HGN test in North Dakota

10 North Dakota opinions name it 1 courts 1994–2023 2 in the last five years

The cases below were cited by North Dakota courts in a sentence that names this issue. Sides come from how each citing opinion treated the case (Syfertize flag on that citation), so a case can appear on both: that is where the law is contested. A red or yellow chip is the case's own overall treatment.

Followed or applied (31)

Case	Followed	Cited
City of Fargo v. McLaughlingreen nd · 1994 · cited in 6 North Dakota opinions naming this issue, 2004–2020 2 sentences 2016Id. at 708 . - We concluded “HGN test results are admissible only as circumstantial evidence of intoxication, and the officer may not attempt to quantify a specific BAC based upon the HGN test.” Id. [¶ 7] In its denial of the State’s motion in limine, the district court order discussed McLaughlin and cases from Tennessee and Florida that exclude HGN evidence without expert testimony. 2016Id. at 708 . - We concluded “HGN test results are admissible only as circumstantial evidence of intoxication, and the officer may not attempt to quantify a specific BAC based upon the HGN test.” Id. [¶ 7] In its denial of the State’s motion in limine, the district court order discussed McLaughlin and cases from Tennessee and Florida that exclude HGN evidence without expert testimony.	6	6
State Ex Rel. Hamilton v. City Court of City of Mesagreen ariz · 1990 · cited in 2 North Dakota opinions naming this issue, 1994–2016 2 sentences 2016“The HGN test shows ‘a symptom or clue of impairment’ to the trained'officer, and assists the officer in assessing the defendant’s condition.” Id. (quoting Hamilton v. City Court, 165 Ariz. 514 , 799 P.2d 855, 858 (1990)). [¶ 10] We held in McLaughlin scientific foundation by expert testimony is not required to admit HGN test results: [T]he only foundation required is a showing of the officer's training and experience in administering the test, and a showing that the test was in fact properly administered. 2016“The HGN test shows ‘a symptom or clue of impairment’ to the trained'officer, and assists the officer in assessing the defendant’s condition.” Id. (quoting Hamilton v. City Court, 165 Ariz. 514 , 799 P.2d 855, 858 (1990)). [¶ 10] We held in McLaughlin scientific foundation by expert testimony is not required to admit HGN test results: [T]he only foundation required is a showing of the officer's training and experience in administering the test, and a showing that the test was in fact properly administered.	2	2
Robinson v. Stategreen fladistctapp · 2008 · cited in 1 North Dakota opinions naming this issue, 2016–2016 2 sentences 2016See State v. Murphy, 953 S.W.2d 200, 202-03 (Tenn.1997); Robinson v. State, 982 So.2d 1260, 1261 (Fla.Dist.Ct.App.2008). 2016See State v. Murphy, 953 S.W.2d 200, 202-03 (Tenn.1997); Robinson v. State, 982 So.2d 1260, 1261 (Fla.Dist.Ct.App.2008).	1	1
State v. Murphygreen tenn · 1997 · cited in 1 North Dakota opinions naming this issue, 2016–2016 2 sentences 2016See State v. Murphy, 953 S.W.2d 200, 202-03 (Tenn.1997); Robinson v. State, 982 So.2d 1260, 1261 (Fla.Dist.Ct.App.2008). 2016See State v. Murphy, 953 S.W.2d 200, 202-03 (Tenn.1997); Robinson v. State, 982 So.2d 1260, 1261 (Fla.Dist.Ct.App.2008).	1	1
