setting hearing (California) · Go Syfert
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setting hearing in California

60 California opinions name it 2 courts 1963–2026 37 in the last five years

The cases below were cited by California courts in a sentence that names this issue. Sides come from how each citing opinion treated the case (Syfertize flag on that citation), so a case can appear on both: that is where the law is contested. A red or yellow chip is the case's own overall treatment.

Followed or applied (15)

CaseFollowedCited
Cathina W. v. Bessie W.green
calctapp · 1998 · cited in 7 California opinions naming this issue, 1999–2020
2 sentences

2020“When notice is not given, the parents’ claims of error occurring at the setting hearing may be addressed on review from the disposition following the section 366.26 hearing.” (In re Harmony B., at p. 838; see also In re Cathina W., supra, 68 Cal.App.4th at pp. 722-726; In re Rashad B. (1999) 76 Cal.App.4th 442, 450 [“Since appellant was not given notice of her right to file a writ petition, and since that failure of notice is ultimately attributable to an error of the court, appellant’s claims of error are cognizable on appeal even though they would serve to undermine the referral order”].) T

2015(Cf. In re Cathina W. (1998) 68 Cal.App.4th 716, 722-723 [mother entitled to review of order setting the section 366.26 hearing on appeal from the subsequent order terminating her parental rights because she was not duly advised of the writ requirement; mother was not personally present at the setting hearing, notice was mailed to mother four days after entry of the setting order to her last known address, the notice was returned to the clerk’s office stamped “return to sender” along with a label that contained mother’s new address, and the clerk did not re-mail the notice to that address].) T

37
In Re Rashad B.green
calctapp · 1999 · cited in 4 California opinions naming this issue, 2005–2020
2 sentences

2020“When notice is not given, the parents’ claims of error occurring at the setting hearing may be addressed on review from the disposition following the section 366.26 hearing.” (In re Harmony B., at p. 838; see also In re Cathina W., supra, 68 Cal.App.4th at pp. 722-726; In re Rashad B. (1999) 76 Cal.App.4th 442, 450 [“Since appellant was not given notice of her right to file a writ petition, and since that failure of notice is ultimately attributable to an error of the court, appellant’s claims of error are cognizable on appeal even though they would serve to undermine the referral order”].) T

2005(In re Cathina W., supra, 68 Cal.App.4th at pp. 722-726; In re Rashad B. (1999) 76 Cal.App.4th 442, 450 [ 90 Cal.Rptr.2d 462 ] [“Since appellant was not given notice of her right to file a writ petition, and since that failure of notice is ultimately attributable to an error of the court, appellant’s claims of error are cognizable on appeal even though they would serve to undermine the referral order.”].) The DPSS concedes that the record does not reflect that notice was provided to father informing him of his right to bring a writ petition, and father has therefore shown good cause to raise i

24
San Bernardino County Children & Family Services v. Kimberly L.green
calctapp · 2016 · cited in 4 California opinions naming this issue, 2020–2023
2 sentences

2023First, “the waiver rule will be enforced unless due process forbids it.” (In re Janee J. (1999) 74 Cal.App.4th 198, 208 .) There must be “some defect that fundamentally undermined the statutory scheme so that the parent would have been kept from availing himself or herself of the protections afforded by the scheme as a whole.” (Ibid.) Second, “the courts have found good cause to address the merits of a challenge to orders made at the setting hearing in an appeal from the order terminating parental rights when the juvenile court did not adequately inform the parent of their right to file a writ

2023“A parent who is absent from the setting hearing has only 12 days after the date the notice is mailed to file her notice of intent to file a writ petition (rule 8.450(e)(4)(B)), so strict compliance with the time for giving notice is crucial to implementing the Legislature’s stated intent that reasonable efforts be made to complete appellate review within the applicable time periods for conducting the permanency hearing (§ 366.26, subd. (l)(4)(A)).” (In re A.A. (2016) 243 Cal.App.4th 1220, 1241 .) The juvenile court’s five-day delay in giving father notice thwarted that legislative intent.

14
In Re Stephanie M.green
cal · 1994 · cited in 2 California opinions naming this issue, 1999–1999
2 sentences

1999IB writ at the setting hearing stage or by earlier appeals, that is, before the point is reached where reunification efforts have ceased and the child’s need for permanence and stability become paramount to the parent’s interest in the child’s care, custody and companionship (In re Stephanie M. (1994) 7 Cal.4th 295, 317 [ 27 Cal.Rptr.2d 595 , 867 P.2d 706 ]).

