HGN test in New Jersey

6 New Jersey opinions name it 1 courts 2000–2020 0 in the last five years

The cases below were cited by New Jersey courts in a sentence that names this issue. Sides come from how each citing opinion treated the case (Syfertize flag on that citation), so a case can appear on both: that is where the law is contested. A red or yellow chip is the case's own overall treatment.

Followed or applied (8)

Case	Followed	Cited
State v. Doriguzzigreen njsuperctappdiv · 2000 · cited in 4 New Jersey opinions naming this issue, 2019–2020 2 sentences 2020During an HGN test, an officer will hold his or her "finger about twelve to fifteen inches in front of a [test subject]'s eyes and move[] his [or her] finger side-to-side[,]" and the test subject must "follow the finger with his [or her] eyes without moving his [or her] head." Ibid. 2020During an HGN test, an officer will hold his or her "finger about twelve to fifteen inches in front of a [test subject]'s eyes and move[] his [or her] finger side-to-side[,]" and the test subject must "follow the finger with his [or her] eyes without moving his [or her] head." Ibid.	3	4
State v. Itogreen hawapp · 1999 · cited in 3 New Jersey opinions naming this issue, 2000–2019 2 sentences 2019Super. 530, 536 (App. Div. 2000) (alteration in original) (quoting State v. Ito, 90 Haw. 225, 231 (Haw. 2019Super. 530, 536 (App. Div. 2000) (alteration in original) (quoting State v. Ito, 90 Haw. 225, 231 (Haw.	3	3
State v. Superior Courtgreen ariz · 1986 · cited in 2 New Jersey opinions naming this issue, 2000–2000 2 sentences 2000The seminal case in favor of admitting HGN test results is State v. Superior Court of the County of Cochise, 149 Ariz. 269 , 718 P. 2d 171 (1986). 2000The seminal case in favor of admitting HGN test results is State v. Superior Court of the County of Cochise, 149 Ariz. 269 , 718 P. 2d 171 (1986).	1	2
Ballard v. Stategreen alaskactapp · 1998 · cited in 1 New Jersey opinions naming this issue, 2000–2000 2 sentences 2000See, e.g., Ballard v. State, 955 P. 2d 931 (Alaska Ct.App.1998), overruled on other grounds by State v. Coon, 974 P. 2d 386 (Alaska 1999) (adopting the Daubert standard over the Frye standard); State ex rel. 2000See, e.g., Ballard v. State, 955 P. 2d 931 (Alaska Ct.App.1998), overruled on other grounds by State v. Coon, 974 P. 2d 386 (Alaska 1999) (adopting the Daubert standard over the Frye standard); State ex rel.	1	1
City of Fargo v. McLaughlingreen nd · 1994 · cited in 1 New Jersey opinions naming this issue, 2000–2000 2 sentences 2000See, e.g., City of Fargo v. McLaughlin, 512 N.W. 2d 700 (N.D.1994); State v. Bresson, 51 Ohio St. 3d 123 , 554 N.E. 2d 1330 (1990); State v. Sullivan, 310 S.C. 311 , 426 S.E. 2d 766 (1993); Finley v. State, 809 S.W. 2d 909 (Tex.App.1991); Salt Lake City v. Garcia, 912 P. 2d 997 (Utah App.1996), cert. denied, 919 P. 2d 1208 (Utah 1996). 2000"In effect, these cases require HGN test results to *341 be scientifically validated in each individual case, or at least recognized as scientifically valid once by an appellate court within the jurisdiction." City of Fargo v. McLaughlin, 512 N.W. 2d at 706 .	1	1
State v. Coongreen alaska · 1999 · cited in 1 New Jersey opinions naming this issue, 2000–2000 2 sentences 2000See, e.g., Ballard v. State, 955 P. 2d 931 (Alaska Ct.App.1998), overruled on other grounds by State v. Coon, 974 P. 2d 386 (Alaska 1999) (adopting the Daubert standard over the Frye standard); State ex rel. 2000See, e.g., Ballard v. State, 955 P. 2d 931 (Alaska Ct.App.1998), overruled on other grounds by State v. Coon, 974 P. 2d 386 (Alaska 1999) (adopting the Daubert standard over the Frye standard); State ex rel.	1	1
State v. Taylorgreen me · 1997 · cited in 1 New Jersey opinions naming this issue, 2000–2000 2 sentences 2000See State v. Superior Court, 149 Ariz. 269 , 718 P. 2d 171 (1986); see also State v. Taylor, 694 A. 2d 907 (Me.1997) (finding that the horizontal nystagmus test is sufficiently reliable to be admitted as evidence in future cases); State v. Merritt, 36 Conn.App. 76 , 647 A. 2d 1021 (1994); People v. Kirk, 289 III.App. 3d 326, 224 Ill.Dec. 452 , 681 N.E. 2d 1073 (1997); People v. Leahy, 8 Cal. 4th 587 , 34 Cal.Rptr. 2d 663 , 882 P. 2d 321 (1994). 2000See State v. Superior Court, 149 Ariz. 269 , 718 P. 2d 171 (1986); see also State v. Taylor, 694 A. 2d 907 (Me.1997) (finding that the horizontal nystagmus test is sufficiently reliable to be admitted as evidence in future cases); State v. Merritt, 36 Conn.App. 76 , 647 A. 2d 1021 (1994); People v. Kirk, 289 III.App. 3d 326, 224 Ill.Dec. 452 , 681 N.E. 2d 1073 (1997); People v. Leahy, 8 Cal. 4th 587 , 34 Cal.Rptr. 2d 663 , 882 P. 2d 321 (1994).	1	1
Malone v. City of Silverhillgreen ala · 1990 · cited in 1 New Jersey opinions naming this issue, 2000–2000 1 sentence 2000See, e.g., Ex parte Malone v. City of Silverhill, 575 So. 2d 106 (Ala.1990); People v. Leahy, 8 Cal. 4th 587 , 34 Cal. Rptr. 2d 663 , 882 P. 2d 321 (1994); State v. Merritt, 36 Conn.App. 76 , 647 A. 2d 1021 (1994); State v. Meador, 674 So. 2d 826 (Fla.Dist.Ct.App.1996), review denied, 686 So. 2d 580 (Fla.1996); State v. Witte, 251 Kan. 313 , 836 P. 2d 1110 (1992); Commonwealth v. Sands, 424 Mass. 184 , 675 N.E. 2d 370 (1997); State v. Wheeler, 764 S.W. 2d 523 (Mo.Ct.App. 1989); State v. Borchardt, 224 Neb. 47 , 395 N.W. 2d 551 (1986); State v. Torres, 127 N.M. 20 , 976 P. 2d 20 (1999); People	1	1