State v. Garrettgreen idaho · 1991 · cited in 1 North Dakota opinions naming this issue, 1994–1994	1	1
State v. Clarkgreen mont · 1988 · cited in 1 North Dakota opinions naming this issue, 1994–1994 2 sentences 1994State v. Clark, 234 Mont. 222 , 762 P.2d 853, 856 (1988). 1994State v. Clark, 234 Mont. 222 , 762 P.2d 853, 856 (1988).	1	1
State v. Murphygreen iowa · 1990 · cited in 1 North Dakota opinions naming this issue, 1994–1994 2 sentences 1994Similarly, in State v. O'Key, 123 Or.App. 54 , 858 P.2d 904, 907 (1993), the Court of Appeals of Oregon held HGN test results admissible under its version of Rule 702, concluding that "there is no question that evidence of the results of defendant’s HGN test make the existence of the fact that he was under the influence of alcoholic beverages more likely and would assist the trier of fact in making that determination." See also State v. Gleason, 123 Idaho 62 , 844 P.2d 691, 694 (1992); State v. Murphy, 451 N.W.2d 154, 156, 158 (Iowa 1990); Busloff, Comment, Can Your Eyes Be Used Against You? 1994Similarly, in State v. O'Key, 123 Or.App. 54 , 858 P.2d 904, 907 (1993), the Court of Appeals of Oregon held HGN test results admissible under its version of Rule 702, concluding that "there is no question that evidence of the results of defendant’s HGN test make the existence of the fact that he was under the influence of alcoholic beverages more likely and would assist the trier of fact in making that determination." See also State v. Gleason, 123 Idaho 62 , 844 P.2d 691, 694 (1992); State v. Murphy, 451 N.W.2d 154, 156, 158 (Iowa 1990); Busloff, Comment, Can Your Eyes Be Used Against You?	1	1
People v. Bueninggreen illappct · 1992 · cited in 1 North Dakota opinions naming this issue, 1994–1994	1	1
Commonwealth v. Mooregreen pasuperct · 1993 · cited in 1 North Dakota opinions naming this issue, 1994–1994 2 sentences 1994Malone v. City of Silverhill, 575 So.2d 101, 103-104 (Ala.Crim.App.1989), rev’d on other grounds, 575 So.2d 106 (Ala.1990); People v. Leahy, 17 Cal.App. 4th 1796 , 22 Cal.Rptr.2d 322 , 328 (1993); People v. Vega, 145 Ill.App.3d 996 , 99 Ill.Dec. 808, 811-12 , 496 N.E.2d 501, 504-505 (1986); State v. Witte, 836 P.2d at 1116 ; State v. Wheeler, 764 S.W.2d 523, 524-525 (Mo.Ct.App.1989); State v. Borchardt, 224 Neb. 47 , 395 N.W.2d 551, 559 (1986); People v. Torrey, 144 A.D.2d 865 , 534 N.Y.S.2d 807, 809 (1988); State v. Reed, 83 Or.App. 451 , 732 P.2d 66, 68-69 (1987); Commonwealth v. Moore, 430 1994Malone v. City of Silverhill, 575 So.2d 101, 103-104 (Ala.Crim.App.1989), rev’d on other grounds, 575 So.2d 106 (Ala.1990); People v. Leahy, 17 Cal.App. 4th 1796 , 22 Cal.Rptr.2d 322 , 328 (1993); People v. Vega, 145 Ill.App.3d 996 , 99 Ill.Dec. 808, 811-12 , 496 N.E.2d 501, 504-505 (1986); State v. Witte, 836 P.2d at 1116 ; State v. Wheeler, 764 S.W.2d 523, 524-525 (Mo.Ct.App.1989); State v. Borchardt, 224 Neb. 47 , 395 N.W.2d 551, 559 (1986); People v. Torrey, 144 A.D.2d 865 , 534 N.Y.S.2d 807, 809 (1988); State v. Reed, 83 Or.App. 451 , 732 P.2d 66, 68-69 (1987); Commonwealth v. Moore, 430	1	1