1999IB writ at the setting hearing stage or by earlier appeals, that is, before the point is reached where reunification efforts have ceased and the child’s need for permanence and stability become paramount to the parent’s interest in the child’s care, custody and companionship (In re Stephanie M. (1994) 7 Cal.4th 295, 317 [ 27 Cal.Rptr.2d 595 , 867 P.2d 706 ]).

12
In Re Dsgreen
calctapp · 2007 · cited in 1 California opinions naming this issue, 2024–2024
1 sentence

2024(See D.S., supra, 156 Cal.App.4th at p. 674.) DISPOSITION The petition for extraordinary writ is denied, as is father’s request for a temporary stay of the December 17, 2024 section 366.26 hearing. 2 In some cases, a parent does have standing even though the challenged order does not directly affect their personal rights.

11
Mathews v. Eldridgegreen
scotus · 1976 · cited in 1 California opinions naming this issue, 2021–2021
1 sentence

2021(See Mathews v. Eldridge (1976) 424 U.S. 319, 348 [“The essence of due process is the requirement that ‘a person in jeopardy of serious loss [be given] notice of the case against him and opportunity to meet it’”].) If defense counsel had expressly asked for dismissal, the court’s first question should have been, “Pursuant to what legal authority?” And then the issues could have been joined.

11
In Re Lauren Z.green
calctapp · 2008 · cited in 1 California opinions naming this issue, 2020–2020
1 sentence

2020(In re A.A. (2016) 243 Cal.App.4th 1220, 1235 [“when a parent is not properly advised of his or her right to 8. challenge the setting order by extraordinary writ, and consequently the parent does not timely file a writ petition, good cause exists to consider issues relating to the setting hearing”] (A.A.); In re Lauren Z. (2008) 158 Cal.App.4th 1102, 1110 [mother could challenge order terminating her reunification services where she did not receive a writ advisement]; In re Harmony B. (2005) 125 Cal.App.4th 831 , 838–839 [because father was not given notice, he could raise issues concerning th

11
Conservatorship of the Pers. v. D.C.green
calctapp5d · 2019 · cited in 1 California opinions naming this issue, 2020–2020
1 sentence

2020(E.g., Conservatorship of D.C. (2019) 39 Cal.App.5th 487, 492 (D.C.); George, supra, 169 Cal.App.4th at pp. 160 & 166.) S.A.’s sole argument against the competence of psychologists in this setting is the rule that the “practice of psychology shall not include prescribing drugs . . . .” (Bus. & Prof.

11
In Re Christina B.green
calctapp · 1993 · cited in 1 California opinions naming this issue, 2016–2016
2 sentences

2016Specifically, the guardian may not compromise fundamental rights, including the right to trial, without some countervailing and significant benefit.” (In re Christina B. (1993) 19 Cal.App.4th 1441, 1454 [ 23 Cal.Rptr.2d 918 ].) The cases cited by CFS do not support the proposition that a guardian ad litem appointed for a parent in a juvenile dependency proceeding has the authority to forgo filing a petition for extraordinary writ — with the consequence of waiving the parent’s right to challenge orders made at the setting hearing — without first consulting with the parent and the parent’s attor

2016Specifically, the guardian may not compromise fundamental rights, including the right to trial, without some countervailing and significant benefit.” (In re Christina B. (1993) 19 Cal.App.4th 1441, 1454 [ 23 Cal.Rptr.2d 918 ].) The cases cited by CFS do not support the proposition that a guardian ad litem appointed for a parent in a juvenile dependency proceeding has the authority to forgo filing a petition for extraordinary writ — with the consequence of waiving the parent’s right to challenge orders made at the setting hearing — without first consulting with the parent and the parent’s attor

11
Desiree F. v. Daniel F.green
calctapp · 2000 · cited in 1 California opinions naming this issue, 2015–2015
1 sentence

2015(Pedro N., supra, 35 Cal.App.4th at pp. 5 The issue of whether a parent’s failure to appeal a juvenile court’s finding that notice under ICWA was unnecessary precludes the parent from subsequently challenging that finding on a subsequent appeal from an order terminating parental rights is currently pending before the California Supreme Court in In re Isaiah W. (2014) 288 Cal.App.4th 981 , review granted October 29, 2014, S221263. 10. 185, 189–190; see In re Desiree F. (2000) 83 Cal.App.4th 460 , 477–478 [wherein we reversed the juvenile court’s denial of a tribe’s motion to intervene after a f