Distinguished, questioned or overruled (0)

Case	Negative	Cited
No negative-treatment citations attached to this issue in New Jersey. Read the followed side critically anyway.

Also cited on this issue (29)

Case	Cited	Years
State v. Merritt green connappct · 1994 2 sentences 2000See, e.g., Ex parte Malone v. City of Silverhill, 575 So. 2d 106 (Ala.1990); People v. Leahy, 8 Cal. 4th 587 , 34 Cal. Rptr. 2d 663 , 882 P. 2d 321 (1994); State v. Merritt, 36 Conn.App. 76 , 647 A. 2d 1021 (1994); State v. Meador, 674 So. 2d 826 (Fla.Dist.Ct.App.1996), review denied, 686 So. 2d 580 (Fla.1996); State v. Witte, 251 Kan. 313 , 836 P. 2d 1110 (1992); Commonwealth v. Sands, 424 Mass. 184 , 675 N.E. 2d 370 (1997); State v. Wheeler, 764 S.W. 2d 523 (Mo.Ct.App. 1989); State v. Borchardt, 224 Neb. 47 , 395 N.W. 2d 551 (1986); State v. Torres, 127 N.M. 20 , 976 P. 2d 20 (1999); People 2000See, e.g., Ex parte Malone v. City of Silverhill, 575 So. 2d 106 (Ala.1990); People v. Leahy, 8 Cal. 4th 587 , 34 Cal. Rptr. 2d 663 , 882 P. 2d 321 (1994); State v. Merritt, 36 Conn.App. 76 , 647 A. 2d 1021 (1994); State v. Meador, 674 So. 2d 826 (Fla.Dist.Ct.App.1996), review denied, 686 So. 2d 580 (Fla.1996); State v. Witte, 251 Kan. 313 , 836 P. 2d 1110 (1992); Commonwealth v. Sands, 424 Mass. 184 , 675 N.E. 2d 370 (1997); State v. Wheeler, 764 S.W. 2d 523 (Mo.Ct.App. 1989); State v. Borchardt, 224 Neb. 47 , 395 N.W. 2d 551 (1986); State v. Torres, 127 N.M. 20 , 976 P. 2d 20 (1999); People	2	2000–2000
People v. Leahy green cal · 1994 2 sentences 2000See, e.g., Ex parte Malone v. City of Silverhill, 575 So. 2d 106 (Ala.1990); People v. Leahy, 8 Cal. 4th 587 , 34 Cal. Rptr. 2d 663 , 882 P. 2d 321 (1994); State v. Merritt, 36 Conn.App. 76 , 647 A. 2d 1021 (1994); State v. Meador, 674 So. 2d 826 (Fla.Dist.Ct.App.1996), review denied, 686 So. 2d 580 (Fla.1996); State v. Witte, 251 Kan. 313 , 836 P. 2d 1110 (1992); Commonwealth v. Sands, 424 Mass. 184 , 675 N.E. 2d 370 (1997); State v. Wheeler, 764 S.W. 2d 523 (Mo.Ct.App. 1989); State v. Borchardt, 224 Neb. 47 , 395 N.W. 2d 551 (1986); State v. Torres, 127 N.M. 20 , 976 P. 2d 20 (1999); People 2000See, e.g., Ex parte Malone v. City of Silverhill, 575 So. 2d 106 (Ala.1990); People v. Leahy, 8 Cal. 4th 587 , 34 Cal. Rptr. 2d 663 , 882 P. 2d 321 (1994); State v. Merritt, 36 Conn.App. 76 , 647 A. 2d 1021 (1994); State v. Meador, 674 So. 2d 826 (Fla.Dist.Ct.App.1996), review denied, 686 So. 2d 580 (Fla.1996); State v. Witte, 251 Kan. 313 , 836 P. 2d 1110 (1992); Commonwealth v. Sands, 424 Mass. 184 , 675 N.E. 2d 370 (1997); State v. Wheeler, 764 S.W. 2d 523 (Mo.Ct.App. 1989); State v. Borchardt, 224 Neb. 47 , 395 N.W. 2d 551 (1986); State v. Torres, 127 N.M. 20 , 976 P. 2d 20 (1999); People	2	2000–2000
State v. Jones green njsuperctappdiv · 1999 2 sentences 2020Indeed, defendant was stopped at 3:29 a.m. after making an illegal left turn with the odor of an alcoholic beverage emanating from his vehicle and the administration of a partial HGN test indicating "[a]t least some alcohol consumption." Relying on State v. Jones, 326 N.J. 2020Indeed, defendant was stopped at 3:29 a.m. after making an illegal left turn with the odor of an alcoholic beverage emanating from his vehicle and the administration of a partial HGN test indicating "[a]t least some alcohol consumption." Relying on State v. Jones, 326 N.J.	1	2020–2020
