defendant to prepare defense (Pennsylvania) · Go Syfert
← Pennsylvania issues

defendant to prepare defense in Pennsylvania

70 Pennsylvania opinions name it 14 courts 1900–2026 8 in the last five years

The cases below were cited by Pennsylvania courts in a sentence that names this issue. Sides come from how each citing opinion treated the case (Syfertize flag on that citation), so a case can appear on both: that is where the law is contested. A red or yellow chip is the case's own overall treatment.

Followed or applied (24)

CaseFollowedCited
Unified Sportsmen v. Pennsylvania Game Commissiongreen
pacommwct · 2008 · cited in 21 Pennsylvania opinions naming this issue, 2009–2026
2 sentences

2026Unified Sportsmen of Pa. v. Pa. Game Comm'n, 950 A.2d 1120, 1134 (Pa. Commw. 2008) (holding that to be sufficiently specific, “the complaint need not cite evidence but only those facts necessary for the defendant to prepare a defense”).

2023“To determine if a pleading is sufficiently specific, a court must ascertain whether the facts alleged are sufficiently specific to enable a defendant to prepare his defense.” Unified Sportsmen of Pa. v. Pa. Game Comm’n, 950 A.2d 1120, 1134 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2008). 9 Shipman declared in the Complaint that the Board should have publicly discussed the names of residents considered to fill Boehmer’s vacancy, and that the Board’s “unbridled secrecy” must be stopped.

1921
Rambo v. Greenegreen
pasuperct · 2006 · cited in 21 Pennsylvania opinions naming this issue, 2007–2019
2 sentences

2019Rambo v. Greene, 906 A.2d 1232, 1236 (Pa. Super. 2006) ("The pertinent question under Rule 1028(a)(3) [governing insufficient specificity of a pleading] is "whether the complaint is sufficiently clear to enable the defendant to prepare his defense[.]").

2017Under Rule 1028(a)(3), the pertinent question is “whether the complaint is sufficiently clear to enable the defendant to prepare his defense,” or “whether the plaintiff’s complaint informs the defendant with accuracy and completeness of the specific basis on which recovery is sought so that [the defendant] may know without question upon what grounds to make his defense.” Rambo v. Greene, 906 A.2d 1232, 1236 (Pa.Super. 2006).

1821
McNeil v. Jordangreen
pasuperct · 2002 · cited in 5 Pennsylvania opinions naming this issue, 2004–2016
2 sentences

2016The complaint must be "sufficiently clear to enable the defendant to prepare his defense or ... [inform] the defendant with accuracy and completeness of the specific basis on which recovery is sought so that he may know without question upon what grounds to make his defense." McNeil v. Jordan, 814 A.2d 234, 237-38 (Pa. Super. 2002).

2009The question presented by preliminary objection under Pa.R.C.P. 1028(a)(3) is “whether the complaint is sufficiently clear to enable the defendant to prepare his defense or [if it] informs the defendant with accuracy and completeness of the specific basis on which recovery is sought so that he may know without question upon which grounds to make his defense.” McNeil v. Jordan, 814 A.2d 234, 237-38 (Pa. Super. 2002).

55
Lerner v. Lernergreen
pasuperct · 2008 · cited in 5 Pennsylvania opinions naming this issue, 2010–2020
2 sentences

2015Allegations will withstand a challenge under Pa.R.C.P. 1019 if they contain averments of all of the facts the plaintiff will eventually have to prove in order to recover, and they are sufficiently specific so as to enable the defendant to prepare their defense, Lerner v. Lerner, 954 A.2d 1229, 1236 (2008).

2010Lerner v. Lerner, 954 A.2d 1229, 1235 (Pa. Super. 2008); Yacoub v. Lehigh Valley Medical Associates, 805 A.2d 579, 588 (Pa. Super. 2002). “[T]he complaint need not cite evidence but only those facts necessary for the defendant to prepare a defense.” Unified Sportsmen of Pennsylvania v. Pennsylvania Game Commission 950 A.2d 1120, 1134 (Pa. Commw. 2008).

