nonexclusive list factors (Texas) · Go Syfert
← Texas issues

nonexclusive list factors in Texas

303 Texas opinions name it 6 courts 1993–2026 49 in the last five years

The cases below were cited by Texas courts in a sentence that names this issue. Sides come from how each citing opinion treated the case (Syfertize flag on that citation), so a case can appear on both: that is where the law is contested. A red or yellow chip is the case's own overall treatment.

Followed or applied (55)

CaseFollowedCited
Holley v. Adamsgreen
tex · 1976 · cited in 137 Texas opinions naming this issue, 1995–2026
2 sentences

2025APPLICABLE LAW In Holley v. Adams, the Texas Supreme Court provided the following nonexclusive list of factors for the trier of fact in a termination case to use in determining the best interest of the child: (1) the desires of the child; (2) the emotional and physical needs of the child now and in the future; (3) the emotional and physical danger to the child now and in the future; (4) the parental abilities of the individuals seeking custody; (5) the programs available to assist these individuals to promote the best interest of the child; (6) the plans for the child by these individuals or b

2025Applicable Law In Holley v. Adams, the Texas Supreme Court provided the following nonexclusive list of factors for the trier of fact in a termination case to use in determining the best interest of the child: (1) the desires of the child; (2) the emotional and physical needs of the child now and in the future; (3) the emotional and physical danger to the child now and in the future; (4) the parental abilities of the individuals seeking custody; (5) the programs available to assist these individuals to promote the best interest of the child; (6) the plans for the child by these individuals or b

84137
In Re CHgreen
tex · 2002 · cited in 21 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2003–2024
2 sentences

2003Code. § 161.001; In re J.F.C., 96 S.W.3d 256, 264-67 (Tex.2002); In re C.H., 89 S.W.3d 17, 25-26 (Tex.2002); Holley v. Adams, 544 S.W.2d 367, 371-72 (Tex.1976) (promulgating a nonexclusive list of factors that may be considered when determining the best interest of the child).

2003CODE. § 161.001; In re J.F.C., 96 S.W.3d 256, 264-67 (Tex.2002); In re C.H., 89 S.W.3d 17, 25-26 (Tex.2002); Holley v. Adams, 544 S.W.2d 367, 371-72 (Tex.1976) (promulgating a nonexclusive list of factors that may be considered when determining the best interest of the child).

1921
Evans v. Stategreen
texcrimapp · 2006 · cited in 51 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2002–2022
2 sentences

2022Evans v. State, 202 S.W.3d 158 , 162 n.12 (Tex. Crim.

2022Evans, 202 S.W.3d at 162 n.12.

1451
McQuarters v. Stategreen
texapp · 2001 · cited in 11 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2013–2015
2 sentences

2015See Evans, 202 S.W.3d at 162 n.12; McQuarters v. State, 58 S.W.3d 250, 259 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2001, pet. ref’d).

2015See Evans, 202 S.W.3d at 162 n.12; McQuarters v. State, 58 S.W.3d 250, 259 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2001, pet. ref’d).

1111
Tate v. Stategreen
texcrimapp · 2016 · cited in 9 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2019–2026
2 sentences

2026Tate v. State, 500 S.W.3d 410, 414 (Tex. Crim.

2019The courts have formulated a nonexclusive list of factors to examine in determining whether the necessary links exist: (1) the defendant’s presence when a search is conducted; (2) whether the contraband was in plain view; (3) the defendant’s proximity to and the accessibility of the narcotic; (4) whether the defendant was under the influence of narcotics when arrested; (5) whether the defendant possessed other contraband or narcotics when arrested; (6) whether the defendant made incriminating statements when arrested; (7) whether the defendant attempted to flee; (8) whether the defendant made

89
Olivarez v. Stategreen
texapp · 2005 · cited in 6 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2002–2014
2 sentences

2014Id. at 162 n.12; Hargrove v. State, 211 S.W.3d 379 , 385–86 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 2006, pets. (2) ref’d); Muckleroy v. State, 206 4 S.W.3d 746 , 748 n.4 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 2006, pet. ref’d); Olivarez v. State, 171 S.W.3d 283, 291 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2005, no pet.); Kyte v. State, 944 S.W.2d 29, 31 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 1997, no pet.); see Jones v. State, 963 S.W.2d 826, 830 (Tex. App.— Texarkana 1998, pet. ref’d).