Salt Lake City v. Garcia green utahctapp · 1996 1 sentence 2000See, e.g., City of Fargo v. McLaughlin, 512 N.W. 2d 700 (N.D.1994); State v. Bresson, 51 Ohio St. 3d 123 , 554 N.E. 2d 1330 (1990); State v. Sullivan, 310 S.C. 311 , 426 S.E. 2d 766 (1993); Finley v. State, 809 S.W. 2d 909 (Tex.App.1991); Salt Lake City v. Garcia, 912 P. 2d 997 (Utah App.1996), cert. denied, 919 P. 2d 1208 (Utah 1996).	1	2000–2000
People v. Basler green illappct · 1999 2 sentences 2000People v. Basler, 304 Ill.App. 3d 230, 237 Ill.Dec. 801 , 710 N.E. 2d 431 , appeal granted, 185 Ill. 2d 634 , 242 Ill.Dec. 141 , 720 N.E. 2d 1096 (1999). ("We agree with Kirk that relying on other courts' opinions to conclude that the HGN test meets the Frye standard may cause problems." Id. at 434). 2000People v. Basler, 304 Ill.App. 3d 230, 237 Ill.Dec. 801 , 710 N.E. 2d 431 , appeal granted, 185 Ill. 2d 634 , 242 Ill.Dec. 141 , 720 N.E. 2d 1096 (1999). ("We agree with Kirk that relying on other courts' opinions to conclude that the HGN test meets the Frye standard may cause problems." Id. at 434).	1	2000–2000
Commonwealth v. Sands green mass · 1997 2 sentences 2000See, e.g., Ex parte Malone v. City of Silverhill, 575 So. 2d 106 (Ala.1990); People v. Leahy, 8 Cal. 4th 587 , 34 Cal. Rptr. 2d 663 , 882 P. 2d 321 (1994); State v. Merritt, 36 Conn.App. 76 , 647 A. 2d 1021 (1994); State v. Meador, 674 So. 2d 826 (Fla.Dist.Ct.App.1996), review denied, 686 So. 2d 580 (Fla.1996); State v. Witte, 251 Kan. 313 , 836 P. 2d 1110 (1992); Commonwealth v. Sands, 424 Mass. 184 , 675 N.E. 2d 370 (1997); State v. Wheeler, 764 S.W. 2d 523 (Mo.Ct.App. 1989); State v. Borchardt, 224 Neb. 47 , 395 N.W. 2d 551 (1986); State v. Torres, 127 N.M. 20 , 976 P. 2d 20 (1999); People 2000See, e.g., Ex parte Malone v. City of Silverhill, 575 So. 2d 106 (Ala.1990); People v. Leahy, 8 Cal. 4th 587 , 34 Cal. Rptr. 2d 663 , 882 P. 2d 321 (1994); State v. Merritt, 36 Conn.App. 76 , 647 A. 2d 1021 (1994); State v. Meador, 674 So. 2d 826 (Fla.Dist.Ct.App.1996), review denied, 686 So. 2d 580 (Fla.1996); State v. Witte, 251 Kan. 313 , 836 P. 2d 1110 (1992); Commonwealth v. Sands, 424 Mass. 184 , 675 N.E. 2d 370 (1997); State v. Wheeler, 764 S.W. 2d 523 (Mo.Ct.App. 1989); State v. Borchardt, 224 Neb. 47 , 395 N.W. 2d 551 (1986); State v. Torres, 127 N.M. 20 , 976 P. 2d 20 (1999); People	1	2000–2000
State v. Harvey green nj · 1997 2 sentences 2000Id. at 171 , 699 A. 2d 596 . eral acceptance does not require universal or unanimous acceptance from the scientific community, there is no reason why New Jersey should not accept the opinions of the courts of other jurisdictions that the HGN test is a valid indicator of likely intoxication. 2000Id. at 171 , 699 A. 2d 596 . eral acceptance does not require universal or unanimous acceptance from the scientific community, there is no reason why New Jersey should not accept the opinions of the courts of other jurisdictions that the HGN test is a valid indicator of likely intoxication.	1	2000–2000