45
Commonwealth v. Bethlehem Steel Corp.green
pacommwct · 1977 · cited in 5 Pennsylvania opinions naming this issue, 1999–2012
2 sentences

2000National Recovery Systems v. Frebraro, 287 Pa. Super. 442, 444 , 430 A.2d 686, 687 (1981). “[I]n pleading its case, the complaint need not cite evidence but only those facts necessary for the defendant to prepare a defense.” PennDOT v. Bethlehem Steel Corp., 33 Pa. Commw. 1, 11 , 380 A.2d 1308, 1313 (1977).

2000National Recovery Systems v. Frebraro, 287 Pa. Super. 442, 444 , 430 A.2d 686, 687 (1981). “[I]n pleading its case, the complaint need not cite evidence but only those facts necessary for the defendant to prepare a defense.” PennDOT v. Bethlehem Steel Corp., 33 Pa. Commw. 1, 11 , 380 A.2d 1308, 1313 (1977).

45
BAKER v. RANGOSgreen
pasuperct · 1974 · cited in 4 Pennsylvania opinions naming this issue, 1979–2006
2 sentences

2006Thq Baker court stated that “allegation will withstand challenge under 1019(a) if (1) they contain averments of all facts that plaintiff will eventually have to prove in order to recover . . . and (2) they are sufficiently specific as to enable the defendant to prepare his defense.” Id. at 350 , 324 A.2d at 505, 506 . (citation omitted) “Pa.R.C.P. 1019(a) has been construed to mean that a complaint must not only apprise the defendant of the claim being asserted, but it must also summarize the essential facts to support the claim.” Krajsa v. Keypunch Inc., 424 Pa. Super. 230, 235 , 622 A.2d 355

1979The general standard to be applied in determining the sufficiency of the allegations in a complaint is set forth in Pa.R.C.P. 1019(a): “The material facts on which a cause of action or defense is based shall be stated in a concise and summary form.” This language has been interpreted to require averment of all the relevant facts that plaintiffs must eventually prove in order to recover, with sufficient specificity to enable the defendant to prepare his defense: Baker v. Rangos, 229 Pa. Superior Ct. 333 , 324 A. 2d 498 (1974).

34
In re Interest of S.S.P.green
pa · 2018 · cited in 3 Pennsylvania opinions naming this issue, 2019–2021
2 sentences

2021Commonwealth by Shapiro v. Golden Gate National Senior Care, LLC, 194 A.3d 1010, 1029-30 (Pa. 2018); Wicks v. Milzoco Builders, Inc., 470 A.2d 86, 90 (Pa. 1983) (holding the plaintiff need only plead ultimate facts; evidentiary facts need not be set forth in the complaint); United Refrigerator Co. v. Applebaum, 189 A.2d 253, 255 (Pa. 1963); Unified Sportsmen of Pennsylvania v. Pennsylvania Game Commission, 950 A.2d 1120, 1134 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2008) (holding that to be sufficiently specific, “the complaint need not cite evidence but only those facts necessary for the defendant to prepare a defense”

2019Commonwealth by Shapiro v. Golden Gate National Senior Care LLC, 194 A.3d 1010, 1030 (Pa. 2018); Rambo, 906 A.2d at 1236 ; Unified Sportsmen of Pennsylvania v. Pennsylvania Game Commission, 950 A.2d 1120, 1134 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2008).

33
United Refrigerator Co. v. Applebaumgreen
pa · 1963 · cited in 4 Pennsylvania opinions naming this issue, 1979–2021
2 sentences

2021Commonwealth by Shapiro v. Golden Gate National Senior Care, LLC, 194 A.3d 1010, 1029-30 (Pa. 2018); Wicks v. Milzoco Builders, Inc., 470 A.2d 86, 90 (Pa. 1983) (holding the plaintiff need only plead ultimate facts; evidentiary facts need not be set forth in the complaint); United Refrigerator Co. v. Applebaum, 189 A.2d 253, 255 (Pa. 1963); Unified Sportsmen of Pennsylvania v. Pennsylvania Game Commission, 950 A.2d 1120, 1134 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2008) (holding that to be sufficiently specific, “the complaint need not cite evidence but only those facts necessary for the defendant to prepare a defense”