Howard v. Stategreen texapp · 1987 · cited in 1 North Dakota opinions naming this issue, 1994–1994 2 sentences 1994State v. Garrett, 119 Idaho 878 , 811 P.2d 488, 491 (1991); People v. Buening, 229 Ill.App.3d 538 , 170 Ill.Dec. 542, 547-48 , 592 N.E.2d 1222, 1227-1228 (1992); State v. Armstrong, 561 So.2d 883, 887 (La.Ct.App.1990); State v. Bresson, 51 Ohio St.3d 123 , 554 N.E.2d 1330, 1334 (1990); Anderson v. State, 866 S.W.2d 685, 686 (Tex.Ct.App.1993); Howard v. State, 744 S.W.2d 640, 641 (Tex.Ct.App.1987). 1994State v. Garrett, 119 Idaho 878 , 811 P.2d 488, 491 (1991); People v. Buening, 229 Ill.App.3d 538 , 170 Ill.Dec. 542, 547-48 , 592 N.E.2d 1222, 1227-1228 (1992); State v. Armstrong, 561 So.2d 883, 887 (La.Ct.App.1990); State v. Bresson, 51 Ohio St.3d 123 , 554 N.E.2d 1330, 1334 (1990); Anderson v. State, 866 S.W.2d 685, 686 (Tex.Ct.App.1993); Howard v. State, 744 S.W.2d 640, 641 (Tex.Ct.App.1987).	1	1
State v. O'KEYgreen orctapp · 1993 · cited in 1 North Dakota opinions naming this issue, 1994–1994	1	1
State v. Reedgreen orctapp · 1987 · cited in 1 North Dakota opinions naming this issue, 1994–1994 2 sentences 1994Malone v. City of Silverhill, 575 So.2d 101, 103-104 (Ala.Crim.App.1989), rev’d on other grounds, 575 So.2d 106 (Ala.1990); People v. Leahy, 17 Cal.App. 4th 1796 , 22 Cal.Rptr.2d 322 , 328 (1993); People v. Vega, 145 Ill.App.3d 996 , 99 Ill.Dec. 808, 811-12 , 496 N.E.2d 501, 504-505 (1986); State v. Witte, 836 P.2d at 1116 ; State v. Wheeler, 764 S.W.2d 523, 524-525 (Mo.Ct.App.1989); State v. Borchardt, 224 Neb. 47 , 395 N.W.2d 551, 559 (1986); People v. Torrey, 144 A.D.2d 865 , 534 N.Y.S.2d 807, 809 (1988); State v. Reed, 83 Or.App. 451 , 732 P.2d 66, 68-69 (1987); Commonwealth v. Moore, 430 1994Malone v. City of Silverhill, 575 So.2d 101, 103-104 (Ala.Crim.App.1989), rev’d on other grounds, 575 So.2d 106 (Ala.1990); People v. Leahy, 17 Cal.App. 4th 1796 , 22 Cal.Rptr.2d 322 , 328 (1993); People v. Vega, 145 Ill.App.3d 996 , 99 Ill.Dec. 808, 811-12 , 496 N.E.2d 501, 504-505 (1986); State v. Witte, 836 P.2d at 1116 ; State v. Wheeler, 764 S.W.2d 523, 524-525 (Mo.Ct.App.1989); State v. Borchardt, 224 Neb. 47 , 395 N.W.2d 551, 559 (1986); People v. Torrey, 144 A.D.2d 865 , 534 N.Y.S.2d 807, 809 (1988); State v. Reed, 83 Or.App. 451 , 732 P.2d 66, 68-69 (1987); Commonwealth v. Moore, 430	1	1
State v. Superior Courtgreen ariz · 1986 · cited in 1 North Dakota opinions naming this issue, 1994–1994 2 sentences 1994State v. Superior Court, 718 P.2d at 181 . 1994State v. Superior Court, 718 P.2d at 181 .	1	1