People v. Kirk green illappct · 1997 2 sentences 2000See State v. Superior Court, 149 Ariz. 269 , 718 P. 2d 171 (1986); see also State v. Taylor, 694 A. 2d 907 (Me.1997) (finding that the horizontal nystagmus test is sufficiently reliable to be admitted as evidence in future cases); State v. Merritt, 36 Conn.App. 76 , 647 A. 2d 1021 (1994); People v. Kirk, 289 III.App. 3d 326, 224 Ill.Dec. 452 , 681 N.E. 2d 1073 (1997); People v. Leahy, 8 Cal. 4th 587 , 34 Cal.Rptr. 2d 663 , 882 P. 2d 321 (1994). 2000See State v. Superior Court, 149 Ariz. 269 , 718 P. 2d 171 (1986); see also State v. Taylor, 694 A. 2d 907 (Me.1997) (finding that the horizontal nystagmus test is sufficiently reliable to be admitted as evidence in future cases); State v. Merritt, 36 Conn.App. 76 , 647 A. 2d 1021 (1994); People v. Kirk, 289 III.App. 3d 326, 224 Ill.Dec. 452 , 681 N.E. 2d 1073 (1997); People v. Leahy, 8 Cal. 4th 587 , 34 Cal.Rptr. 2d 663 , 882 P. 2d 321 (1994).	1	2000–2000
People v. Buening green illappct · 1992 2 sentences 2000Many of the decisions around the country cite People v. Buening, 229 Ill.App. 3d 538, 170 Ill.Dec. 542 , 592 N.E. 2d 1222 , appeal denied, 146 Ill. 2d 634 , 176 Ill.Dec. 806 , 602 N.E. 2d 460 (1992), as authority for accepting HGN test evidence because other jurisdictions have found it generally accepted in the scientific community. 2000Many of the decisions around the country cite People v. Buening, 229 Ill.App. 3d 538, 170 Ill.Dec. 542 , 592 N.E. 2d 1222 , appeal denied, 146 Ill. 2d 634 , 176 Ill.Dec. 806 , 602 N.E. 2d 460 (1992), as authority for accepting HGN test evidence because other jurisdictions have found it generally accepted in the scientific community.	1	2000–2000
State v. Helms green nc · 1998 1 sentence 2000See, e.g., Ex parte Malone v. City of Silverhill, 575 So. 2d 106 (Ala.1990); People v. Leahy, 8 Cal. 4th 587 , 34 Cal. Rptr. 2d 663 , 882 P. 2d 321 (1994); State v. Merritt, 36 Conn.App. 76 , 647 A. 2d 1021 (1994); State v. Meador, 674 So. 2d 826 (Fla.Dist.Ct.App.1996), review denied, 686 So. 2d 580 (Fla.1996); State v. Witte, 251 Kan. 313 , 836 P. 2d 1110 (1992); Commonwealth v. Sands, 424 Mass. 184 , 675 N.E. 2d 370 (1997); State v. Wheeler, 764 S.W. 2d 523 (Mo.Ct.App. 1989); State v. Borchardt, 224 Neb. 47 , 395 N.W. 2d 551 (1986); State v. Torres, 127 N.M. 20 , 976 P. 2d 20 (1999); People	1	2000–2000
Commonwealth v. Moore green pasuperct · 1993	1	2000–2000
State v. O'Key green or · 1995	1	2000–2000
Yell v. State red oklacrimapp · 1993 1 sentence 2000See, e.g., Ex parte Malone v. City of Silverhill, 575 So. 2d 106 (Ala.1990); People v. Leahy, 8 Cal. 4th 587 , 34 Cal. Rptr. 2d 663 , 882 P. 2d 321 (1994); State v. Merritt, 36 Conn.App. 76 , 647 A. 2d 1021 (1994); State v. Meador, 674 So. 2d 826 (Fla.Dist.Ct.App.1996), review denied, 686 So. 2d 580 (Fla.1996); State v. Witte, 251 Kan. 313 , 836 P. 2d 1110 (1992); Commonwealth v. Sands, 424 Mass. 184 , 675 N.E. 2d 370 (1997); State v. Wheeler, 764 S.W. 2d 523 (Mo.Ct.App. 1989); State v. Borchardt, 224 Neb. 47 , 395 N.W. 2d 551 (1986); State v. Torres, 127 N.M. 20 , 976 P. 2d 20 (1999); People	1	2000–2000
Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, Inc. green scotus · 1993 2 sentences 2000Due to this scientific nature, HGN test results are not admitted by these courts unless expert testimony meeting the criteria set forth in Frye v. United States, 293 F. 1013 (D.C.Cir.1923); Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 509 U.S. 579 , 113 S.Ct. 2786 , 125 L.Ed. 2d 469 (1993); or a pertinent state rule of evidence is adduced to demonstrate the reliability and acceptability of the test. 2000Due to this scientific nature, HGN test results are not admitted by these courts unless expert testimony meeting the criteria set forth in Frye v. United States, 293 F. 1013 (D.C.Cir.1923); Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 509 U.S. 579 , 113 S.Ct. 2786 , 125 L.Ed. 2d 469 (1993); or a pertinent state rule of evidence is adduced to demonstrate the reliability and acceptability of the test.	1	2000–2000
State v. Wheeler green moctapp · 1989 1 sentence 2000See, e.g., Ex parte Malone v. City of Silverhill, 575 So. 2d 106 (Ala.1990); People v. Leahy, 8 Cal. 4th 587 , 34 Cal. Rptr. 2d 663 , 882 P. 2d 321 (1994); State v. Merritt, 36 Conn.App. 76 , 647 A. 2d 1021 (1994); State v. Meador, 674 So. 2d 826 (Fla.Dist.Ct.App.1996), review denied, 686 So. 2d 580 (Fla.1996); State v. Witte, 251 Kan. 313 , 836 P. 2d 1110 (1992); Commonwealth v. Sands, 424 Mass. 184 , 675 N.E. 2d 370 (1997); State v. Wheeler, 764 S.W. 2d 523 (Mo.Ct.App. 1989); State v. Borchardt, 224 Neb. 47 , 395 N.W. 2d 551 (1986); State v. Torres, 127 N.M. 20 , 976 P. 2d 20 (1999); People	1	2000–2000
Finley v. State green texapp · 1991	1	2000–2000
People v. Heidelmark green nyappdiv · 1995 2 sentences 2000See, e.g., Ex parte Malone v. City of Silverhill, 575 So. 2d 106 (Ala.1990); People v. Leahy, 8 Cal. 4th 587 , 34 Cal. Rptr. 2d 663 , 882 P. 2d 321 (1994); State v. Merritt, 36 Conn.App. 76 , 647 A. 2d 1021 (1994); State v. Meador, 674 So. 2d 826 (Fla.Dist.Ct.App.1996), review denied, 686 So. 2d 580 (Fla.1996); State v. Witte, 251 Kan. 313 , 836 P. 2d 1110 (1992); Commonwealth v. Sands, 424 Mass. 184 , 675 N.E. 2d 370 (1997); State v. Wheeler, 764 S.W. 2d 523 (Mo.Ct.App. 1989); State v. Borchardt, 224 Neb. 47 , 395 N.W. 2d 551 (1986); State v. Torres, 127 N.M. 20 , 976 P. 2d 20 (1999); People 2000See, e.g., Ex parte Malone v. City of Silverhill, 575 So. 2d 106 (Ala.1990); People v. Leahy, 8 Cal. 4th 587 , 34 Cal. Rptr. 2d 663 , 882 P. 2d 321 (1994); State v. Merritt, 36 Conn.App. 76 , 647 A. 2d 1021 (1994); State v. Meador, 674 So. 2d 826 (Fla.Dist.Ct.App.1996), review denied, 686 So. 2d 580 (Fla.1996); State v. Witte, 251 Kan. 313 , 836 P. 2d 1110 (1992); Commonwealth v. Sands, 424 Mass. 184 , 675 N.E. 2d 370 (1997); State v. Wheeler, 764 S.W. 2d 523 (Mo.Ct.App. 1989); State v. Borchardt, 224 Neb. 47 , 395 N.W. 2d 551 (1986); State v. Torres, 127 N.M. 20 , 976 P. 2d 20 (1999); People	1	2000–2000