2013Evans, 202 S.W.3d at 162 n.12; Hargrove v. State, 211 S.W.3d 379 , 385–86 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 2006, pet. ref’d); Muckleroy v. State, 206 S.W.3d 746 , 748 n.4 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 2006, pet. ref’d); Olivarez v. State, 171 S.W.3d 283, 291 (Tex. App.— Houston [1st Dist.] 2005, no pet.); Kyte v. State, 944 S.W.2d 29, 31 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 1997, no pet.); see Jones, 963 S.W.2d at 830 .

66
Theus v. Stategreen
texcrimapp · 1992 · cited in 22 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2001–2023
2 sentences

2023In Theus v. State, the Court of Criminal Appeals set out a nonexclusive list of factors courts should use when applying Rule 609(a) to weigh the probative value of admitting a testifying witness’s prior conviction against its prejudicial effect. 845 S.W.2d 874, 880 (Tex. Crim.

2015Even if this Court views (as instructive) the nonexclusive list of factors courts use when applying Rule 609(a) to weigh the probative value of a conviction against its prejudicial effect as set forth in Theus v. State, 845 SW2d 874 (Tex. Crim.

522
Lassaint v. Stategreen
texapp · 2002 · cited in 9 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2012–2025
2 sentences

2025Muckleroy v. State, 206 S.W.3d 746 , 748 n.4 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 2006, pet. ref’d) (citing Lassaint v. State, 79 S.W.3d 736 , 740–41 (Tex. App.—Corpus Christi–Edinburg 2002, no pet.)).

2015Evans, 202 S.W.3d at 162 n.12; Wright v. State, 401 S.W.3d 813 , 818–19 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2013, pet. ref’d); Lassaint v. State, 79 S.W.3d 736 , 740–41 (Tex. App—Corpus Christi 2002, no pet.).

59
Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, Inc.green
scotus · 1993 · cited in 6 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2002–2013
2 sentences

2013However, Daubert does not require that each factor be satisfied in order for a scientific method to be reliable, but instead lays out a nonexclusive list of factors for the court to consider in order to determine whether the method is reliable. 509 U.S. at 593, 113 S.Ct. 2786 .

2004The supreme court has identified a nonexclusive list of factors which can be considered in assessing the reliability of scientific evidence. 1 See Gammill, 972 S.W.2d at 720 ; see also Daubert, 509 U.S. at 593-95 , 113 S.Ct. at 2796-98 .

56
Jones v. Stategreen
texapp · 1998 · cited in 5 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2002–2014
2 sentences

2014Id. at 162 n.12; Hargrove v. State, 211 S.W.3d 379 , 385–86 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 2006, pets. (2) ref’d); Muckleroy v. State, 206 4 S.W.3d 746 , 748 n.4 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 2006, pet. ref’d); Olivarez v. State, 171 S.W.3d 283, 291 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2005, no pet.); Kyte v. State, 944 S.W.2d 29, 31 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 1997, no pet.); see Jones v. State, 963 S.W.2d 826, 830 (Tex. App.— Texarkana 1998, pet. ref’d).

2013Evans, 202 S.W.3d at 162 n.12; Hargrove v. State, 211 S.W.3d 379 , 385–86 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 2006, pet. ref’d); Muckleroy v. State, 206 S.W.3d 746 , 748 n.4 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 2006, pet. ref’d); Olivarez v. State, 171 S.W.3d 283, 291 (Tex. App.— Houston [1st Dist.] 2005, no pet.); Kyte v. State, 944 S.W.2d 29, 31 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 1997, no pet.); see Jones, 963 S.W.2d at 830 .