2020United Refrigerator Co. v. Applebaum, . . . 189 A.2d 253, 255 ([Pa.] 1963); Unified Sportsmen of Pa. v. Pa. Game Comm’n, 950 A.2d 1120, 1134 (Pa. [Cmwlth.] 2008) (holding that to be sufficiently specific, ‘the complaint need not cite evidence but only those facts necessary for the defendant to prepare a defense’).

24
Bata v. Central-Penn Nat. Bank of Phila.green
pa · 1966 · cited in 2 Pennsylvania opinions naming this issue, 2001–2020
2 sentences

2020We have long recognized that ‘the line between pleading facts and evidence is not always bright[,]’ but distilled the specificity requirement into two conditions that ‘must always be met: [t]he pleadings must adequately explain the nature of the claim to the opposing party so as to permit him to prepare a defense and they must be sufficient to convince the court that the averments are not merely subterfuge.’ Bata v. Cent.-Penn Na[‘l] Bank of Phila[.], . . . 224 A.2d 174, 179 ([Pa.] 1966); see also Martin [v. Lancaster Battery Co., Inc.], 606 A.2d [444,] 448 [(Pa. 1992)].

2001Bata v. Central-Penn National Bank of Philadelphia, 423 Pa. 373, 380 , 224 A.2d 174, 179 (1966); Sevin, 417 Pa. Super. at 7 , 611 A.2d at 1235 .

22
McGinn v. Vallotigreen
pa · 1987 · cited in 2 Pennsylvania opinions naming this issue, 2005–2013
2 sentences

2013Foster v. Peat Marwick Main & Co., 138 Pa. Cmwlth. 147, 587 A.2d 382 (1991) (citing Commonwealth v. National Apartment Leasing Company, 108 Pa. Cmwtlh. 300, 529 A.2d 1157 (1987); McGinn v. Valloti, 363 Pa. Super. 88 , 525 A.2d 732 (1987)).

2013Foster v. Peat Marwick Main & Co., 138 Pa. Cmwlth. 147, 587 A.2d 382 (1991) (citing Commonwealth v. National Apartment Leasing Company, 108 Pa. Cmwtlh. 300, 529 A.2d 1157 (1987); McGinn v. Valloti, 363 Pa. Super. 88 , 525 A.2d 732 (1987)).

12
Paz v. Com., Dept. of Correctionsgreen
pacommwct · 1990 · cited in 2 Pennsylvania opinions naming this issue, 2006–2008
2 sentences

2006In evaluating whether a pleading is sufficiently specific, the question is “whether the pleading is sufficiently clear to enable the defendant to prepare his defense.” Paz v. Commonwealth, Department of Corrections, 135 Pa. Commw. 162, 170 , 580 A.2d 452, 456 (1990).

2006In evaluating whether a pleading is sufficiently specific, the question is “whether the pleading is sufficiently clear to enable the defendant to prepare his defense.” Paz v. Commonwealth, Department of Corrections, 135 Pa. Commw. 162, 170 , 580 A.2d 452, 456 (1990).

12
Commonwealth v. Davalosgreen
pasuperct · 2001 · cited in 1 Pennsylvania opinions naming this issue, 2024–2024
1 sentence

2024See id.; see also Commonwealth v. Davalos, 779 A.2d 1190, 1194 (Pa. Super. 2001) (same).