State v. Meador green fladistctapp · 1996 1 sentence 2000See, e.g., Ex parte Malone v. City of Silverhill, 575 So. 2d 106 (Ala.1990); People v. Leahy, 8 Cal. 4th 587 , 34 Cal. Rptr. 2d 663 , 882 P. 2d 321 (1994); State v. Merritt, 36 Conn.App. 76 , 647 A. 2d 1021 (1994); State v. Meador, 674 So. 2d 826 (Fla.Dist.Ct.App.1996), review denied, 686 So. 2d 580 (Fla.1996); State v. Witte, 251 Kan. 313 , 836 P. 2d 1110 (1992); Commonwealth v. Sands, 424 Mass. 184 , 675 N.E. 2d 370 (1997); State v. Wheeler, 764 S.W. 2d 523 (Mo.Ct.App. 1989); State v. Borchardt, 224 Neb. 47 , 395 N.W. 2d 551 (1986); State v. Torres, 127 N.M. 20 , 976 P. 2d 20 (1999); People	1	2000–2000
State v. Cissne green washctapp · 1994 1 sentence 2000See, e.g., Ex parte Malone v. City of Silverhill, 575 So. 2d 106 (Ala.1990); People v. Leahy, 8 Cal. 4th 587 , 34 Cal. Rptr. 2d 663 , 882 P. 2d 321 (1994); State v. Merritt, 36 Conn.App. 76 , 647 A. 2d 1021 (1994); State v. Meador, 674 So. 2d 826 (Fla.Dist.Ct.App.1996), review denied, 686 So. 2d 580 (Fla.1996); State v. Witte, 251 Kan. 313 , 836 P. 2d 1110 (1992); Commonwealth v. Sands, 424 Mass. 184 , 675 N.E. 2d 370 (1997); State v. Wheeler, 764 S.W. 2d 523 (Mo.Ct.App. 1989); State v. Borchardt, 224 Neb. 47 , 395 N.W. 2d 551 (1986); State v. Torres, 127 N.M. 20 , 976 P. 2d 20 (1999); People	1	2000–2000
Frye v. United States red cadc · 1923 1 sentence 2000Due to this scientific nature, HGN test results are not admitted by these courts unless expert testimony meeting the criteria set forth in Frye v. United States, 293 F. 1013 (D.C.Cir.1923); Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 509 U.S. 579 , 113 S.Ct. 2786 , 125 L.Ed. 2d 469 (1993); or a pertinent state rule of evidence is adduced to demonstrate the reliability and acceptability of the test.	1	2000–2000
State v. Helms green nc · 1998 1 sentence 2000See, e.g., Ex parte Malone v. City of Silverhill, 575 So. 2d 106 (Ala.1990); People v. Leahy, 8 Cal. 4th 587 , 34 Cal. Rptr. 2d 663 , 882 P. 2d 321 (1994); State v. Merritt, 36 Conn.App. 76 , 647 A. 2d 1021 (1994); State v. Meador, 674 So. 2d 826 (Fla.Dist.Ct.App.1996), review denied, 686 So. 2d 580 (Fla.1996); State v. Witte, 251 Kan. 313 , 836 P. 2d 1110 (1992); Commonwealth v. Sands, 424 Mass. 184 , 675 N.E. 2d 370 (1997); State v. Wheeler, 764 S.W. 2d 523 (Mo.Ct.App. 1989); State v. Borchardt, 224 Neb. 47 , 395 N.W. 2d 551 (1986); State v. Torres, 127 N.M. 20 , 976 P. 2d 20 (1999); People	1	2000–2000
State v. Borchardt green neb · 1986	1	2000–2000
State v. Barker green wva · 1988 2 sentences 2000See, e.g., Ex parte Malone v. City of Silverhill, 575 So. 2d 106 (Ala.1990); People v. Leahy, 8 Cal. 4th 587 , 34 Cal. Rptr. 2d 663 , 882 P. 2d 321 (1994); State v. Merritt, 36 Conn.App. 76 , 647 A. 2d 1021 (1994); State v. Meador, 674 So. 2d 826 (Fla.Dist.Ct.App.1996), review denied, 686 So. 2d 580 (Fla.1996); State v. Witte, 251 Kan. 313 , 836 P. 2d 1110 (1992); Commonwealth v. Sands, 424 Mass. 184 , 675 N.E. 2d 370 (1997); State v. Wheeler, 764 S.W. 2d 523 (Mo.Ct.App. 1989); State v. Borchardt, 224 Neb. 47 , 395 N.W. 2d 551 (1986); State v. Torres, 127 N.M. 20 , 976 P. 2d 20 (1999); People 2000See, e.g., Ex parte Malone v. City of Silverhill, 575 So. 2d 106 (Ala.1990); People v. Leahy, 8 Cal. 4th 587 , 34 Cal. Rptr. 2d 663 , 882 P. 2d 321 (1994); State v. Merritt, 36 Conn.App. 76 , 647 A. 2d 1021 (1994); State v. Meador, 674 So. 2d 826 (Fla.Dist.Ct.App.1996), review denied, 686 So. 2d 580 (Fla.1996); State v. Witte, 251 Kan. 313 , 836 P. 2d 1110 (1992); Commonwealth v. Sands, 424 Mass. 184 , 675 N.E. 2d 370 (1997); State v. Wheeler, 764 S.W. 2d 523 (Mo.Ct.App. 1989); State v. Borchardt, 224 Neb. 47 , 395 N.W. 2d 551 (1986); State v. Torres, 127 N.M. 20 , 976 P. 2d 20 (1999); People	1	2000–2000