11
In Re Pedro N.green
calctapp · 1995 · cited in 1 California opinions naming this issue, 2015–2015
2 sentences

2015(Pedro N., supra, 35 Cal.App.4th at pp. 5 The issue of whether a parent’s failure to appeal a juvenile court’s finding that notice under ICWA was unnecessary precludes the parent from subsequently challenging that finding on a subsequent appeal from an order terminating parental rights is currently pending before the California Supreme Court in In re Isaiah W. (2014) 288 Cal.App.4th 981 , review granted October 29, 2014, S221263. 10. 185, 189–190; see In re Desiree F. (2000) 83 Cal.App.4th 460 , 477–478 [wherein we reversed the juvenile court’s denial of a tribe’s motion to intervene after a f

2015(Pedro N., supra, 35 Cal.App.4th at pp. 5 The issue of whether a parent’s failure to appeal a juvenile court’s finding that notice under ICWA was unnecessary precludes the parent from subsequently challenging that finding on a subsequent appeal from an order terminating parental rights is currently pending before the California Supreme Court in In re Isaiah W. (2014) 288 Cal.App.4th 981 , review granted October 29, 2014, S221263. 10. 185, 189–190; see In re Desiree F. (2000) 83 Cal.App.4th 460 , 477–478 [wherein we reversed the juvenile court’s denial of a tribe’s motion to intervene after a f

11
Clement v. Smithgreen
calctapp · 1993 · cited in 1 California opinions naming this issue, 2014–2014
11
Raulet v. Northwestern Nat'l Ins. Co. of Milwaukeegreen
· 1910 · cited in 1 California opinions naming this issue, 2014–2014
11
In Re Merrickgreen
calctapp · 2004 · cited in 1 California opinions naming this issue, 2006–2006
11
In Re Matthew C.red
cal · 1993 · cited in 1 California opinions naming this issue, 1999–1999
11

Distinguished, questioned or overruled (0)

CaseNegativeCited
No negative-treatment citations attached to this issue in California. Read the followed side critically anyway.

Also cited on this issue (27)

CaseCitedYears
Denham v. Superior Court green
cal · 1970
2 sentences

2026(Denham v. Superior Court (1970) 2 Cal.3d 557, 564 .) A parent seeking review of the court’s orders from the setting hearing must, as mother did here, file an extraordinary writ petition in this court on Judicial Council form JV–825 to initiate writ proceedings.

2026(Denham v. Superior Court (1970) 2 Cal.3d 557, 564 .) A parent seeking review of the juvenile court’s orders from the setting hearing must file an extraordinary writ petition in this court on Judicial Council form JV-825 to initiate writ proceedings.

262020–2026
In Re Janee J. green
calctapp · 1999
2 sentences

2023First, “the waiver rule will be enforced unless due process forbids it.” (In re Janee J. (1999) 74 Cal.App.4th 198, 208 .) There must be “some defect that fundamentally undermined the statutory scheme so that the parent would have been kept from availing himself or herself of the protections afforded by the scheme as a whole.” (Ibid.) Second, “the courts have found good cause to address the merits of a challenge to orders made at the setting hearing in an appeal from the order terminating parental rights when the juvenile court did not adequately inform the parent of their right to file a writ

2021Such ineffective assistance of counsel rendered the review hearings fundamentally unfair. “[L]ate consideration of [IAC] claims defeats a carefully balanced legislative scheme by allowing a back-door review of matters which must be brought for appellate review by rule [8.450] writ at the setting hearing stage or by earlier appeals, that 28 is, before the point is reached where reunification efforts have ceased and the child’s need for permanence and stability become paramount to the parent’s interest in the child’s care, custody and companionship.” (Janee J., supra, 74 Cal.App.4th at p. 208 .)

32021–2024
People v. Mendoza green
calctapp · 1997
2 sentences

2024(People v. Mendoza (1997) 59 Cal.App.4th 1333, 1340 .) Setting defendant’s words in the context of his history with T.C., there was substantial evidence for the jury to determine the statements were meant to be taken as a threat.