55
Kyte v. Stategreen
texapp · 1997 · cited in 5 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2002–2014
2 sentences

2014Id. at 162 n.12; Hargrove v. State, 211 S.W.3d 379 , 385–86 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 2006, pets. (2) ref’d); Muckleroy v. State, 206 4 S.W.3d 746 , 748 n.4 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 2006, pet. ref’d); Olivarez v. State, 171 S.W.3d 283, 291 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2005, no pet.); Kyte v. State, 944 S.W.2d 29, 31 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 1997, no pet.); see Jones v. State, 963 S.W.2d 826, 830 (Tex. App.— Texarkana 1998, pet. ref’d).

2013Evans, 202 S.W.3d at 162 n.12; Hargrove v. State, 211 S.W.3d 379 , 385–86 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 2006, pet. ref’d); Muckleroy v. State, 206 S.W.3d 746 , 748 n.4 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 2006, pet. ref’d); Olivarez v. State, 171 S.W.3d 283, 291 (Tex. App.— Houston [1st Dist.] 2005, no pet.); Kyte v. State, 944 S.W.2d 29, 31 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 1997, no pet.); see Jones, 963 S.W.2d at 830 .

55
Joe v. Two Thirty Nine Joint Venturegreen
tex · 2004 · cited in 7 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2007–2016
2 sentences

2016When determining whether a trial court abused its discretion by refusing to grant additional time for discovery, we consider a nonexclusive list of factors: “the length of time the case has been on file, the materiality and purpose of the discovery sought, and whether the party seeking the continuance has exercised due diligence to obtain the discovery sought.” Joe v. Two Thirty Nine Joint Venture, 145 S.W.3d 150, 161 (Tex. 2004).

2015In Joe v. Two Thirty Nine Joint Venture, the Texas Supreme Court set out that, when deciding whether the trial court had abused its discretion in denying a motion for continuance seeking additional time to conduct discovery, it had considered a nonexclusive list of factors which included the following: “the length of time the case has been on file, the materiality and purpose of the discovery sought, and whether the party seeking the continuance has exercised due diligence to obtain the discovery sought.”4 145 S.W.3d 150, 161 (Tex. 2004). 4 Regarding further discovery in his first motion for c

47
Keeton v. Stategreen
texcrimapp · 1988 · cited in 5 Texas opinions naming this issue, 1993–2012
2 sentences

1993But in Keeton v. State, 749 S.W.2d 861, 868 (Tex.Crim.App.1988), the Court of Criminal Appeals discussed the following nonexclusive list of factors which weighs against the legitimacy of a race-neutral explanation: 1.

1993In Keeton v. State, 749 S.W.2d 861 (Tex.Crim.App.1988) (Opinion Following Abatement), the Court enunciated a nonexclusive list of factors, any one of which, if present, tends to show that the State’s reasons are not actually supported by the record or are an impermissible pretext.

45
In the Interest of E.C.R., Childgreen
tex · 2013 · cited in 4 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2018–2019
2 sentences

2019See In re E.C.R., 402 S.W.3d 239, 249 (Tex. 2013).

2019See In re E.C.R., 402 S.W.3d 239, 249 (Tex. 2013).

44
Jones v. Stategreen
texapp · 2011 · cited in 4 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2014–2015
2 sentences

2015Jones v. State, 338 S.W.3d 725, 742 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2011), aff’d, 364 S.W.3d 854 (Tex. Crim.

2015Jones v. State, 338 S.W.3d 725, 742 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2011), aff’d, 364 S.W.3d 854 (Tex. Crim.

