Montgomery defendant (California) · Go Syfert
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Montgomery defendant in California

8 California opinions name it 3 courts 1980–2024 3 in the last five years

The cases below were cited by California courts in a sentence that names this issue. Sides come from how each citing opinion treated the case (Syfertize flag on that citation), so a case can appear on both: that is where the law is contested. A red or yellow chip is the case's own overall treatment.

Followed or applied (10)

CaseFollowedCited
People v. Walkergreen
calctapp · 2016 · cited in 2 California opinions naming this issue, 2018–2018
2 sentences

2018The Casillas , Walker , and Zamarripa defendants all suffered convictions that disqualified them from relief after they were convicted for felonies eligible for redesignation. ( Casillas , supra , 13 Cal.App.5th at p. 748 , 221 Cal.Rptr.3d 181 ; Walker , supra , 5 Cal.App.5th at p. 875 , 210 Cal.Rptr.3d 202 ; Zamarripa , supra , 247 Cal.App.4th at p. 1182, 202 Cal.Rptr.3d 525 .) The *328 Montgomery defendant's disqualifying conviction occurred contemporaneously *876 with the conviction eligible for redesignation. ( Montgomery , supra , 247 Cal.App.4th at p. 1388, 203 Cal.Rptr.3d 228 .) All fou

2018The Casillas , Walker , and Zamarripa defendants all suffered convictions that disqualified them from relief after they were convicted for felonies eligible for redesignation. ( Casillas , supra , 13 Cal.App.5th at p. 748 , 221 Cal.Rptr.3d 181 ; Walker , supra , 5 Cal.App.5th at p. 875 , 210 Cal.Rptr.3d 202 ; Zamarripa , supra , 247 Cal.App.4th at p. 1182, 202 Cal.Rptr.3d 525 .) The *328 Montgomery defendant's disqualifying conviction occurred contemporaneously *876 with the conviction eligible for redesignation. ( Montgomery , supra , 247 Cal.App.4th at p. 1388, 203 Cal.Rptr.3d 228 .) All fou

12
People v. Zamarripagreen
calctapp · 2016 · cited in 2 California opinions naming this issue, 2018–2018
2 sentences

2018The Casillas , Walker , and Zamarripa defendants all suffered convictions that disqualified them from relief after they were convicted for felonies eligible for redesignation. ( Casillas , supra , 13 Cal.App.5th at p. 748 , 221 Cal.Rptr.3d 181 ; Walker , supra , 5 Cal.App.5th at p. 875 , 210 Cal.Rptr.3d 202 ; Zamarripa , supra , 247 Cal.App.4th at p. 1182, 202 Cal.Rptr.3d 525 .) The *328 Montgomery defendant's disqualifying conviction occurred contemporaneously *876 with the conviction eligible for redesignation. ( Montgomery , supra , 247 Cal.App.4th at p. 1388, 203 Cal.Rptr.3d 228 .) All fou

2018The Casillas , Walker , and Zamarripa defendants all suffered convictions that disqualified them from relief after they were convicted for felonies eligible for redesignation. ( Casillas , supra , 13 Cal.App.5th at p. 748 , 221 Cal.Rptr.3d 181 ; Walker , supra , 5 Cal.App.5th at p. 875 , 210 Cal.Rptr.3d 202 ; Zamarripa , supra , 247 Cal.App.4th at p. 1182, 202 Cal.Rptr.3d 525 .) The *328 Montgomery defendant's disqualifying conviction occurred contemporaneously *876 with the conviction eligible for redesignation. ( Montgomery , supra , 247 Cal.App.4th at p. 1388, 203 Cal.Rptr.3d 228 .) All fou

12
People v. Montgomerygreen
calctapp · 2016 · cited in 2 California opinions naming this issue, 2018–2018
2 sentences

2018The Casillas , Walker , and Zamarripa defendants all suffered convictions that disqualified them from relief after they were convicted for felonies eligible for redesignation. ( Casillas , supra , 13 Cal.App.5th at p. 748 , 221 Cal.Rptr.3d 181 ; Walker , supra , 5 Cal.App.5th at p. 875 , 210 Cal.Rptr.3d 202 ; Zamarripa , supra , 247 Cal.App.4th at p. 1182, 202 Cal.Rptr.3d 525 .) The *328 Montgomery defendant's disqualifying conviction occurred contemporaneously *876 with the conviction eligible for redesignation. ( Montgomery , supra , 247 Cal.App.4th at p. 1388, 203 Cal.Rptr.3d 228 .) All fou

