulterated food); Goodwin v. State, 63 Tex.Crim. 140 , 138 S.W. 399 (1911) (speeding)— but its intent to eliminate mens rea must be manifest. [Emphasis added.] See Stalling v. State, 90 Tex.Crim. 310 , 234 S.W. 914 (1921) [(although statute requiring driver of automobile to stop and render aid did not include element of knowledge, lack of knowledge wo

21999–2001
Goodwin v. State green
texcrimapp · 1911
2 sentences

2001Despite Subsection (b), of course, the legislature is free to dispense with the requirement of a culpable mental state — as it has done in creating the so-called strict liability offenses, e.g., Neill v. State, 225 S.W.2d 829 (Tex.Crim.App.1949) (adulterated food); Goodwin v. State, 63 Tex.Crim. 140 , 138 S.W. 399 (1911) (speeding) —but its intent to eliminate mens rea must be manifest.

2001Despite Subsection (b), of course, the legislature is free to dispense with the requirement of a culpable mental state — as it has done in creating the so-called strict liability offenses, e.g., Neill v. State, 225 S.W.2d 829 (Tex.Crim.App.1949) (adulterated food); Goodwin v. State, 63 Tex.Crim. 140 , 138 S.W. 399 (1911) (speeding) —but its intent to eliminate mens rea must be manifest.

21999–2001
Almanza v. State green
texcrimapp · 1985
1 sentence

2016We next consider the state of the evidence, Almanza, 686 S.W.2d at 171 , which shows that an ordinary force instruction would not have affected the trial’s outcome.

12016–2016
Ulbricht v. Friedsam green
tex · 1959
1 sentence

2015In the instances of land conveyances abutting bodies of water, “the presumption that the grantor intends to convey all the land he owns under the water is very strong and expressions substantially to the effect that nothing short of an express reservation of the bed will overcome the force of the presumption are not uncommon in the cases.” Ulbricht, 325 S.W.2d at 673 .

12015–2015
Louis, Cory Don green
texcrimapp · 2012
1 sentence

2015“As applied to mens rea (and every other element), the force of the presumption of innocence is measured by the force of the showing needed to overcome it, which is proof beyond a reasonable doubt that a defendant’s state of mind was in fact what the charge states.” Clark v. Arizona, 548 U.S. 735, 766 (2006); Louis v. State, 329 S.W.3d 260, 269 (Tex. App. Texarkana 2010), affirmed, 393 S.W.3d 246 (Tex. Crim.

12015–2015
Stalling v. State green
texcrimapp · 1921
2 sentences

1999Despite Subsection (b), of course, the legislature is free to dispense with the requirement of a culpable mental state—as it has done in creating the so-called strict liability offenses, e.g., Neill v. State, 225 S.W.2d 829 (Tex.Crim.App. 1949) (adulterated food); Goodwin v. State, 63 Tex.Crim. 140 , 138 S.W. 399 (1911) (speeding)— but its intent to eliminate mens rea must be manifest. [Emphasis added.] See Stalling v. State, 90 Tex.Crim. 310 , 234 S.W. 914 (1921) [(although statute requiring driver of automobile to stop and render aid did not include element of knowledge, lack of knowledge wo

1999Despite Subsection (b), of course, the legislature is free to dispense with the requirement of a culpable mental state—as it has done in creating the so-called strict liability offenses, e.g., Neill v. State, 225 S.W.2d 829 (Tex.Crim.App. 1949) (adulterated food); Goodwin v. State, 63 Tex.Crim. 140 , 138 S.W. 399 (1911) (speeding)— but its intent to eliminate mens rea must be manifest. [Emphasis added.] See Stalling v. State, 90 Tex.Crim. 310 , 234 S.W. 914 (1921) [(although statute requiring driver of automobile to stop and render aid did not include element of knowledge, lack of knowledge wo

11999–1999
Bloom v. Texas State Board of Pharmacy green
tex · 1965
2 sentences

1999Despite Subsection (b), of course, the legislature is free to dispense with the requirement of a culpable mental state—as it has done in creating the so-called strict liability offenses, e.g., Neill v. State, 225 S.W.2d 829 (Tex.Crim.App. 1949) (adulterated food); Goodwin v. State, 63 Tex.Crim. 140 , 138 S.W. 399 (1911) (speeding)— but its intent to eliminate mens rea must be manifest. [Emphasis added.] See Stalling v. State, 90 Tex.Crim. 310 , 234 S.W. 914 (1921) [(although statute requiring driver of automobile to stop and render aid did not include element of knowledge, lack of knowledge wo