11
Wicks v. Milzoco Builders, Inc.green
pa · 1983 · cited in 1 Pennsylvania opinions naming this issue, 2021–2021
1 sentence

2021Commonwealth by Shapiro v. Golden Gate National Senior Care, LLC, 194 A.3d 1010, 1029-30 (Pa. 2018); Wicks v. Milzoco Builders, Inc., 470 A.2d 86, 90 (Pa. 1983) (holding the plaintiff need only plead ultimate facts; evidentiary facts need not be set forth in the complaint); United Refrigerator Co. v. Applebaum, 189 A.2d 253, 255 (Pa. 1963); Unified Sportsmen of Pennsylvania v. Pennsylvania Game Commission, 950 A.2d 1120, 1134 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2008) (holding that to be sufficiently specific, “the complaint need not cite evidence but only those facts necessary for the defendant to prepare a defense”

11
Yacoub v. Lehigh Valley Medical Associates, P.C.green
pasuperct · 2002 · cited in 1 Pennsylvania opinions naming this issue, 2010–2010
1 sentence

2010Lerner v. Lerner, 954 A.2d 1229, 1235 (Pa. Super. 2008); Yacoub v. Lehigh Valley Medical Associates, 805 A.2d 579, 588 (Pa. Super. 2002). “[T]he complaint need not cite evidence but only those facts necessary for the defendant to prepare a defense.” Unified Sportsmen of Pennsylvania v. Pennsylvania Game Commission 950 A.2d 1120, 1134 (Pa. Commw. 2008).

11
Krajsa v. Keypunch, Inc.green
pasuperct · 1993 · cited in 1 Pennsylvania opinions naming this issue, 2006–2006
2 sentences

2006Thq Baker court stated that “allegation will withstand challenge under 1019(a) if (1) they contain averments of all facts that plaintiff will eventually have to prove in order to recover . . . and (2) they are sufficiently specific as to enable the defendant to prepare his defense.” Id. at 350 , 324 A.2d at 505, 506 . (citation omitted) “Pa.R.C.P. 1019(a) has been construed to mean that a complaint must not only apprise the defendant of the claim being asserted, but it must also summarize the essential facts to support the claim.” Krajsa v. Keypunch Inc., 424 Pa. Super. 230, 235 , 622 A.2d 355

2006Thq Baker court stated that “allegation will withstand challenge under 1019(a) if (1) they contain averments of all facts that plaintiff will eventually have to prove in order to recover . . . and (2) they are sufficiently specific as to enable the defendant to prepare his defense.” Id. at 350 , 324 A.2d at 505, 506 . (citation omitted) “Pa.R.C.P. 1019(a) has been construed to mean that a complaint must not only apprise the defendant of the claim being asserted, but it must also summarize the essential facts to support the claim.” Krajsa v. Keypunch Inc., 424 Pa. Super. 230, 235 , 622 A.2d 355

11
Weiss v. Equibankgreen
pasuperct · 1983 · cited in 1 Pennsylvania opinions naming this issue, 2004–2004
2 sentences

2004Weiss v. Equibank, 313 Pa. Super. 446, 453 , 460 A.2d 271, 274 (1983); PennDOT v. Shipley Humble Oil Co., 29 Pa. Commw. 171, 173 , 370 A.2d 438, 439 (1977).

2004Weiss v. Equibank, 313 Pa. Super. 446, 453 , 460 A.2d 271, 274 (1983); PennDOT v. Shipley Humble Oil Co., 29 Pa. Commw. 171, 173 , 370 A.2d 438, 439 (1977).

11
Commonwealth v. Shipley Humble Oil Co.green
pacommwct · 1977 · cited in 1 Pennsylvania opinions naming this issue, 2004–2004
2 sentences

2004Weiss v. Equibank, 313 Pa. Super. 446, 453 , 460 A.2d 271, 274 (1983); PennDOT v. Shipley Humble Oil Co., 29 Pa. Commw. 171, 173 , 370 A.2d 438, 439 (1977).

2004Weiss v. Equibank, 313 Pa. Super. 446, 453 , 460 A.2d 271, 274 (1983); PennDOT v. Shipley Humble Oil Co., 29 Pa. Commw. 171, 173 , 370 A.2d 438, 439 (1977).