2018The Casillas , Walker , and Zamarripa defendants all suffered convictions that disqualified them from relief after they were convicted for felonies eligible for redesignation. ( Casillas , supra , 13 Cal.App.5th at p. 748 , 221 Cal.Rptr.3d 181 ; Walker , supra , 5 Cal.App.5th at p. 875 , 210 Cal.Rptr.3d 202 ; Zamarripa , supra , 247 Cal.App.4th at p. 1182, 202 Cal.Rptr.3d 525 .) The *328 Montgomery defendant's disqualifying conviction occurred contemporaneously *876 with the conviction eligible for redesignation. ( Montgomery , supra , 247 Cal.App.4th at p. 1388, 203 Cal.Rptr.3d 228 .) All fou

12
People v. Casillasgreen
calctapp5d · 2017 · cited in 2 California opinions naming this issue, 2018–2018
2 sentences

2018The Casillas , Walker , and Zamarripa defendants all suffered convictions that disqualified them from relief after they were convicted for felonies eligible for redesignation. ( Casillas , supra , 13 Cal.App.5th at p. 748 , 221 Cal.Rptr.3d 181 ; Walker , supra , 5 Cal.App.5th at p. 875 , 210 Cal.Rptr.3d 202 ; Zamarripa , supra , 247 Cal.App.4th at p. 1182, 202 Cal.Rptr.3d 525 .) The *328 Montgomery defendant's disqualifying conviction occurred contemporaneously *876 with the conviction eligible for redesignation. ( Montgomery , supra , 247 Cal.App.4th at p. 1388, 203 Cal.Rptr.3d 228 .) All fou

2018The Casillas , Walker , and Zamarripa defendants all suffered convictions that disqualified them from relief after they were convicted for felonies eligible for redesignation. ( Casillas , supra , 13 Cal.App.5th at p. 748 , 221 Cal.Rptr.3d 181 ; Walker , supra , 5 Cal.App.5th at p. 875 , 210 Cal.Rptr.3d 202 ; Zamarripa , supra , 247 Cal.App.4th at p. 1182, 202 Cal.Rptr.3d 525 .) The *328 Montgomery defendant's disqualifying conviction occurred contemporaneously *876 with the conviction eligible for redesignation. ( Montgomery , supra , 247 Cal.App.4th at p. 1388, 203 Cal.Rptr.3d 228 .) All fou

12
Robinson v. Lewisgreen
cal · 2020 · cited in 1 California opinions naming this issue, 2024–2024
1 sentence

2024(Robinson v. Lewis (2020) 9 Cal.5th 883, 895 (Robinson) [“in noncapital cases, if the superior court denies a petition for a writ of habeas corpus, the petitioner has no statutory right to appeal”].) We also directed the appointment of counsel for Montgomery and directed counsel and the Attorney General to submit briefs on whether the trial court’s order is appealable to the extent it denied Montgomery’s motion for discovery under the RJA.

11
People v. Ainsworthgreen
calctapp · 1990 · cited in 1 California opinions naming this issue, 2024–2024
1 sentence

2024(Picklesimer, supra, 48 Cal.4th at p. 337 ; People v. Alvarez (2019) 32 Cal.App.5th 1267, 1276 ; People v. Ainsworth (1990) 217 Cal.App.3d 247, 251, 259 .)2 “An order denying a motion the court lacks jurisdiction to grant does not affect a defendant’s substantial rights. [Citation.] Any appeal from such an order must be dismissed.” (People v. Alexander (2020) 45 Cal.App.5th 341 , 344; see Johnson, supra, 3 Cal.4th at p. 1258 [order denying “defendant’s motion [that] essentially sought anticipatory postjudgment discovery” and that trial court had no jurisdiction to grant “did not affect his sub

11
People v. Johnsongreen
cal · 1992 · cited in 1 California opinions naming this issue, 2024–2024
2 sentences

2024(Picklesimer, supra, 48 Cal.4th at p. 337 ; People v. Alvarez (2019) 32 Cal.App.5th 1267, 1276 ; People v. Ainsworth (1990) 217 Cal.App.3d 247, 251, 259 .)2 “An order denying a motion the court lacks jurisdiction to grant does not affect a defendant’s substantial rights. [Citation.] Any appeal from such an order must be dismissed.” (People v. Alexander (2020) 45 Cal.App.5th 341 , 344; see Johnson, supra, 3 Cal.4th at p. 1258 [order denying “defendant’s motion [that] essentially sought anticipatory postjudgment discovery” and that trial court had no jurisdiction to grant “did not affect his sub