1999Despite Subsection (b), of course, the legislature is free to dispense with the requirement of a culpable mental state — as it has done in creating the so-called strict liability offenses, e.g., Neill v. State, 225 S.W.2d 829 (Tex.Crim.App. 1949) (adulterated food); Goodwin v. State, 63 Tex.Crim. 140 , 138 S.W. 399 (1911) (speeding) — but its intent to eliminate mens rea must be manifest. [Emphasis added.] See Stalling v. State, 90 Tex.Crim. 310 , 234 S.W. 914 (1921) [ (although statute requiring driver of automobile to stop and render aid did not include element of knowledge, lack of knowledg

11999–1999
Hurt v. Bays green
texapp · 1976
1 sentence

1991Cliff v. Huggins, 724 S.W.2d 778, 780 (Tex. 1987); Krchnak v. Fulton, 759 S.W.2d 524, 528 (Tex. 1988, writ denied); Hurt v. Bays, 537 S.W.2d 139 (Tex. Civ.

11991–1991
Switzer v. Joseph green
texapp · 1969
2 sentences

1975Appellant recognizes the force of the rule in Switzer v. Joseph, supra, but claims that the following testimony of Echols is direct evidence of conspiracy, and that, as a result, she has succeeded in taking the case beyond the Switzer v. Joseph, supra, rule, and that she has raised an issue of fact which should have been resolved by the jury.

1975Appellant recognizes the force of the rule in Switzer v. Joseph, supra, but claims that the following testimony of Echols is direct evidence of conspiracy, and that, as a result, she has succeeded in taking the case beyond the Switzer v. Joseph, supra, rule, and that she has raised an issue of fact which should have been resolved by the jury.

11975–1975
Hopkins v. Hopkins green
tex · 1909
11970–1970
McMahan v. McMahan neutral
texapp · 1917
11970–1970
Wallace v. First National Bank of Paris green
· 1931
2 sentences

1970Hassell v. Frey, 131 Tex. 578 , 117 S.W.2d 413 (1938); Federal Land Bank of Houston v. Little, 130 Tex. 173 , 107 S.W.2d 374 (1937); Calvery v. Calvery, 122 Tex. 204 , 55 S.W.2d 527 (1932); Wallace v. First National Bank, 120 Tex. 92 , 35 S.W.2d 1036 (1931); Hopkins v. Hopkins, 103 Tex. 15 , 122 S.W. 15 (1909); Simonton v. White, 93 Tex. 50 , 53 S.W. 339 (1899); Hancock v. Butler, 21 Tex. 804, 812 (1858); McMahan v. McMahan, 198 S.W. 354 (Tex.Civ.App.1917, writ ref.).

1970Hassell v. Frey, 131 Tex. 578 , 117 S.W.2d 413 (1938); Federal Land Bank of Houston v. Little, 130 Tex. 173 , 107 S.W.2d 374 (1937); Calvery v. Calvery, 122 Tex. 204 , 55 S.W.2d 527 (1932); Wallace v. First National Bank, 120 Tex. 92 , 35 S.W.2d 1036 (1931); Hopkins v. Hopkins, 103 Tex. 15 , 122 S.W. 15 (1909); Simonton v. White, 93 Tex. 50 , 53 S.W. 339 (1899); Hancock v. Butler, 21 Tex. 804, 812 (1858); McMahan v. McMahan, 198 S.W. 354 (Tex.Civ.App.1917, writ ref.).

11970–1970
Federal Land Bank v. Little green
· 1937
2 sentences

1970Hassell v. Frey, 131 Tex. 578 , 117 S.W.2d 413 (1938); Federal Land Bank of Houston v. Little, 130 Tex. 173 , 107 S.W.2d 374 (1937); Calvery v. Calvery, 122 Tex. 204 , 55 S.W.2d 527 (1932); Wallace v. First National Bank, 120 Tex. 92 , 35 S.W.2d 1036 (1931); Hopkins v. Hopkins, 103 Tex. 15 , 122 S.W. 15 (1909); Simonton v. White, 93 Tex. 50 , 53 S.W. 339 (1899); Hancock v. Butler, 21 Tex. 804, 812 (1858); McMahan v. McMahan, 198 S.W. 354 (Tex.Civ.App.1917, writ ref.).

1970Hassell v. Frey, 131 Tex. 578 , 117 S.W.2d 413 (1938); Federal Land Bank of Houston v. Little, 130 Tex. 173 , 107 S.W.2d 374 (1937); Calvery v. Calvery, 122 Tex. 204 , 55 S.W.2d 527 (1932); Wallace v. First National Bank, 120 Tex. 92 , 35 S.W.2d 1036 (1931); Hopkins v. Hopkins, 103 Tex. 15 , 122 S.W. 15 (1909); Simonton v. White, 93 Tex. 50 , 53 S.W. 339 (1899); Hancock v. Butler, 21 Tex. 804, 812 (1858); McMahan v. McMahan, 198 S.W. 354 (Tex.Civ.App.1917, writ ref.).