State v. Garrisgreen lactapp · 1992 · cited in 1 North Dakota opinions naming this issue, 1994–1994 2 sentences 1994Whitson v. State, 314 Ark. 458 , 863 S.W.2d 794, 798 (1993); People v. Ojeda, 225 Cal.App.3d 404 , 275 Cal.Rptr. 472, 474 (1990); State v. Edman, 452 N.W.2d 169, 170 (Iowa 1990); State v. Murphy, 451 N.W.2d 154, 157 (Iowa 1990); State v. Garris, 603 So.2d 277, 282 (La.Ct.App.1992); State v. Nagel, 30 Ohio App.3d 80 , 506 N.E.2d 285, 286 (1986); State v. Sullivan, — S.C. —, 426 S.E.2d 766, 769 (1993). 1994Whitson v. State, 314 Ark. 458 , 863 S.W.2d 794, 798 (1993); People v. Ojeda, 225 Cal.App.3d 404 , 275 Cal.Rptr. 472, 474 (1990); State v. Edman, 452 N.W.2d 169, 170 (Iowa 1990); State v. Murphy, 451 N.W.2d 154, 157 (Iowa 1990); State v. Garris, 603 So.2d 277, 282 (La.Ct.App.1992); State v. Nagel, 30 Ohio App.3d 80 , 506 N.E.2d 285, 286 (1986); State v. Sullivan, — S.C. —, 426 S.E.2d 766, 769 (1993).	1	1
State v. Armstronggreen lactapp · 1990 · cited in 1 North Dakota opinions naming this issue, 1994–1994 2 sentences 1994State v. Garrett, 119 Idaho 878 , 811 P.2d 488, 491 (1991); People v. Buening, 229 Ill.App.3d 538 , 170 Ill.Dec. 542, 547-48 , 592 N.E.2d 1222, 1227-1228 (1992); State v. Armstrong, 561 So.2d 883, 887 (La.Ct.App.1990); State v. Bresson, 51 Ohio St.3d 123 , 554 N.E.2d 1330, 1334 (1990); Anderson v. State, 866 S.W.2d 685, 686 (Tex.Ct.App.1993); Howard v. State, 744 S.W.2d 640, 641 (Tex.Ct.App.1987). 1994State v. Garrett, 119 Idaho 878 , 811 P.2d 488, 491 (1991); People v. Buening, 229 Ill.App.3d 538 , 170 Ill.Dec. 542, 547-48 , 592 N.E.2d 1222, 1227-1228 (1992); State v. Armstrong, 561 So.2d 883, 887 (La.Ct.App.1990); State v. Bresson, 51 Ohio St.3d 123 , 554 N.E.2d 1330, 1334 (1990); Anderson v. State, 866 S.W.2d 685, 686 (Tex.Ct.App.1993); Howard v. State, 744 S.W.2d 640, 641 (Tex.Ct.App.1987).	1	1
Anderson v. Stategreen texapp · 1993 · cited in 1 North Dakota opinions naming this issue, 1994–1994	1	1
Commonwealth v. Millergreen pa · 1987 · cited in 1 North Dakota opinions naming this issue, 1994–1994 2 sentences 1994Malone v. City of Silverhill, 575 So.2d 101, 103-104 (Ala.Crim.App.1989), rev’d on other grounds, 575 So.2d 106 (Ala.1990); People v. Leahy, 17 Cal.App. 4th 1796 , 22 Cal.Rptr.2d 322 , 328 (1993); People v. Vega, 145 Ill.App.3d 996 , 99 Ill.Dec. 808, 811-12 , 496 N.E.2d 501, 504-505 (1986); State v. Witte, 836 P.2d at 1116 ; State v. Wheeler, 764 S.W.2d 523, 524-525 (Mo.Ct.App.1989); State v. Borchardt, 224 Neb. 47 , 395 N.W.2d 551, 559 (1986); People v. Torrey, 144 A.D.2d 865 , 534 N.Y.S.2d 807, 809 (1988); State v. Reed, 83 Or.App. 451 , 732 P.2d 66, 68-69 (1987); Commonwealth v. Moore, 430 1994Malone v. City of Silverhill, 575 So.2d 101, 103-104 (Ala.Crim.App.1989), rev’d on other grounds, 575 So.2d 106 (Ala.1990); People v. Leahy, 17 Cal.App. 4th 1796 , 22 Cal.Rptr.2d 322 , 328 (1993); People v. Vega, 145 Ill.App.3d 996 , 99 Ill.Dec. 808, 811-12 , 496 N.E.2d 501, 504-505 (1986); State v. Witte, 836 P.2d at 1116 ; State v. Wheeler, 764 S.W.2d 523, 524-525 (Mo.Ct.App.1989); State v. Borchardt, 224 Neb. 47 , 395 N.W.2d 551, 559 (1986); People v. Torrey, 144 A.D.2d 865 , 534 N.Y.S.2d 807, 809 (1988); State v. Reed, 83 Or.App. 451 , 732 P.2d 66, 68-69 (1987); Commonwealth v. Moore, 430	1	1