State v. Torres green nm · 1999 2 sentences 2000See, e.g., Ex parte Malone v. City of Silverhill, 575 So. 2d 106 (Ala.1990); People v. Leahy, 8 Cal. 4th 587 , 34 Cal. Rptr. 2d 663 , 882 P. 2d 321 (1994); State v. Merritt, 36 Conn.App. 76 , 647 A. 2d 1021 (1994); State v. Meador, 674 So. 2d 826 (Fla.Dist.Ct.App.1996), review denied, 686 So. 2d 580 (Fla.1996); State v. Witte, 251 Kan. 313 , 836 P. 2d 1110 (1992); Commonwealth v. Sands, 424 Mass. 184 , 675 N.E. 2d 370 (1997); State v. Wheeler, 764 S.W. 2d 523 (Mo.Ct.App. 1989); State v. Borchardt, 224 Neb. 47 , 395 N.W. 2d 551 (1986); State v. Torres, 127 N.M. 20 , 976 P. 2d 20 (1999); People 2000See, e.g., Ex parte Malone v. City of Silverhill, 575 So. 2d 106 (Ala.1990); People v. Leahy, 8 Cal. 4th 587 , 34 Cal. Rptr. 2d 663 , 882 P. 2d 321 (1994); State v. Merritt, 36 Conn.App. 76 , 647 A. 2d 1021 (1994); State v. Meador, 674 So. 2d 826 (Fla.Dist.Ct.App.1996), review denied, 686 So. 2d 580 (Fla.1996); State v. Witte, 251 Kan. 313 , 836 P. 2d 1110 (1992); Commonwealth v. Sands, 424 Mass. 184 , 675 N.E. 2d 370 (1997); State v. Wheeler, 764 S.W. 2d 523 (Mo.Ct.App. 1989); State v. Borchardt, 224 Neb. 47 , 395 N.W. 2d 551 (1986); State v. Torres, 127 N.M. 20 , 976 P. 2d 20 (1999); People	1	2000–2000
State v. Witte green kan · 1992	1	2000–2000
State v. Bresson green ohio · 1990	1	2000–2000
State v. Sullivan green sc · 1993 2 sentences 2000See, e.g., City of Fargo v. McLaughlin, 512 N.W. 2d 700 (N.D.1994); State v. Bresson, 51 Ohio St. 3d 123 , 554 N.E. 2d 1330 (1990); State v. Sullivan, 310 S.C. 311 , 426 S.E. 2d 766 (1993); Finley v. State, 809 S.W. 2d 909 (Tex.App.1991); Salt Lake City v. Garcia, 912 P. 2d 997 (Utah App.1996), cert. denied, 919 P. 2d 1208 (Utah 1996). 2000See, e.g., City of Fargo v. McLaughlin, 512 N.W. 2d 700 (N.D.1994); State v. Bresson, 51 Ohio St. 3d 123 , 554 N.E. 2d 1330 (1990); State v. Sullivan, 310 S.C. 311 , 426 S.E. 2d 766 (1993); Finley v. State, 809 S.W. 2d 909 (Tex.App.1991); Salt Lake City v. Garcia, 912 P. 2d 997 (Utah App.1996), cert. denied, 919 P. 2d 1208 (Utah 1996).	1	2000–2000
State v. Murphy green tenn · 1997 1 sentence 2000See, e.g., Ex parte Malone v. City of Silverhill, 575 So. 2d 106 (Ala.1990); People v. Leahy, 8 Cal. 4th 587 , 34 Cal. Rptr. 2d 663 , 882 P. 2d 321 (1994); State v. Merritt, 36 Conn.App. 76 , 647 A. 2d 1021 (1994); State v. Meador, 674 So. 2d 826 (Fla.Dist.Ct.App.1996), review denied, 686 So. 2d 580 (Fla.1996); State v. Witte, 251 Kan. 313 , 836 P. 2d 1110 (1992); Commonwealth v. Sands, 424 Mass. 184 , 675 N.E. 2d 370 (1997); State v. Wheeler, 764 S.W. 2d 523 (Mo.Ct.App. 1989); State v. Borchardt, 224 Neb. 47 , 395 N.W. 2d 551 (1986); State v. Torres, 127 N.M. 20 , 976 P. 2d 20 (1999); People	1	2000–2000
Wilt v. Buracker green wva · 1994	1	2000–2000

