four factor test (Virginia) · Go Syfert
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four factor test in Virginia

7 Virginia opinions name it 5 courts 1990–2016 0 in the last five years

The cases below were cited by Virginia courts in a sentence that names this issue. Sides come from how each citing opinion treated the case (Syfertize flag on that citation), so a case can appear on both: that is where the law is contested. A red or yellow chip is the case's own overall treatment.

Followed or applied (2)

CaseFollowedCited
James v. Janegreen
va · 1980 · cited in 4 Virginia opinions naming this issue, 2012–2016
2 sentences

2016Applying the four factor test from James v. Jane , 221 Va. 43 , 282 S.E.2d 864 (1980), we disagree and affirm.

2016Applying the four factor test from James v. Jane , 221 Va. 43 , 282 S.E.2d 864 (1980), we disagree and affirm.

34
Potomac Valve & Fitting Inc. Raymond C. McGarvey v. Crawford Fitting Company Dibert Valve & Fitting Company, Inc.green
ca4 · 1987 · cited in 1 Virginia opinions naming this issue, 1991–1991
1 sentence

1991The Fourth Circuit has adopted a four factor analysis for determining whether a statement is an opinion: To identify an opinion, a trial judge should (1) consider the author or speaker’s choice of words; (2) decide whether the challenged statement is "capable of being objectively characterized as true or false;" (3) examine the context of the challenged statement within the writing or speech as a whole; and (4) consider "the broader social context into which the statement fits." Potomac Valve v. Crawford Fitting, 829 F.2d 1280, 1287-88 (4th Cir. 1987).

11

Distinguished, questioned or overruled (0)

CaseNegativeCited
No negative-treatment citations attached to this issue in Virginia. Read the followed side critically anyway.

Also cited on this issue (5)

CaseCitedYears
Blackwelder Furniture Company of Statesville, Inc. v. Seilig Manufacturing Company, Inc. green
ca4 · 1977
1 sentence

2006This is the four factor analysis established by Blackwelder Furniture Co. v. Seilig Manufacturing Co., 550 F.2d 189 (4th Cir. 1977).

12006–2006
Bertell Ollman v. Rowland Evans, Robert Novak green
cadc · 1984
1 sentence

1990In this Virginia Supreme Court case, the court did not adopt the four factor test first articulated in Ollman v. Evans, 750 F.2d 970 (D.C.

11990–1990
Ollman v. Evans Et Al. green
scotus · 1985
1 sentence

1990Cir. 1984), cert. denied, 471 U.S. 1127 , 105 S. Ct. 2662 (1985), and recently the Milkovich v. Lorain Journal Co. case rejected such a test, 110 S. Ct. 2615 , 2706.

11990–1990
Fabian v. City of Miami green
scotus · 1985
1 sentence

1990Cir. 1984), cert. denied, 471 U.S. 1127 , 105 S. Ct. 2662 (1985), and recently the Milkovich v. Lorain Journal Co. case rejected such a test, 110 S. Ct. 2615 , 2706.

11990–1990
County of Los Angeles v. Cabrales neutral
scotus · 1990
1 sentence

1990Cir. 1984), cert. denied, 471 U.S. 1127 , 105 S. Ct. 2662 (1985), and recently the Milkovich v. Lorain Journal Co. case rejected such a test, 110 S. Ct. 2615 , 2706.

11990–1990

Where else courts name it

LA 26 (1979–2014) TX 16 (1989–2025) CT 12 (2002–2024) ME 8 (2001–2021) WA 8 (2013–2024) GA 7 (1997–2024) VA 7 (1990–2016) IA 6 (1996–2025) PA 6 (1989–2023) MO 6 (1984–2007) MD 5 (1993–2009) MI 5 (1985–2020) ND 4 (1988–2024) KY 4 (2016–2024) FL 4 (1987–2017) DE 4 (2014–2023) MT 4 (1987–2012) MN 3 (1987–1993) UT 3 (2012–2024) NY 3 (2016–2024) NC 3 (1994–2017) ID 3 (2023–2024) WI 3 (2014–2024) IN 3 (1998–2019) WY 2 (2007–2020) NM 2 (1991–2003) NJ 2 (2017–2025) WV 2 (2000–2011) TN 2 (1999–2013) RI 2 (1999–1999) OR 2 (1979–1981) MS 2 (1986–2018) VT 2 (1989–2005) NH 2 (2013–2017) OH 2 (2019–2020)

Opinions by the citing court's state. A doctrine retained in one state and abandoned in another shows up here as a year span that stalls.

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