People v. Ojedagreen calctapp · 1990 · cited in 1 North Dakota opinions naming this issue, 1994–1994 2 sentences 1994Whitson v. State, 314 Ark. 458 , 863 S.W.2d 794, 798 (1993); People v. Ojeda, 225 Cal.App.3d 404 , 275 Cal.Rptr. 472, 474 (1990); State v. Edman, 452 N.W.2d 169, 170 (Iowa 1990); State v. Murphy, 451 N.W.2d 154, 157 (Iowa 1990); State v. Garris, 603 So.2d 277, 282 (La.Ct.App.1992); State v. Nagel, 30 Ohio App.3d 80 , 506 N.E.2d 285, 286 (1986); State v. Sullivan, — S.C. —, 426 S.E.2d 766, 769 (1993). 1994Whitson v. State, 314 Ark. 458 , 863 S.W.2d 794, 798 (1993); People v. Ojeda, 225 Cal.App.3d 404 , 275 Cal.Rptr. 472, 474 (1990); State v. Edman, 452 N.W.2d 169, 170 (Iowa 1990); State v. Murphy, 451 N.W.2d 154, 157 (Iowa 1990); State v. Garris, 603 So.2d 277, 282 (La.Ct.App.1992); State v. Nagel, 30 Ohio App.3d 80 , 506 N.E.2d 285, 286 (1986); State v. Sullivan, — S.C. —, 426 S.E.2d 766, 769 (1993).	1	1
State v. Wheelergreen moctapp · 1989 · cited in 1 North Dakota opinions naming this issue, 1994–1994 2 sentences 1994Malone v. City of Silverhill, 575 So.2d 101, 103-104 (Ala.Crim.App.1989), rev’d on other grounds, 575 So.2d 106 (Ala.1990); People v. Leahy, 17 Cal.App. 4th 1796 , 22 Cal.Rptr.2d 322 , 328 (1993); People v. Vega, 145 Ill.App.3d 996 , 99 Ill.Dec. 808, 811-12 , 496 N.E.2d 501, 504-505 (1986); State v. Witte, 836 P.2d at 1116 ; State v. Wheeler, 764 S.W.2d 523, 524-525 (Mo.Ct.App.1989); State v. Borchardt, 224 Neb. 47 , 395 N.W.2d 551, 559 (1986); People v. Torrey, 144 A.D.2d 865 , 534 N.Y.S.2d 807, 809 (1988); State v. Reed, 83 Or.App. 451 , 732 P.2d 66, 68-69 (1987); Commonwealth v. Moore, 430 1994For examples, see People v. Leahy, 22 Cal.Rptr.2d at 329; People v. Vega, 496 N.E.2d at 505 ; State v. Wheeler, 764 S.W.2d at 525 ; State v. Borchardt, 224 Neb. 47 , 395 N.W.2d at 559 ; People v. Torrey, 534 N.Y.S.2d at 809 ; State v. Reed, 732 P.2d at 69 ; Commonwealth v. Miller, 532 A.2d at 1190 . 4 .	1	1
People v. Torreygreen nyappdiv · 1988 · cited in 1 North Dakota opinions naming this issue, 1994–1994 2 sentences 1994Malone v. City of Silverhill, 575 So.2d 101, 103-104 (Ala.Crim.App.1989), rev’d on other grounds, 575 So.2d 106 (Ala.1990); People v. Leahy, 17 Cal.App. 4th 1796 , 22 Cal.Rptr.2d 322 , 328 (1993); People v. Vega, 145 Ill.App.3d 996 , 99 Ill.Dec. 808, 811-12 , 496 N.E.2d 501, 504-505 (1986); State v. Witte, 836 P.2d at 1116 ; State v. Wheeler, 764 S.W.2d 523, 524-525 (Mo.Ct.App.1989); State v. Borchardt, 224 Neb. 47 , 395 N.W.2d 551, 559 (1986); People v. Torrey, 144 A.D.2d 865 , 534 N.Y.S.2d 807, 809 (1988); State v. Reed, 83 Or.App. 451 , 732 P.2d 66, 68-69 (1987); Commonwealth v. Moore, 430 1994Malone v. City of Silverhill, 575 So.2d 101, 103-104 (Ala.Crim.App.1989), rev’d on other grounds, 575 So.2d 106 (Ala.1990); People v. Leahy, 17 Cal.App. 4th 1796 , 22 Cal.Rptr.2d 322 , 328 (1993); People v. Vega, 145 Ill.App.3d 996 , 99 Ill.Dec. 808, 811-12 , 496 N.E.2d 501, 504-505 (1986); State v. Witte, 836 P.2d at 1116 ; State v. Wheeler, 764 S.W.2d 523, 524-525 (Mo.Ct.App.1989); State v. Borchardt, 224 Neb. 47 , 395 N.W.2d 551, 559 (1986); People v. Torrey, 144 A.D.2d 865 , 534 N.Y.S.2d 807, 809 (1988); State v. Reed, 83 Or.App. 451 , 732 P.2d 66, 68-69 (1987); Commonwealth v. Moore, 430	1	1
State v. Edmangreen iowa · 1990 · cited in 1 North Dakota opinions naming this issue, 1994–1994	1	1