11970–1970
Hassell v. Frey neutral
tex · 1938
2 sentences

1970Hassell v. Frey, 131 Tex. 578 , 117 S.W.2d 413 (1938); Federal Land Bank of Houston v. Little, 130 Tex. 173 , 107 S.W.2d 374 (1937); Calvery v. Calvery, 122 Tex. 204 , 55 S.W.2d 527 (1932); Wallace v. First National Bank, 120 Tex. 92 , 35 S.W.2d 1036 (1931); Hopkins v. Hopkins, 103 Tex. 15 , 122 S.W. 15 (1909); Simonton v. White, 93 Tex. 50 , 53 S.W. 339 (1899); Hancock v. Butler, 21 Tex. 804, 812 (1858); McMahan v. McMahan, 198 S.W. 354 (Tex.Civ.App.1917, writ ref.).

1970Hassell v. Frey, 131 Tex. 578 , 117 S.W.2d 413 (1938); Federal Land Bank of Houston v. Little, 130 Tex. 173 , 107 S.W.2d 374 (1937); Calvery v. Calvery, 122 Tex. 204 , 55 S.W.2d 527 (1932); Wallace v. First National Bank, 120 Tex. 92 , 35 S.W.2d 1036 (1931); Hopkins v. Hopkins, 103 Tex. 15 , 122 S.W. 15 (1909); Simonton v. White, 93 Tex. 50 , 53 S.W. 339 (1899); Hancock v. Butler, 21 Tex. 804, 812 (1858); McMahan v. McMahan, 198 S.W. 354 (Tex.Civ.App.1917, writ ref.).

11970–1970
Simonton v. White neutral
· 1899
1 sentence

1970Hassell v. Frey, 131 Tex. 578 , 117 S.W.2d 413 (1938); Federal Land Bank of Houston v. Little, 130 Tex. 173 , 107 S.W.2d 374 (1937); Calvery v. Calvery, 122 Tex. 204 , 55 S.W.2d 527 (1932); Wallace v. First National Bank, 120 Tex. 92 , 35 S.W.2d 1036 (1931); Hopkins v. Hopkins, 103 Tex. 15 , 122 S.W. 15 (1909); Simonton v. White, 93 Tex. 50 , 53 S.W. 339 (1899); Hancock v. Butler, 21 Tex. 804, 812 (1858); McMahan v. McMahan, 198 S.W. 354 (Tex.Civ.App.1917, writ ref.).

11970–1970
Calvery v. Calvery green
· 1932
11970–1970
Mayor of Galveston v. Menard green
tex · 1859
11961–1961
Simmons v. Dickson green
tex · 1920
11961–1961
Cartwright v. Warren green
texapp · 1915
11919–1919
Holbein v. De La Garza green
texapp · 1910
11919–1919
Linney v. Wood green
tex · 1886
11915–1915
Frank v. Tatum green
tex · 1894
11903–1903
Baldwin v. Sager neutral
ill · 1873
11883–1883
Meidel v. Anthis green
ill · 1874
11883–1883
Howe Machine Co. v. Willie green
ill · 1877
11883–1883

Statutes the citing opinions construe

TX § Tex. Prop. Code § 24.002 (5) TX § Tex. Prop. Code § 24.005 (3)

Counted by distinct opinions that both name this issue and are annotated to the section; sections every opinion cites regardless of issue are not filtered here, so read the counts against the total above.

Where else courts name it

TX 82 (1883–2025) CA 82 (1859–2026) NY 36 (1875–2024) PA 20 (1857–2023) MA 19 (1905–2026) IL 15 (1874–2014) OH 13 (1924–2026) FL 13 (1975–2012) WA 13 (1911–2021) KS 13 (1892–2023) AL 8 (1909–2010) WI 8 (1876–2025) IN 8 (1891–2020) OK 8 (1913–2023) MO 7 (1902–2012) GA 6 (1927–1972) MI 6 (1925–2016) CT 5 (1907–2017) AR 5 (1912–1948) NC 5 (1910–1976) IA 5 (1917–1988) NJ 5 (1891–2018) ME 5 (1935–1981) MD 5 (1964–2022) LA 5 (1967–2024) NE 5 (1904–2003) DC 4 (1987–2021) MT 4 (1928–2025) MN 4 (1905–1985) SC 4 (1880–1934) OR 4 (1913–2024) KY 4 (1923–1987) NV 4 (1867–2011) UT 3 (1947–2017) AZ 3 (1928–1983) TN 3 (1928–1971) VA 3 (1941–2025) CO 3 (1894–1962) VT 3 (1887–1933) NM 2 (1933–1957) WV 2 (1888–1903) ID 2 (1937–2021) SD 2 (1988–2006) MS 2 (1874–2021) ND 2 (1900–1970) WY 2 (1937–1989)

Opinions by the citing court's state. A doctrine retained in one state and abandoned in another shows up here as a year span that stalls.

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