Statutes the citing opinions construe

NJ § N.J. Stat. § 39:4-50 (3)

Counted by distinct opinions that both name this issue and are annotated to the section; sections every opinion cites regardless of issue are not filtered here, so read the counts against the total above.

Where else courts name it

TX 309 (1987–2026) OH 179 (1990–2026) IL 96 (1988–2026) GA 70 (1992–2025) OR 57 (1987–2026) NM 34 (1998–2024) MO 31 (1993–2024) PA 27 (1987–2024) AZ 21 (1985–2016) NC 20 (1997–2025) MT 19 (1988–2025) HI 18 (1999–2023) ME 17 (1997–2022) MS 17 (1994–2023) TN 16 (1997–2025) DE 15 (1996–2026) WA 15 (1994–2025) AL 14 (1989–2018) NY 14 (1991–2019) WI 13 (1999–2024) ID 13 (1991–2024) FL 13 (1987–2012) CA 13 (1990–2024) SC 12 (1996–2017) KS 11 (1992–2022) ND 10 (1994–2023) WV 10 (1988–2019) NH 9 (2002–2019) MD 9 (1995–2024) CT 8 (1994–2002) VT 8 (1998–2022) NJ 6 (2000–2020) MA 6 (1997–2026) LA 6 (1990–2012) IA 6 (1990–2019) DC 6 (2001–2024) IN 5 (2003–2018) NE 4 (2000–2026) MI 4 (1996–2024) AR 4 (1993–2025) KY 4 (1996–2025) CO 4 (2019–2025) UT 4 (1995–2025) AK 3 (1990–1998) VA 2 (2012–2024) OK 2 (2010–2020) SD 2 (2002–2013)

Opinions by the citing court's state. A doctrine retained in one state and abandoned in another shows up here as a year span that stalls.

← Caselaw search · G Cite Topics · Brief Check

Your account

Appearance