State v. Gleasongreen idaho · 1992 · cited in 1 North Dakota opinions naming this issue, 1994–1994 2 sentences 1994Similarly, in State v. O'Key, 123 Or.App. 54 , 858 P.2d 904, 907 (1993), the Court of Appeals of Oregon held HGN test results admissible under its version of Rule 702, concluding that "there is no question that evidence of the results of defendant’s HGN test make the existence of the fact that he was under the influence of alcoholic beverages more likely and would assist the trier of fact in making that determination." See also State v. Gleason, 123 Idaho 62 , 844 P.2d 691, 694 (1992); State v. Murphy, 451 N.W.2d 154, 156, 158 (Iowa 1990); Busloff, Comment, Can Your Eyes Be Used Against You? 1994Similarly, in State v. O'Key, 123 Or.App. 54 , 858 P.2d 904, 907 (1993), the Court of Appeals of Oregon held HGN test results admissible under its version of Rule 702, concluding that "there is no question that evidence of the results of defendant’s HGN test make the existence of the fact that he was under the influence of alcoholic beverages more likely and would assist the trier of fact in making that determination." See also State v. Gleason, 123 Idaho 62 , 844 P.2d 691, 694 (1992); State v. Murphy, 451 N.W.2d 154, 156, 158 (Iowa 1990); Busloff, Comment, Can Your Eyes Be Used Against You?	1	1
Whitson v. Stategreen ark · 1993 · cited in 1 North Dakota opinions naming this issue, 1994–1994 2 sentences 1994Whitson v. State, 314 Ark. 458 , 863 S.W.2d 794, 798 (1993); People v. Ojeda, 225 Cal.App.3d 404 , 275 Cal.Rptr. 472, 474 (1990); State v. Edman, 452 N.W.2d 169, 170 (Iowa 1990); State v. Murphy, 451 N.W.2d 154, 157 (Iowa 1990); State v. Garris, 603 So.2d 277, 282 (La.Ct.App.1992); State v. Nagel, 30 Ohio App.3d 80 , 506 N.E.2d 285, 286 (1986); State v. Sullivan, — S.C. —, 426 S.E.2d 766, 769 (1993). 1994Whitson v. State, 314 Ark. 458 , 863 S.W.2d 794, 798 (1993); People v. Ojeda, 225 Cal.App.3d 404 , 275 Cal.Rptr. 472, 474 (1990); State v. Edman, 452 N.W.2d 169, 170 (Iowa 1990); State v. Murphy, 451 N.W.2d 154, 157 (Iowa 1990); State v. Garris, 603 So.2d 277, 282 (La.Ct.App.1992); State v. Nagel, 30 Ohio App.3d 80 , 506 N.E.2d 285, 286 (1986); State v. Sullivan, — S.C. —, 426 S.E.2d 766, 769 (1993).	1	1
State v. Borchardtgreen neb · 1986 · cited in 1 North Dakota opinions naming this issue, 1994–1994 2 sentences 1994Malone v. City of Silverhill, 575 So.2d 101, 103-104 (Ala.Crim.App.1989), rev’d on other grounds, 575 So.2d 106 (Ala.1990); People v. Leahy, 17 Cal.App. 4th 1796 , 22 Cal.Rptr.2d 322 , 328 (1993); People v. Vega, 145 Ill.App.3d 996 , 99 Ill.Dec. 808, 811-12 , 496 N.E.2d 501, 504-505 (1986); State v. Witte, 836 P.2d at 1116 ; State v. Wheeler, 764 S.W.2d 523, 524-525 (Mo.Ct.App.1989); State v. Borchardt, 224 Neb. 47 , 395 N.W.2d 551, 559 (1986); People v. Torrey, 144 A.D.2d 865 , 534 N.Y.S.2d 807, 809 (1988); State v. Reed, 83 Or.App. 451 , 732 P.2d 66, 68-69 (1987); Commonwealth v. Moore, 430 1994Malone v. City of Silverhill, 575 So.2d 101, 103-104 (Ala.Crim.App.1989), rev’d on other grounds, 575 So.2d 106 (Ala.1990); People v. Leahy, 17 Cal.App. 4th 1796 , 22 Cal.Rptr.2d 322 , 328 (1993); People v. Vega, 145 Ill.App.3d 996 , 99 Ill.Dec. 808, 811-12 , 496 N.E.2d 501, 504-505 (1986); State v. Witte, 836 P.2d at 1116 ; State v. Wheeler, 764 S.W.2d 523, 524-525 (Mo.Ct.App.1989); State v. Borchardt, 224 Neb. 47 , 395 N.W.2d 551, 559 (1986); People v. Torrey, 144 A.D.2d 865 , 534 N.Y.S.2d 807, 809 (1988); State v. Reed, 83 Or.App. 451 , 732 P.2d 66, 68-69 (1987); Commonwealth v. Moore, 430	1	1