2024(Picklesimer, supra, 48 Cal.4th at p. 337 ; People v. Alvarez (2019) 32 Cal.App.5th 1267, 1276 ; People v. Ainsworth (1990) 217 Cal.App.3d 247, 251, 259 .)2 “An order denying a motion the court lacks jurisdiction to grant does not affect a defendant’s substantial rights. [Citation.] Any appeal from such an order must be dismissed.” (People v. Alexander (2020) 45 Cal.App.5th 341 , 344; see Johnson, supra, 3 Cal.4th at p. 1258 [order denying “defendant’s motion [that] essentially sought anticipatory postjudgment discovery” and that trial court had no jurisdiction to grant “did not affect his sub

11
Brecht v. Abrahamsongreen
scotus · 1993 · cited in 1 California opinions naming this issue, 2022–2022
2 sentences

2022As the high court has observed, “habeas corpus is, at its core, an equitable remedy.” (Schlup v. Delo (1995) 513 U.S. 298, 319 ; see Brecht, supra, 507 U.S. at p. 633 .) The court’s consideration of the Miller/Montgomery factors on habeas did not serve to reopen direct review regardless of whether or not the court first vacated 10 PEOPLE v. PADILLA Corrigan, J., dissenting defendant’s sentence.

2022As the high court has observed, “habeas corpus is, at its core, an equitable remedy.” (Schlup v. Delo (1995) 513 U.S. 298, 319 ; see Brecht, supra, 507 U.S. at p. 633 .) The court’s consideration of the Miller/Montgomery factors on habeas did not serve to reopen direct review regardless of whether or not the court first vacated 10 PEOPLE v. PADILLA Corrigan, J., dissenting defendant’s sentence.

11
Auto Equity Sales, Inc. v. Superior Courtgreen
cal · 1962 · cited in 1 California opinions naming this issue, 1984–1984
2 sentences

1984Bound as we are by the Montgomery rule as interpreted by Green (see Auto Equity Sales v. Superior Court (1962) 57 Cal.2d 450, 455 [ 20 Cal.Rptr. 321 , 369 P.2d 937 ]), we can reach no conclusion other than that the evidence proffered by Harvey was properly excluded. 13 Sentencing Error Harvey was sentenced to the upper term of nine years on the attempted murder count with a three-year enhancement for great bodily injury pursuant to section 12022.7.

1984Bound as we are by the Montgomery rule as interpreted by Green (see Auto Equity Sales v. Superior Court (1962) 57 Cal.2d 450, 455 [ 20 Cal.Rptr. 321 , 369 P.2d 937 ]), we can reach no conclusion other than that the evidence proffered by Harvey was properly excluded. 13 Sentencing Error Harvey was sentenced to the upper term of nine years on the attempted murder count with a three-year enhancement for great bodily injury pursuant to section 12022.7.

11
People v. Cannadygreen
cal · 1972 · cited in 1 California opinions naming this issue, 1980–1980
2 sentences

1980(People v. Cannady (1972) 8 Cal.3d 379, 391 [ 105 Cal.Rptr. 129 , 503 P.2d 585 ].) The combined result of section 1127c and the Montgomery rule may offend one’s sense of logical symmetry, but it does not support defendant’s final argument that it is “unfair” to instruct on flight as consciousness of guilt without permitting him to call the jurors’ attention to evidence that may persuade them of his innocence.

1980(People v. Cannady (1972) 8 Cal.3d 379, 391 [ 105 Cal.Rptr. 129 , 503 P.2d 585 ].) The combined result of section 1127c and the Montgomery rule may offend one’s sense of logical symmetry, but it does not support defendant’s final argument that it is “unfair” to instruct on flight as consciousness of guilt without permitting him to call the jurors’ attention to evidence that may persuade them of his innocence.

11

Distinguished, questioned or overruled (0)

CaseNegativeCited
No negative-treatment citations attached to this issue in California. Read the followed side critically anyway.