2022(People v. Mendoza (1997) 59 Cal.App.4th 1333, 1340 .) Setting defendant’s words in the context of his history with T.C., there was substantial evidence for the jury to determine the statements were meant to be taken as a threat.

22022–2024
In Re Harmony B. green
calctapp · 2005
2 sentences

2020(In re A.A. (2016) 243 Cal.App.4th 1220, 1235 [“when a parent is not properly advised of his or her right to 8. challenge the setting order by extraordinary writ, and consequently the parent does not timely file a writ petition, good cause exists to consider issues relating to the setting hearing”] (A.A.); In re Lauren Z. (2008) 158 Cal.App.4th 1102, 1110 [mother could challenge order terminating her reunification services where she did not receive a writ advisement]; In re Harmony B. (2005) 125 Cal.App.4th 831 , 838–839 [because father was not given notice, he could raise issues concerning th

2014“When notice is not given, the parents’ claims of error occurring at the setting hearing may be addressed on review from the disposition following the section 366.26 hearing.” (In re Harmony B. (2005) 125 Cal.App.4th 831, 838 .) The parent need not demonstrate prejudice from the lack of notice in order to be excepted from the forfeiture rule.

22014–2020
Maggie S. v. Superior Court green
calctapp · 2013
2 sentences

2014(Maggie S., at p. 671.) We noted that, when “‘the juvenile court orders a hearing under section 366.26, the court must orally advise all parties present that if the party wishes to preserve any right to review on appeal of the order setting the hearing under section 366.26, the party is required to seek an extraordinary writ. [Citations.]’ [Citation.] This rule applies to all orders . . . made contemporaneously with the setting of the hearing. [Citations.]” (Ibid.) Here, as in Maggie S., supra, 220 Cal.App.4th 662 , mother was present at the hearing at which the court terminated reunification

2014(Maggie S., at p. 671.) We noted that, when “‘the juvenile court orders a hearing under section 366.26, the court must orally advise all parties present that if the party wishes to preserve any right to review on appeal of the order setting the hearing under section 366.26, the party is required to seek an extraordinary writ. [Citations.]’ [Citation.] This rule applies to all orders . . . made contemporaneously with the setting of the hearing. [Citations.]” (Ibid.) Here, as in Maggie S., supra, 220 Cal.App.4th 662 , mother was present at the hearing at which the court terminated reunification

22014–2014
In Re Anthony green
calctapp · 1999
2 sentences

2006(See, e.g., In re Anthony B., supra, 72 Cal.App.4th at pp. 1022-1024, 85 Cal.Rptr.2d 594 ; In re Charmice G., supra, 66 Cal.App.4th at pp. 664-669, 78 Cal.Rptr.2d 212 .) All orders issued at a hearing in which a section 366.26 hearing is ordered are subject to section 366.26, subdivision ( l ) and must be reviewed by extraordinary writ. ( In re Merrick V., supra, 122 Cal.App.4th at p. 248, 19 Cal.Rptr.3d 490 .) The appeals are therefore dismissed.

2006(See, e.g., In re Anthony B., supra, 72 Cal.App.4th at pp. 1022-1024; In re Charmice G., supra, 66 Cal.App.4th at pp. 664-669.) All orders issued at a hearing in which a section 366.26 hearing is ordered are subject to section 366.26, subdivision (/) and must be reviewed by extraordinary writ.

22006–2006
Arizona v. Fulminante green
scotus · 1991
2 sentences

2005Arizona v. Fulminante (1991) 499 U.S. 279 [ 113 L.Ed.2d 302 , 111 S.Ct. 1246 ], a criminal case, explained that all constitutional errors are not equal.

2005Arizona v. Fulminante (1991) 499 U.S. 279 [ 113 L.Ed.2d 302 , 111 S.Ct. 1246 ], a criminal case, explained that all constitutional errors are not equal.

22005–2005
Santosky v. Kramer green
scotus · 1982
2 sentences

1999Unlike the termination hearings evaluated in Santosky v. Kramer, supra, 455 U.S. 745 , 102 S.Ct. 1388 , 71 L.Ed.2d 599 , and In re Angelia P. [ (1981) ] 28 Cal.3d 908 , 171 *645 Cal.Rptr. 637, 623 P.2d 198 , the purpose of the section 366.26 hearing is not to accumulate further evidence of parental unfitness and danger to the child, but to begin the task of finding the child a permanent alternative family placement.