State v. Barkergreen wva · 1988 · cited in 1 North Dakota opinions naming this issue, 1994–1994 2 sentences 1994Malone v. City of Silverhill, 575 So.2d 101, 103-104 (Ala.Crim.App.1989), rev’d on other grounds, 575 So.2d 106 (Ala.1990); People v. Leahy, 17 Cal.App. 4th 1796 , 22 Cal.Rptr.2d 322 , 328 (1993); People v. Vega, 145 Ill.App.3d 996 , 99 Ill.Dec. 808, 811-12 , 496 N.E.2d 501, 504-505 (1986); State v. Witte, 836 P.2d at 1116 ; State v. Wheeler, 764 S.W.2d 523, 524-525 (Mo.Ct.App.1989); State v. Borchardt, 224 Neb. 47 , 395 N.W.2d 551, 559 (1986); People v. Torrey, 144 A.D.2d 865 , 534 N.Y.S.2d 807, 809 (1988); State v. Reed, 83 Or.App. 451 , 732 P.2d 66, 68-69 (1987); Commonwealth v. Moore, 430 1994Malone v. City of Silverhill, 575 So.2d 101, 103-104 (Ala.Crim.App.1989), rev’d on other grounds, 575 So.2d 106 (Ala.1990); People v. Leahy, 17 Cal.App. 4th 1796 , 22 Cal.Rptr.2d 322 , 328 (1993); People v. Vega, 145 Ill.App.3d 996 , 99 Ill.Dec. 808, 811-12 , 496 N.E.2d 501, 504-505 (1986); State v. Witte, 836 P.2d at 1116 ; State v. Wheeler, 764 S.W.2d 523, 524-525 (Mo.Ct.App.1989); State v. Borchardt, 224 Neb. 47 , 395 N.W.2d 551, 559 (1986); People v. Torrey, 144 A.D.2d 865 , 534 N.Y.S.2d 807, 809 (1988); State v. Reed, 83 Or.App. 451 , 732 P.2d 66, 68-69 (1987); Commonwealth v. Moore, 430	1	1
State v. Nagelgreen ohioctapp · 1986 · cited in 1 North Dakota opinions naming this issue, 1994–1994	1	1
State v. Wittegreen kan · 1992 · cited in 1 North Dakota opinions naming this issue, 1994–1994 2 sentences 1994State v. Witte, 251 Kan. 313 , 836 P.2d 1110, 1112 (1992), explains: Nystagmus is “an involuntary rapid movement of the eyeball, which may be horizontal, vertical, rotatory, or mixed.” Dorland’s Illustrated Medical Dictionary 1068 (25th ed. 1974); see 3 Schmidt’s Attorneys’ Dictionary of Medicine N-102 (1991); Stedman’s Medical Dictionary 1074 (25th ed. 1990). 1994State v. Witte, 251 Kan. 313 , 836 P.2d 1110, 1112 (1992), explains: Nystagmus is “an involuntary rapid movement of the eyeball, which may be horizontal, vertical, rotatory, or mixed.” Dorland’s Illustrated Medical Dictionary 1068 (25th ed. 1974); see 3 Schmidt’s Attorneys’ Dictionary of Medicine N-102 (1991); Stedman’s Medical Dictionary 1074 (25th ed. 1990).	1	1