Also cited on this issue (15)

CaseCitedYears
People v. Picklesimer green
cal · 2010
1 sentence

2024(Picklesimer, supra, 48 Cal.4th at p. 337 ; People v. Alvarez (2019) 32 Cal.App.5th 1267, 1276 ; People v. Ainsworth (1990) 217 Cal.App.3d 247, 251, 259 .)2 “An order denying a motion the court lacks jurisdiction to grant does not affect a defendant’s substantial rights. [Citation.] Any appeal from such an order must be dismissed.” (People v. Alexander (2020) 45 Cal.App.5th 341 , 344; see Johnson, supra, 3 Cal.4th at p. 1258 [order denying “defendant’s motion [that] essentially sought anticipatory postjudgment discovery” and that trial court had no jurisdiction to grant “did not affect his sub

12024–2024
People v. Alvarez green
calctapp5d · 2019
1 sentence

2024(Picklesimer, supra, 48 Cal.4th at p. 337 ; People v. Alvarez (2019) 32 Cal.App.5th 1267, 1276 ; People v. Ainsworth (1990) 217 Cal.App.3d 247, 251, 259 .)2 “An order denying a motion the court lacks jurisdiction to grant does not affect a defendant’s substantial rights. [Citation.] Any appeal from such an order must be dismissed.” (People v. Alexander (2020) 45 Cal.App.5th 341 , 344; see Johnson, supra, 3 Cal.4th at p. 1258 [order denying “defendant’s motion [that] essentially sought anticipatory postjudgment discovery” and that trial court had no jurisdiction to grant “did not affect his sub

12024–2024
Schlup v. Delo red
scotus · 1995
1 sentence

2022As the high court has observed, “habeas corpus is, at its core, an equitable remedy.” (Schlup v. Delo (1995) 513 U.S. 298, 319 ; see Brecht, supra, 507 U.S. at p. 633 .) The court’s consideration of the Miller/Montgomery factors on habeas did not serve to reopen direct review regardless of whether or not the court first vacated 10 PEOPLE v. PADILLA Corrigan, J., dissenting defendant’s sentence.

12022–2022
People v. Gentile red
cal · 2020
2 sentences

2022His 5 (See, e.g., Gentile, supra, 10 Cal.5th at p. 852 ; People v. Stamps (2020) 9 Cal.5th 685, 699 ; People v. Frahs (2020) 9 Cal.5th 618 , 624–625; People v. Valenzuela (2019) 7 Cal.5th 415, 424 ; People v. Lara (2019) 6 Cal.5th 1128, 1134 ; People v. Buycks (2018) 5 Cal.5th 857, 888 ; People v. Floyd (2003) 31 Cal.4th 179 , 184–185; People v. Rossi, supra, 18 Cal.3d at p. 304; People v. Francis (1969) 71 Cal.2d 66 , 75–76.) 8 PEOPLE v. PADILLA Corrigan, J., dissenting appeal from the sentence imposed after such hearing did not transform a collateral attack on a final judgment into what the

2022His 5 (See, e.g., Gentile, supra, 10 Cal.5th at p. 852 ; People v. Stamps (2020) 9 Cal.5th 685, 699 ; People v. Frahs (2020) 9 Cal.5th 618 , 624–625; People v. Valenzuela (2019) 7 Cal.5th 415, 424 ; People v. Lara (2019) 6 Cal.5th 1128, 1134 ; People v. Buycks (2018) 5 Cal.5th 857, 888 ; People v. Floyd (2003) 31 Cal.4th 179 , 184–185; People v. Rossi, supra, 18 Cal.3d at p. 304; People v. Francis (1969) 71 Cal.2d 66 , 75–76.) 8 PEOPLE v. PADILLA Corrigan, J., dissenting appeal from the sentence imposed after such hearing did not transform a collateral attack on a final judgment into what the

12022–2022
People v. Floyd green
cal · 2003
1 sentence

2022His 5 (See, e.g., Gentile, supra, 10 Cal.5th at p. 852 ; People v. Stamps (2020) 9 Cal.5th 685, 699 ; People v. Frahs (2020) 9 Cal.5th 618 , 624–625; People v. Valenzuela (2019) 7 Cal.5th 415, 424 ; People v. Lara (2019) 6 Cal.5th 1128, 1134 ; People v. Buycks (2018) 5 Cal.5th 857, 888 ; People v. Floyd (2003) 31 Cal.4th 179 , 184–185; People v. Rossi, supra, 18 Cal.3d at p. 304; People v. Francis (1969) 71 Cal.2d 66 , 75–76.) 8 PEOPLE v. PADILLA Corrigan, J., dissenting appeal from the sentence imposed after such hearing did not transform a collateral attack on a final judgment into what the