11
Sutton v. Millergreen
pasuperct · 1991 · cited in 1 Pennsylvania opinions naming this issue, 2002–2002
2 sentences

2002Therefore, we must decide first on what ground the trial court granted the preliminary objection that lead to the dismissal of the Complaint. ¶ 9 Regarding Pa.R.Civ.P. 1028(a)(3), in Ammlung v. City of Chester, 224 Pa.Super. 47 , 302 A.2d 491 , 498 n. 36 (1973) (quoting 1 Goodrich-Amram § 1017(b)-9), we noted: The ... question under Rule [1028(a)(3) ] 3 is “whether the complaint is sufficiently clear to enable the defendant to prepare his defense,” or “wheth *238 er the plaintiffs complaint informs the defendant with accuracy and completeness of the specific basis on which recovery is sought s

2002Therefore, we must decide first on what ground the trial court granted the preliminary objection that lead to the dismissal of the Complaint. ¶ 9 Regarding Pa.R.Civ.P. 1028(a)(3), in Ammlung v. City of Chester, 224 Pa.Super. 47 , 302 A.2d 491 , 498 n. 36 (1973) (quoting 1 Goodrich-Amram § 1017(b)-9), we noted: The ... question under Rule [1028(a)(3) ] 3 is “whether the complaint is sufficiently clear to enable the defendant to prepare his defense,” or “wheth *238 er the plaintiffs complaint informs the defendant with accuracy and completeness of the specific basis on which recovery is sought s

11
Smith v. Wagnergreen
pasuperct · 1991 · cited in 1 Pennsylvania opinions naming this issue, 2001–2001
2 sentences

2001Smith v. Wagner, 403 Pa. Super. 316, 319 , 588 A.2d 1308, 1310 (1991).

2001Smith v. Wagner, 403 Pa. Super. 316, 319 , 588 A.2d 1308, 1310 (1991).

11
National Recovery Systems v. Frebrarogreen
pasuperct · 1981 · cited in 1 Pennsylvania opinions naming this issue, 2000–2000
2 sentences

2000National Recovery Systems v. Frebraro, 287 Pa. Super. 442, 444 , 430 A.2d 686, 687 (1981). “[I]n pleading its case, the complaint need not cite evidence but only those facts necessary for the defendant to prepare a defense.” PennDOT v. Bethlehem Steel Corp., 33 Pa. Commw. 1, 11 , 380 A.2d 1308, 1313 (1977).

2000National Recovery Systems v. Frebraro, 287 Pa. Super. 442, 444 , 430 A.2d 686, 687 (1981). “[I]n pleading its case, the complaint need not cite evidence but only those facts necessary for the defendant to prepare a defense.” PennDOT v. Bethlehem Steel Corp., 33 Pa. Commw. 1, 11 , 380 A.2d 1308, 1313 (1977).

11
Giffin v. Chronistergreen
pacommwct · 1992 · cited in 1 Pennsylvania opinions naming this issue, 1999–1999
2 sentences

1999“A demurrer will not be sustained unless the face of the complaint shows that the law will not permit recovery, and any doubts should be resolved against sustaining the demurrer.” Giffin v. Chronister, 151 Pa. Commw. 286, 290 , 616 A.2d 1070, 1073 (1992). “[I]n pleading its case, the complaint need not cite evidence but only those facts necessary for the defendant to prepare a defense.” PennDOT v. Bethlehem Steel Corp., 33 Pa. Commw. 1, 11 , 380 A.2d 1308, 1313 (1977).

1999“A demurrer will not be sustained unless the face of the complaint shows that the law will not permit recovery, and any doubts should be resolved against sustaining the demurrer.” Giffin v. Chronister, 151 Pa. Commw. 286, 290 , 616 A.2d 1070, 1073 (1992). “[I]n pleading its case, the complaint need not cite evidence but only those facts necessary for the defendant to prepare a defense.” PennDOT v. Bethlehem Steel Corp., 33 Pa. Commw. 1, 11 , 380 A.2d 1308, 1313 (1977).

11
City of Philadelphia v. Shappgreen
pacommwct · 1979 · cited in 1 Pennsylvania opinions naming this issue, 1988–1988
2 sentences

1988See also City of Philadelphia et al. v. Shapp et al., 44 Pa. Commw. 303 , 403 A.2d 1043 (1979).