1999Unlike the termination hearings evaluated in Santosky v. Kramer, supra, 455 U.S. 745 , and In re Angelia P. [(1981)] 28 Cal.3d 908 [ 171 Cal.Rptr. 637 , 623 P.2d 198 ], the purpose of the section 366.26 hearing is not to accumulate further evidence of parental unfitness and danger to the child, but to begin the task of finding the child a permanent alternative family placement.

21999–1999
Stanislaus County Department of Social Services v. Noeline P. green
calctapp · 1997
2 sentences

1999So does its initial conclusion about the waiver rule: "We decline to carve out an exception to it here even though the issues raised involve the important constitutional and statutory rights to counsel and to the effective assistance of counsel." ( Meranda P., supra, 56 Cal.App.4th at p. 1151 , 65 Cal.Rptr.2d 913 , italics added.) Proof of case-specific flexibility is Cathina W., supra, 68 Cal.App.4th 716, 722-724 , 80 Cal. Rptr.2d 480 , where the same court on another.26 appeal entertained a mother's claims of error at the setting hearing, reasoning that the mother's failure to receive notice

1999So does its initial conclusion about the waiver rule: “We decline to carve out an exception to it here even though the issues raised involve the important constitutional and statutory rights to counsel and to the effective assistance of counsel.” (Meranda P., supra, 56 Cal.App.4th at p. 1151 , italics added.) Proof of case-specific flexibility is Cathina W., supra, 68 Cal.App.4th 716, 722-724 , where the same court on another section 366.26 appeal entertained a mother’s claims of error at the setting hearing, reasoning that the mother’s failure to receive notice of her rule 39.IB review rights

21999–1999
Department of Social Services v. Ronald P. red
cal · 1981
2 sentences

1999Unlike the termination hearings evaluated in Santosky v. Kramer, supra, 455 U.S. 745 , and In re Angelia P. [(1981)] 28 Cal.3d 908 [ 171 Cal.Rptr. 637 , 623 P.2d 198 ], the purpose of the section 366.26 hearing is not to accumulate further evidence of parental unfitness and danger to the child, but to begin the task of finding the child a permanent alternative family placement.

1999Unlike the termination hearings evaluated in Santosky v. Kramer, supra, 455 U.S. 745 , and In re Angelia P. [(1981)] 28 Cal.3d 908 [ 171 Cal.Rptr. 637 , 623 P.2d 198 ], the purpose of the section 366.26 hearing is not to accumulate further evidence of parental unfitness and danger to the child, but to begin the task of finding the child a permanent alternative family placement.

21999–1999
People v. Bankers Insurance green
calctapp · 2010
1 sentence

2024Co., supra, 182 Cal.App.4th at p. 587 , “There is nothing which suggests the reporter’s transcript is in any way incomplete.” And Allegheny does not dispute the reporter’s transcript is complete.

12024–2024
People v. French green
cal · 2008
1 sentence

2022(See People v. French, supra, 43 Cal.4th at pp. 48-49.) 14 That is precisely what happened at the setting hearing on January 13, 2022.

12022–2022
In Re Marriage of Straczynski green
calctapp · 2010
1 sentence

2021“The constitutional guarantee of due process requires that a court give notice to a party and an opportunity to respond before sua sponte dismissing an action.” (In re Marriage of Straczynski (2010) 189 Cal.App.4th 531, 538 ; see id. at p. 539 [“The proper procedure for the trial court to use in ordering a sua sponte dismissal of the dissolution action would have been the issuance of an order to show cause and the setting of a hearing to consider a dismissal on the specified grounds” (italics added)].) And even if we interpret defense counsel’s statement (“I don’t see what the benefit of conti

12021–2021
In Re Justice P. green
calctapp · 2004
1 sentence

2021“A juvenile court order may be changed, modified or set aside under section 388 if the petitioner establishes by a preponderance of the evidence that (1) new evidence or changed circumstances exist and (2) the proposed change would promote the best interests of the child. [Citation.] A parent need only make a prima facie showing of these elements to trigger the right to a hearing on a section 388 petition and the petition should be liberally construed in favor of granting a hearing to consider the parent’s request. [Citation.] [If] [h]owever, . . . the liberally construed allegations of the pe