12022–2022
People v. Lara green
cal · 2019
1 sentence

2022His 5 (See, e.g., Gentile, supra, 10 Cal.5th at p. 852 ; People v. Stamps (2020) 9 Cal.5th 685, 699 ; People v. Frahs (2020) 9 Cal.5th 618 , 624–625; People v. Valenzuela (2019) 7 Cal.5th 415, 424 ; People v. Lara (2019) 6 Cal.5th 1128, 1134 ; People v. Buycks (2018) 5 Cal.5th 857, 888 ; People v. Floyd (2003) 31 Cal.4th 179 , 184–185; People v. Rossi, supra, 18 Cal.3d at p. 304; People v. Francis (1969) 71 Cal.2d 66 , 75–76.) 8 PEOPLE v. PADILLA Corrigan, J., dissenting appeal from the sentence imposed after such hearing did not transform a collateral attack on a final judgment into what the

12022–2022
People v. Francis green
cal · 1969
1 sentence

2022His 5 (See, e.g., Gentile, supra, 10 Cal.5th at p. 852 ; People v. Stamps (2020) 9 Cal.5th 685, 699 ; People v. Frahs (2020) 9 Cal.5th 618 , 624–625; People v. Valenzuela (2019) 7 Cal.5th 415, 424 ; People v. Lara (2019) 6 Cal.5th 1128, 1134 ; People v. Buycks (2018) 5 Cal.5th 857, 888 ; People v. Floyd (2003) 31 Cal.4th 179 , 184–185; People v. Rossi, supra, 18 Cal.3d at p. 304; People v. Francis (1969) 71 Cal.2d 66 , 75–76.) 8 PEOPLE v. PADILLA Corrigan, J., dissenting appeal from the sentence imposed after such hearing did not transform a collateral attack on a final judgment into what the

12022–2022
People v. Valenzuela green
· 2019
1 sentence

2022His 5 (See, e.g., Gentile, supra, 10 Cal.5th at p. 852 ; People v. Stamps (2020) 9 Cal.5th 685, 699 ; People v. Frahs (2020) 9 Cal.5th 618 , 624–625; People v. Valenzuela (2019) 7 Cal.5th 415, 424 ; People v. Lara (2019) 6 Cal.5th 1128, 1134 ; People v. Buycks (2018) 5 Cal.5th 857, 888 ; People v. Floyd (2003) 31 Cal.4th 179 , 184–185; People v. Rossi, supra, 18 Cal.3d at p. 304; People v. Francis (1969) 71 Cal.2d 66 , 75–76.) 8 PEOPLE v. PADILLA Corrigan, J., dissenting appeal from the sentence imposed after such hearing did not transform a collateral attack on a final judgment into what the

12022–2022
People v. Buycks green
· 2018
1 sentence

2022His 5 (See, e.g., Gentile, supra, 10 Cal.5th at p. 852 ; People v. Stamps (2020) 9 Cal.5th 685, 699 ; People v. Frahs (2020) 9 Cal.5th 618 , 624–625; People v. Valenzuela (2019) 7 Cal.5th 415, 424 ; People v. Lara (2019) 6 Cal.5th 1128, 1134 ; People v. Buycks (2018) 5 Cal.5th 857, 888 ; People v. Floyd (2003) 31 Cal.4th 179 , 184–185; People v. Rossi, supra, 18 Cal.3d at p. 304; People v. Francis (1969) 71 Cal.2d 66 , 75–76.) 8 PEOPLE v. PADILLA Corrigan, J., dissenting appeal from the sentence imposed after such hearing did not transform a collateral attack on a final judgment into what the

12022–2022
People v. Stamps green
cal · 2020
1 sentence

2022His 5 (See, e.g., Gentile, supra, 10 Cal.5th at p. 852 ; People v. Stamps (2020) 9 Cal.5th 685, 699 ; People v. Frahs (2020) 9 Cal.5th 618 , 624–625; People v. Valenzuela (2019) 7 Cal.5th 415, 424 ; People v. Lara (2019) 6 Cal.5th 1128, 1134 ; People v. Buycks (2018) 5 Cal.5th 857, 888 ; People v. Floyd (2003) 31 Cal.4th 179 , 184–185; People v. Rossi, supra, 18 Cal.3d at p. 304; People v. Francis (1969) 71 Cal.2d 66 , 75–76.) 8 PEOPLE v. PADILLA Corrigan, J., dissenting appeal from the sentence imposed after such hearing did not transform a collateral attack on a final judgment into what the