1988See also City of Philadelphia et al. v. Shapp et al., 44 Pa. Commw. 303 , 403 A.2d 1043 (1979).

11
Widmer v. Widmergreen
pasuperct · 1954 · cited in 1 Pennsylvania opinions naming this issue, 1984–1984
11
Commonwealth v. City of Jeannettegreen
pacommwct · 1973 · cited in 1 Pennsylvania opinions naming this issue, 1979–1979
11

Distinguished, questioned or overruled (0)

CaseNegativeCited
No negative-treatment citations attached to this issue in Pennsylvania. Read the followed side critically anyway.

Also cited on this issue (20)

CaseCitedYears
Ammlung v. Platt green
pasuperct · 1973
2 sentences

2016Concerning our review of a challenge to an order sustaining preliminary objections for insufficient specificity, we have stated: The pertinent question under Rule 1028(a)(3) is “whether the complaint is sufficiently clear to enable the defendant to prepare his defense,” or “whether the plaintiff's complaint informs the defendant with accuracy and completeness of the specific basis on which recovery is sought so that he may know without question upon what grounds to make his defense.” Ammlung v. City of Chester,…302 A.2d 491, 498 n. 36 ([Pa.Super.] 1973) (quoting 1 Goodrich–Amram § 1017(b)–9).

2015“The pertinent question under Rule 1028(a)(3) is ‘whether the complaint is sufficiently clear to enable the defendant to prepare his defense,’ or ‘whether the plaintiff’s complaint informs the defendant with accuracy and completeness of the specific basis on which recovery is sought so that he may know without question upon what grounds to make his defense.’” Rambo v. Greene, 906 A.2d 1232, 1236 (Pa. Super. 2006) (citing Ammlung v. City of Chester, 302 A.2d 491 , 498 n. 36 (Pa. Super. 1973)).

132002–2016
Foster v. Peat Marwick Main & Co. green
pacommwct · 1991
2 sentences

2013Foster v. Peat Marwick Main & Co., 138 Pa. Cmwlth. 147, 587 A.2d 382 (1991) (citing Commonwealth v. National Apartment Leasing Company, 108 Pa. Cmwtlh. 300, 529 A.2d 1157 (1987); McGinn v. Valloti, 363 Pa. Super. 88 , 525 A.2d 732 (1987)).

2008Foster v. Peat Marwick Main & Co., 138 Pa.Cmwlth. 147 , 587 A.2d 382 (1991), aff'd, 544 Pa. 387 , 676 A.2d 652 (1996).

22008–2013
Bricklayers of Western Pennsylvania Combined Funds, Inc. v. Scott's Development Co. green
pa · 2014
1 sentence

2025Co., 90 A.3d 682 , 694 n.15 (Pa. 2014) (explaining that a complaint’s “purpose is to state the facts comprising the cause of action on which the plaintiff relies, so as to enable the defendant to prepare a defense,” such as an affirmative defense (citation modified)).

12025–2025
Com. of PA Acting by AG Kathleen Kane v. Golden Gate National Senior Care LLC green
pacommwct · 2017
1 sentence

2018Id. at 223-24 .

12018–2018
Com. v. NALCO. green
pacommwct · 1987
1 sentence

2013Foster v. Peat Marwick Main & Co., 138 Pa. Cmwlth. 147, 587 A.2d 382 (1991) (citing Commonwealth v. National Apartment Leasing Company, 108 Pa. Cmwtlh. 300, 529 A.2d 1157 (1987); McGinn v. Valloti, 363 Pa. Super. 88 , 525 A.2d 732 (1987)).

12013–2013
Foster v. Mutual Fire, Marine & Inland Insurance green
pa · 1996
2 sentences

2008Foster v. Peat Marwick Main & Co., 138 Pa.Cmwlth. 147 , 587 A.2d 382 (1991), aff'd, 544 Pa. 387 , 676 A.2d 652 (1996).