12021–2021
In Re Zachary G. green
calctapp · 2000
1 sentence

2021“A juvenile court order may be changed, modified or set aside under section 388 if the petitioner establishes by a preponderance of the evidence that (1) new evidence or changed circumstances exist and (2) the proposed change would promote the best interests of the child. [Citation.] A parent need only make a prima facie showing of these elements to trigger the right to a hearing on a section 388 petition and the petition should be liberally construed in favor of granting a hearing to consider the parent’s request. [Citation.] [If] [h]owever, . . . the liberally construed allegations of the pe

12021–2021
Santa Barbara County Child Welfare Services v. Jasmin R. green
calctapp · 2014
1 sentence

2021“A juvenile court order may be changed, modified or set aside under section 388 if the petitioner establishes by a preponderance of the evidence that (1) new evidence or changed circumstances exist and (2) the proposed change would promote the best interests of the child. [Citation.] A parent need only make a prima facie showing of these elements to trigger the right to a hearing on a section 388 petition and the petition should be liberally construed in favor of granting a hearing to consider the parent’s request. [Citation.] [If] [h]owever, . . . the liberally construed allegations of the pe

12021–2021
Conservatorship of George H. green
calctapp · 2008
1 sentence

2020(E.g., Conservatorship of D.C. (2019) 39 Cal.App.5th 487, 492 (D.C.); George, supra, 169 Cal.App.4th at pp. 160 & 166.) S.A.’s sole argument against the competence of psychologists in this setting is the rule that the “practice of psychology shall not include prescribing drugs . . . .” (Bus. & Prof.

12020–2020
In Re Marinna J. green
calctapp · 2001
12015–2015
In Re BR green
calctapp · 2009
1 sentence

2015(Cf. In re Cathina W. (1998) 68 Cal.App.4th 716, 722-723 [mother entitled to review of order setting the section 366.26 hearing on appeal from the subsequent order terminating her parental rights because she was not duly advised of the writ requirement; mother was not personally present at the setting hearing, notice was mailed to mother four days after entry of the setting order to her last known address, the notice was returned to the clerk’s office stamped “return to sender” along with a label that contained mother’s new address, and the clerk did not re-mail the notice to that address].) T

12015–2015
People v. Ranger Insurance green
calctapp · 1992
1 sentence

2015Co. (1992) 6 Cal.App.4th 1301 , “[a] defendant’s presence is ‘lawfully required’ when there is ‘a specific court order commanding his appearance at a date and time certain’ [citation], or when a defendant has notice because he or she is present when the date and time for a mandatory appearance are set, even though the court did not specifically order his or her personal presence.” (Id. at p. 1304.) In defendant’s case, the preliminary setting hearing was a mandatory appearance under section 977 and Local Rule 3, since defendant had not executed a written waiver of her right to be personally pr

12015–2015
Steve J. v. Superior Court green
calctapp · 1995
12014–2014
Stanislaus Cty. Dep't of Soc. Servs. v. Sonya G. green
calctapp · 1998
12006–2006
Speelman v. Superior Court green
calctapp · 1983
11986–1986
Jarrett v. Jarrett green
ill · 1979
11986–1986
Jarrett v. Jarrett green
scotus · 1980
11986–1986
Bollenbach v. United States green
scotus · 1946
11966–1966
People v. Calloway green
calctapp · 1954
11963–1963

Statutes the citing opinions construe

USC § 25u.s.c.1901 (6) USC § 25u.s.c.1912 (5) USC § 25u.s.c.1903 (3) USC § 25u.s.c.1914 (3)

Counted by distinct opinions that both name this issue and are annotated to the section; sections every opinion cites regardless of issue are not filtered here, so read the counts against the total above.

Where else courts name it

CA 60 (1963–2026) TX 46 (1965–2025) IN 10 (1976–2026) IL 8 (1974–1998) OH 7 (1959–2017) PA 6 (1967–2015) NJ 5 (1972–2019) LA 4 (1998–2018) MS 4 (1961–2025) DC 4 (1996–2016) OR 4 (1970–2001) AL 2 (2008–2012) FL 2 (1983–2013) MN 2 (1968–1996) MT 2 (2006–2019) NV 2 (1966–1989) MI 2 (1971–2026)

Opinions by the citing court's state. A doctrine retained in one state and abandoned in another shows up here as a year span that stalls.

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