44
In Re DGgreen
texapp · 1999 · cited in 4 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2008–2008
2 sentences

2008Holley v. Adams, 544 S.W.2d 367, 371-72 (Tex. 1976); In re D.G., 5 S.W.3d 769, 772 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 1999, no pet.).

2008Holley v. Adams , 544 S.W.2d 367, 371-72 (Tex. 1976); In re D.G. , 5 S.W.3d 769, 772 (Tex. App.--San Antonio 1999, no pet.).

44
In Re KWgreen
texapp · 2011 · cited in 5 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2002–2013
2 sentences

2013Holley v. Adams, 544 S.W.2d 367, 371-72 (Tex.1976); K.W., 335 S.W.3d at 770 .

2011Holley v. Adams, 544 S.W.2d 367, 371-72 (Tex.1976); In re K.W., 335 S.W.3d 767, 770 (Tex.App.-Texarkana 2011, no pet.).

35
Gammill v. Jack Williams Chevrolet, Inc.green
tex · 1998 · cited in 5 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2002–2007
2 sentences

2004The supreme court has identified a nonexclusive list of factors which can be considered in assessing the reliability of scientific evidence. 1 See Gammill, 972 S.W.2d at 720 ; see also Daubert, 509 U.S. at 593-95 , 113 S.Ct. at 2796-98 .

2004The supreme court has identified a nonexclusive list of factors which can be considered in assessing the reliability of scientific evidence. [1] See Gammill, 972 S.W.2d at 720 ; see also Daubert, 509 U.S. at 593-95 , 113 S.Ct. at 2796-98 .

35
Low v. Henrygreen
tex · 2007 · cited in 3 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2014–2025
2 sentences

2025See Low, 221 S.W.3d at 620 n.5.

2020See Low v. Henry, 221 S.W.3d 609 , 620 n.5 (Tex. 2007) (recognizing “a nonexclusive list of factors,” including “the reasonableness and necessity of the out-of-pocket expenses incurred by the offended person as a result of the misconduct,” to help determine the amount of sanctions); Landry’s, 566 S.W.3d at 71 .

33
Richard Ryan Black v. Stategreen
texapp · 2013 · cited in 3 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2015–2015
2 sentences

2015Torres, 2015 WL 2250772, at *2 (citing Evans, 202 S.W.3d at 162 n.12, and Black v. State, 411 S.W.3d 25, 29 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2013, no pet.)).

2015Torres, 466 S.W.3d at 331 -32 (citing Evans, 202 S.W.3d at 162 n. 12, and Black v. State, 411 S.W.3d 25,29 (Tex.App.-Houston [14th Dist.] 2013, no pet.)).

33
Snowden, Rion Phealgreen
texcrimapp · 2011 · cited in 3 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2011–2011
33
EI Du Pont De Nemours & Co. v. Robinsongreen
tex · 1996 · cited in 3 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2002–2007
33
Ervin v. Stategreen
texcrimapp · 1999 · cited in 3 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2010–2017
2 sentences

2017In Ervin v. State, the Court of Criminal Appeals provided a nonexclusive list of factors to consider when analyzing a multiple-punishment claim. 991 S.W.2d 804, 814 (Tex. Crim.

2016In Ervin v. State, the court provided a nonexclusive list of factors to consider when analyzing a multiple-punishment claim. 991 S.W.2d 804, 814 (Tex.Crim.App.1999).

23
Williams v. Stategreen
texapp · 2010 · cited in 3 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2011–2013
23
In Re JFCgreen
tex · 2002 · cited in 3 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2003–2003
23
City of San Antonio v. en Seguido, Ltd.green
texapp · 2007 · cited in 2 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2013–2015
22
United States v. Otha Lee Mahonegreen
ca7 · 1976 · cited in 2 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2012–2012
22
In Re SMVgreen
texapp · 2009 · cited in 2 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2011–2011
22
Scoggins v. Trevinogreen
texapp · 2006 · cited in 2 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2011–2011
22
in the Interest of H.S.B., a Childgreen
texapp · 2011 · cited in 2 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2011–2011
22
Lippert v. Stategreen
texcrimapp · 1984 · cited in 2 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2009–2009
22
Nenno v. Stategreen
texcrimapp · 1998 · cited in 2 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2004–2004
22
State v. Terrazasgreen
texcrimapp · 1999 · cited in 2 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2004–2004
22
Hargrove v. Stategreen
texapp · 2006 · cited in 10 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2002–2014
2 sentences