2008Foster v. Peat Marwick Main & Co., 138 Pa.Cmwlth. 147 , 587 A.2d 382 (1991), aff'd, 544 Pa. 387 , 676 A.2d 652 (1996).

12008–2008
LANDAU v. W. PA. NAT. BANK green
pa · 1971
1 sentence

2006Thq Baker court stated that “allegation will withstand challenge under 1019(a) if (1) they contain averments of all facts that plaintiff will eventually have to prove in order to recover . . . and (2) they are sufficiently specific as to enable the defendant to prepare his defense.” Id. at 350 , 324 A.2d at 505, 506 . (citation omitted) “Pa.R.C.P. 1019(a) has been construed to mean that a complaint must not only apprise the defendant of the claim being asserted, but it must also summarize the essential facts to support the claim.” Krajsa v. Keypunch Inc., 424 Pa. Super. 230, 235 , 622 A.2d 355

12006–2006
Sevin v. Kelshaw green
pasuperct · 1992
2 sentences

2001Bata v. Central-Penn National Bank of Philadelphia, 423 Pa. 373, 380 , 224 A.2d 174, 179 (1966); Sevin, 417 Pa. Super. at 7 , 611 A.2d at 1235 .

2001Bata v. Central-Penn National Bank of Philadelphia, 423 Pa. 373, 380 , 224 A.2d 174, 179 (1966); Sevin, 417 Pa. Super. at 7 , 611 A.2d at 1235 .

12001–2001
Maddux v. Commonwealth neutral
pacommwct · 1978
11979–1979
Department of Transportation v. Bethlehem Steel Corp. green
pacommwct · 1977
11977–1977
Commonwealth v. New Bethlehem Borough green
pasuperct · 1900
11959–1959
Commonwealth v. Hershman green
pasuperct · 1952
11959–1959
Baur v. Abbott neutral
pa · 1939
11954–1954
Aland v. P-G Publishing Co. neutral
pa · 1939
11954–1954
National Bank v. Lake Erie Asphalt Block Co. neutral
· 1912
11930–1930
Chapman Decorative Co. v. Welsh neutral
pasuperct · 1926
11930–1930
Williams v. Commonwealth green
pa · 1880
11900–1900
Commonwealth v. Bachop neutral
pasuperct · 1896
11900–1900
Commonwealth v. Swallow green
pasuperct · 1898
11900–1900
Commonwealth v. Gennerette neutral
pasuperct · 1899
11900–1900

Statutes the citing opinions construe

PA § 42 Pa. Cons. Stat. § 8542 (4)

Counted by distinct opinions that both name this issue and are annotated to the section; sections every opinion cites regardless of issue are not filtered here, so read the counts against the total above.

Where else courts name it

PA 70 (1900–2026) TX 62 (1973–2025) IL 57 (1953–2024) WA 53 (1896–2025) MO 42 (1912–2025) NC 39 (1958–2026) NY 33 (1909–2025) GA 28 (1925–2024) LA 18 (1939–2025) CO 16 (1979–2020) CA 12 (1887–2025) CT 11 (1962–2017) WY 10 (1926–2022) TN 9 (1985–2019) OR 9 (1963–2017) MS 9 (1997–2008) AZ 7 (1969–2022) ID 6 (1980–1996) ND 6 (1995–2021) NH 6 (1984–2011) FL 6 (1937–2009) KS 5 (1886–2018) UT 5 (1948–2024) MN 5 (1921–2015) OH 5 (1961–2022) AL 4 (1963–1990) MI 4 (1916–1995) NJ 4 (1959–2026) IN 4 (1980–2020) WI 4 (1988–2022) MT 4 (1965–2023) NM 3 (1966–2021) MD 3 (1983–2013) ME 3 (1984–1990) VA 3 (1961–2002) VT 2 (1999–2020) AR 2 (1884–1931) VI 2 (2013–2015) MA 2 (1991–1992) DE 2 (2024–2024) WV 2 (1992–1999) IA 2 (2001–2016)

Opinions by the citing court's state. A doctrine retained in one state and abandoned in another shows up here as a year span that stalls.

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