police-observed traffic violation in Illinois

2024“A seizure justified only by a police-observed traffic violation, therefore, ‘become[s] unlawful if it is prolonged beyond the time reasonably required to complete th[e] mission’ of issuing a ticket for the violation.” Id. (quoting Caballes, 543 U.S. at 407 ).

2020All told, “[a] reasonable suspicion is considerably less than proof of wrongdoing by a preponderance of the evidence and ‘obviously less’ than that necessary for probable cause.” Dunmire, 2019 IL App (4th) 190316, ¶ 41 (quoting Navarette v. California, 572 U.S. ___ , ___, 134 S. Ct. 1683, 1687 (2014)). -6- ¶ 16 Be it based on either probable cause or reasonable suspicion, “[a] seizure justified only by a police-observed traffic violation” may “ ‘become[ ] unlawful if it is prolonged beyond the time reasonably required to complete [the] mission’ of issuing a ticket for the violation.” Rodriguez

2024“A seizure justified only by a police-observed traffic violation, therefore, ‘become[s] unlawful if it is prolonged beyond the time reasonably required to complete th[e] mission’ of issuing a ticket for the violation.” Id. (quoting Caballes, 543 U.S. at 407 ).

2021All told, “[a] reasonable suspicion is considerably less than proof of wrongdoing by a preponderance of the evidence and ‘obviously less’ than that necessary for probable cause.” Dunmire, 2019 IL App (4th) 190316, ¶ 41 (quoting Navarette v. California, 572 U.S. ___ , ___, 134 S. Ct. 1683, 1687 (2014)). ¶ 16 Be it based on either probable cause or reasonable suspicion, “[a] seizure justified only by a police-observed traffic violation” may “ ‘become[ ] unlawful if it is prolonged beyond the time reasonably required to complete [the] mission’ of issuing a ticket for the violation.” Rodriguez v.

2021All told, “[a] reasonable suspicion is considerably less than proof of wrongdoing by a preponderance of the evidence and ‘obviously less’ than that necessary for probable cause.” Dunmire, 2019 IL App (4th) 190316, ¶ 41 (quoting Navarette v. California, 572 U.S. ___ , ___, 134 S. Ct. 1683, 1687 (2014)). ¶ 16 Be it based on either probable cause or reasonable suspicion, “[a] seizure justified only by a police-observed traffic violation” may “ ‘become[ ] unlawful if it is prolonged beyond the time reasonably required to complete [the] mission’ of issuing a ticket for the violation.” Rodriguez v.

2020All told, “[a] reasonable suspicion is considerably less than proof of wrongdoing by a preponderance of the evidence and ‘obviously less’ than that necessary for probable cause.” Dunmire, 2019 IL App (4th) 190316, ¶ 41 (quoting Navarette v. California, 572 U.S. ___ , ___, 134 S. Ct. 1683, 1687 (2014)). -6- ¶ 16 Be it based on either probable cause or reasonable suspicion, “[a] seizure justified only by a police-observed traffic violation” may “ ‘become[ ] unlawful if it is prolonged beyond the time reasonably required to complete [the] mission’ of issuing a ticket for the violation.” Rodriguez

2021All told, “[a] reasonable suspicion is considerably less than proof of wrongdoing by a preponderance of the evidence and ‘obviously less’ than that necessary for probable cause.” Dunmire, 2019 IL App (4th) 190316, ¶ 41 (quoting Navarette v. California, 572 U.S. ___ , ___, 134 S. Ct. 1683, 1687 (2014)). ¶ 16 Be it based on either probable cause or reasonable suspicion, “[a] seizure justified only by a police-observed traffic violation” may “ ‘become[ ] unlawful if it is prolonged beyond the time reasonably required to complete [the] mission’ of issuing a ticket for the violation.” Rodriguez v.

2020All told, “[a] reasonable suspicion is considerably less than proof of wrongdoing by a preponderance of the evidence and ‘obviously less’ than that necessary for probable cause.” Dunmire, 2019 IL App (4th) 190316, ¶ 41 (quoting Navarette v. California, 572 U.S. ___ , ___, 134 S. Ct. 1683, 1687 (2014)). -6- ¶ 16 Be it based on either probable cause or reasonable suspicion, “[a] seizure justified only by a police-observed traffic violation” may “ ‘become[ ] unlawful if it is prolonged beyond the time reasonably required to complete [the] mission’ of issuing a ticket for the violation.” Rodriguez

2024See also West, 2017 IL App (3d) 130802 (McDade, J., dissenting). ¶ 63 After analogizing a routine traffic stop to a Terry stop and citing a number of the Court’s prior decisions, Rodriguez directed that “the tolerable duration of police inquiries *** is determined by the seizure’s ‘mission’—to address the traffic violation that warranted the stop, Caballes, 543 U.S. at 407 , and attend to related safety concerns.” Id. at 354.