2014Id. at 162 n.12; Hargrove v. State, 211 S.W.3d 379 , 385–86 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 2006, pets. (2) ref’d); Muckleroy v. State, 206 4 S.W.3d 746 , 748 n.4 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 2006, pet. ref’d); Olivarez v. State, 171 S.W.3d 283, 291 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2005, no pet.); Kyte v. State, 944 S.W.2d 29, 31 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 1997, no pet.); see Jones v. State, 963 S.W.2d 826, 830 (Tex. App.— Texarkana 1998, pet. ref’d).

2013Evans, 202 S.W.3d at 162 n.12; Hargrove v. State, 211 S.W.3d 379 , 385–86 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 2006, pet. ref’d); Muckleroy, 206 S.W.3d at 748 n.4. 4 This 4 This has been termed the “affirmative links” rule.

110
Murff v. Murffgreen
tex · 1981 · cited in 6 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2004–2007
2 sentences

2007See Murff v. Murff , 615 S.W.2d 696, 698-99 (Tex. 1981); Barnard , 133 S.W.3d at 785 .

2004Id.

16
in the Interest of K.S., a Childgreen
texapp · 2014 · cited in 5 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2015–2026
2 sentences

2026Holley v. Adams, 544 S.W.2d 367 , 371–72 (Tex. 1976) (citations omitted); In re K.S., 420 S.W.3d 852, 855 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 2014, no pet.).

2015Holley v. Adams, 544 S.W.2d 367, 371-72 (Tex.1976); K.S., 420 S.W.3d at 855 .

15
Somers v. Stategreen
texcrimapp · 2012 · cited in 3 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2016–2022
2 sentences

2022Somers, 368 S.W.3d at 536 .

2021Somers, 368 S.W.3d at 536 .

13
Vinson v. Stategreen
texcrimapp · 2008 · cited in 2 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2016–2017
12
Villarreal Lopez v. Stategreen
texapp · 2008 · cited in 2 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2011–2013
12
Whitsey v. Stategreen
texcrimapp · 1990 · cited in 2 Texas opinions naming this issue, 1995–2009
12

Distinguished, questioned or overruled (0)

CaseNegativeCited
No negative-treatment citations attached to this issue in Texas. Read the followed side critically anyway.

Also cited on this issue (25)

CaseCitedYears
Muckleroy v. State green
texapp · 2006
2 sentences

2025Muckleroy v. State, 206 S.W.3d 746 , 748 n.4 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 2006, pet. ref’d) (citing Lassaint v. State, 79 S.W.3d 736 , 740–41 (Tex. App.—Corpus Christi–Edinburg 2002, no pet.)).

2013Evans, 202 S.W.3d at 162 n.12; Hargrove v. State, 211 S.W.3d 379 , 385–86 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 2006, pet. ref’d); Muckleroy, 206 S.W.3d at 748 n.4. 4 This 4 This has been termed the “affirmative links” rule.

62002–2025
Kelly v. State green
texcrimapp · 1992
2 sentences

2019Id.

2018Id.

51997–2019
Jones v. State green
texcrimapp · 2012
2 sentences

2015Jones v. State, 338 S.W.3d 725, 742 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2011), aff’d, 364 S.W.3d 854 (Tex. Crim.

2015Jones v. State, 338 S.W.3d 725, 742 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2011), aff’d, 364 S.W.3d 854 (Tex. Crim.