12022–2022
People v. Frahs green
cal · 2020
1 sentence

2022His 5 (See, e.g., Gentile, supra, 10 Cal.5th at p. 852 ; People v. Stamps (2020) 9 Cal.5th 685, 699 ; People v. Frahs (2020) 9 Cal.5th 618 , 624–625; People v. Valenzuela (2019) 7 Cal.5th 415, 424 ; People v. Lara (2019) 6 Cal.5th 1128, 1134 ; People v. Buycks (2018) 5 Cal.5th 857, 888 ; People v. Floyd (2003) 31 Cal.4th 179 , 184–185; People v. Rossi, supra, 18 Cal.3d at p. 304; People v. Francis (1969) 71 Cal.2d 66 , 75–76.) 8 PEOPLE v. PADILLA Corrigan, J., dissenting appeal from the sentence imposed after such hearing did not transform a collateral attack on a final judgment into what the

12022–2022
Miller v. Alabama green
scotus · 2012
1 sentence

2021And his 20-year base term is irrelevant to his constitutional disproportionality claim.” Freeman responded by filing two supplemental briefs in April 2018, arguing that his continued custody had become unconstitutionally disproportionate to his culpability and constitutes cruel and unusual punishment. 5 In July 2018, after the California Supreme Court had overruled Butler, the superior court invited Freeman to file a supplemental habeas corpus petition on “the Montgomery issue” (see Montgomery v. Louisiana (2016) 577 U.S. 190 (Montgomery)) and “whether Freeman has again been denied parole base

12021–2021
Montgomery v. Louisiana green
scotus · 2016
1 sentence

2021And his 20-year base term is irrelevant to his constitutional disproportionality claim.” Freeman responded by filing two supplemental briefs in April 2018, arguing that his continued custody had become unconstitutionally disproportionate to his culpability and constitutes cruel and unusual punishment. 5 In July 2018, after the California Supreme Court had overruled Butler, the superior court invited Freeman to file a supplemental habeas corpus petition on “the Montgomery issue” (see Montgomery v. Louisiana (2016) 577 U.S. 190 (Montgomery)) and “whether Freeman has again been denied parole base

12021–2021
In re Kirchner green
cal · 2017
1 sentence

2021And his 20-year base term is irrelevant to his constitutional disproportionality claim.” Freeman responded by filing two supplemental briefs in April 2018, arguing that his continued custody had become unconstitutionally disproportionate to his culpability and constitutes cruel and unusual punishment. 5 In July 2018, after the California Supreme Court had overruled Butler, the superior court invited Freeman to file a supplemental habeas corpus petition on “the Montgomery issue” (see Montgomery v. Louisiana (2016) 577 U.S. 190 (Montgomery)) and “whether Freeman has again been denied parole base

12021–2021
People v. Montgomery green
calctapp · 1988
2 sentences

1995Montgomery's analysis ended at the determination that disclosure was “material *156 on the issue of guilt or innocence.” ( 205 Cal.App.3d at p. 1022 .) Montgomery did not proceed to determine whether the disclosure would have resulted in a reasonable possibility of exoneration.

1995Montgomery's analysis ended at the determination that disclosure was “material *156 on the issue of guilt or innocence.” ( 205 Cal.App.3d at p. 1022 .) Montgomery did not proceed to determine whether the disclosure would have resulted in a reasonable possibility of exoneration.

11995–1995

Where else courts name it

IL 171 (1973–2025) TX 64 (1992–2026) FL 22 (1980–2023) OH 14 (2007–2026) NY 11 (1973–2018) CA 8 (1980–2024) PA 7 (2015–2022) IN 5 (2009–2015) KS 4 (2014–2026) MS 3 (2015–2018) MI 3 (1962–2025) MT 3 (2010–2010) MD 3 (1986–2018) LA 3 (2017–2018) VA 2 (2006–2017) IA 2 (2017–2020) AZ 2 (2016–2026) OR 2 (2011–2019) WA 2 (1987–2019) KY 2 (2010–2022) CO 2 (1996–2026) GA 2 (2006–2025) MO 2 (1988–2010)

Opinions by the citing court's state. A doctrine retained in one state and abandoned in another shows up here as a year span that stalls.

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