52013–2015
Smith v. State green
texapp · 2005
2 sentences

2015Smith, 176 S.W.3d at 916 .

2014Smith, 176 S.W.3d at 916 .

32014–2015
Wesley Jerome Wright v. State green
texapp · 2013
2 sentences

2015Evans, 202 S.W.3d at 162 n.12; Wright v. State, 401 S.W.3d 813 , 818–19 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2013, pet. ref’d); Lassaint v. State, 79 S.W.3d 736 , 740–41 (Tex. App—Corpus Christi 2002, no pet.).

2015Evans, 202 S.W.3d at 162 n.12; Wright v. State, 401 S.W.3d 813 , 818–19 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2013, pet. ref’d).

32014–2015
Poindexter v. State green
texcrimapp · 2005
32012–2014
James v. State green
texapp · 2008
32011–2013
Davis v. Washington green
scotus · 2006
22016–2017
Bigon v. State green
texcrimapp · 2008
22010–2012
Mahone v. United States green
scotus · 1976
22012–2012
In Re Guthrie green
texapp · 2001
22011–2011
In Re MCF green
texapp · 2004
22011–2011
Worthey v. State green
texcrimapp · 1991
22009–2009
In Re CTE green
texapp · 2003
22003–2007
Rahul K. Nath, M.D. v. Texas Children's Hospital and Baylor College of Medicine green
tex · 2014
12025–2025
Fogerty v. Fantasy, Inc. green
scotus · 1994
12022–2022
Octane Fitness, LLC v. ICON Health & Fitness, Inc. green
scotus · 2014
12022–2022
Octane Fitness, LLC v. Icon Health green
· 2014
12022–2022
Landry's, Inc. and Houston Aquarium, Inc. v. Animal Legal Defense Fund, Carney Anne Nasser, and Cheryl Conley green
texapp · 2018
12020–2020
Ex Parte Wheeler green
texcrimapp · 2006
12019–2019
Vela v. State green
texcrimapp · 2006
12018–2018
United States v. Dost green
casd · 1986
12016–2016
Moore v. State green
texapp · 2004
12014–2014
In Re NR green
texapp · 2003
12014–2014
Restaurant Teams International, Inc. v. MG Securities Corp. green
texapp · 2002
12014–2014

Statutes the citing opinions construe

TX § Tex. Fam. Code § 161.001 (107) TX § Tex. Fam. Code § 263.307 (41) TX § Tex. Fam. Code § 101.007 (32) TX § Tex. Fam. Code § 109.002 (27) TX § Tex. Penal Code § 1.07 (23) TX § Tex. Fam. Code § 161.206 (15) TX § Tex. Fam. Code § 153.131 (11)

Counted by distinct opinions that both name this issue and are annotated to the section; sections every opinion cites regardless of issue are not filtered here, so read the counts against the total above.

Where else courts name it

TX 303 (1993–2026) OR 40 (1997–2026) KS 38 (1997–2026) CA 37 (1984–2026) IA 30 (2013–2024) MI 22 (1992–2025) FL 20 (1985–2023) OH 19 (1999–2024) MO 19 (1997–2019) CO 18 (2005–2026) AL 12 (1995–2024) MN 11 (1994–2025) CT 11 (1999–2024) TN 10 (1991–2019) MA 8 (1981–2024) WA 8 (1998–2024) KY 8 (2019–2026) IN 6 (2004–2016) UT 5 (1997–2024) NJ 4 (1980–1998) NY 4 (1993–2025) ND 4 (1986–2017) SC 4 (2006–2024) PA 4 (1998–2016) SD 3 (2005–2008) ID 3 (2013–2022) VT 3 (2000–2015) IL 3 (1993–2026) WI 3 (2025–2026) MS 2 (2009–2010) NM 2 (2009–2010) RI 2 (1993–1996)

Opinions by the citing court's state. A doctrine retained in one state and abandoned in another shows up here as a year span that stalls.

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