State v. Bressongreen ohio · 1990 · cited in 1 North Dakota opinions naming this issue, 1994–1994 2 sentences 1994State v. Garrett, 119 Idaho 878 , 811 P.2d 488, 491 (1991); People v. Buening, 229 Ill.App.3d 538 , 170 Ill.Dec. 542, 547-48 , 592 N.E.2d 1222, 1227-1228 (1992); State v. Armstrong, 561 So.2d 883, 887 (La.Ct.App.1990); State v. Bresson, 51 Ohio St.3d 123 , 554 N.E.2d 1330, 1334 (1990); Anderson v. State, 866 S.W.2d 685, 686 (Tex.Ct.App.1993); Howard v. State, 744 S.W.2d 640, 641 (Tex.Ct.App.1987). 1994State v. Garrett, 119 Idaho 878 , 811 P.2d 488, 491 (1991); People v. Buening, 229 Ill.App.3d 538 , 170 Ill.Dec. 542, 547-48 , 592 N.E.2d 1222, 1227-1228 (1992); State v. Armstrong, 561 So.2d 883, 887 (La.Ct.App.1990); State v. Bresson, 51 Ohio St.3d 123 , 554 N.E.2d 1330, 1334 (1990); Anderson v. State, 866 S.W.2d 685, 686 (Tex.Ct.App.1993); Howard v. State, 744 S.W.2d 640, 641 (Tex.Ct.App.1987).	1	1
Malone v. City of Silverhillgreen alacrimapp · 1989 · cited in 1 North Dakota opinions naming this issue, 1994–1994 1 sentence 1994Malone v. City of Silverhill, 575 So.2d 101, 103-104 (Ala.Crim.App.1989), rev’d on other grounds, 575 So.2d 106 (Ala.1990); People v. Leahy, 17 Cal.App. 4th 1796 , 22 Cal.Rptr.2d 322 , 328 (1993); People v. Vega, 145 Ill.App.3d 996 , 99 Ill.Dec. 808, 811-12 , 496 N.E.2d 501, 504-505 (1986); State v. Witte, 836 P.2d at 1116 ; State v. Wheeler, 764 S.W.2d 523, 524-525 (Mo.Ct.App.1989); State v. Borchardt, 224 Neb. 47 , 395 N.W.2d 551, 559 (1986); People v. Torrey, 144 A.D.2d 865 , 534 N.Y.S.2d 807, 809 (1988); State v. Reed, 83 Or.App. 451 , 732 P.2d 66, 68-69 (1987); Commonwealth v. Moore, 430	1	1
State v. Sullivangreen sc · 1993 · cited in 1 North Dakota opinions naming this issue, 1994–1994 2 sentences 1994Whitson v. State, 314 Ark. 458 , 863 S.W.2d 794, 798 (1993); People v. Ojeda, 225 Cal.App.3d 404 , 275 Cal.Rptr. 472, 474 (1990); State v. Edman, 452 N.W.2d 169, 170 (Iowa 1990); State v. Murphy, 451 N.W.2d 154, 157 (Iowa 1990); State v. Garris, 603 So.2d 277, 282 (La.Ct.App.1992); State v. Nagel, 30 Ohio App.3d 80 , 506 N.E.2d 285, 286 (1986); State v. Sullivan, — S.C. —, 426 S.E.2d 766, 769 (1993). 1994Whitson v. State, 314 Ark. 458 , 863 S.W.2d 794, 798 (1993); People v. Ojeda, 225 Cal.App.3d 404 , 275 Cal.Rptr. 472, 474 (1990); State v. Edman, 452 N.W.2d 169, 170 (Iowa 1990); State v. Murphy, 451 N.W.2d 154, 157 (Iowa 1990); State v. Garris, 603 So.2d 277, 282 (La.Ct.App.1992); State v. Nagel, 30 Ohio App.3d 80 , 506 N.E.2d 285, 286 (1986); State v. Sullivan, — S.C. —, 426 S.E.2d 766, 769 (1993).	1	1
People v. Vegagreen illappct · 1986 · cited in 1 North Dakota opinions naming this issue, 1994–1994	1	1

Distinguished, questioned or overruled (0)

Case	Negative	Cited
No negative-treatment citations attached to this issue in North Dakota. Read the followed side critically anyway.

Also cited on this issue (6)

Case	Cited	Years
Brewer v. Ziegler green nd · 2007 2 sentences 2016In Brewer v. Ziegler, 2007 ND 207, ¶ 27 , 743 N.W.2d 391 , this Court clarified McLaughlin’s holding by stating “the use of HGN test results as circumstantial evidence of intoxication, without requiring scientific foundation by expert testimony, is not dependent upon the officer conducting other field sobriety tests.” [¶ 11] The rationale used by the district court in denying the State’s request to use Engelhom’s HGN test results without scientific foundation by expert testimony is similar to the rationale we rejected in McLaughlin . 2016In Brewer v. Ziegler, 2007 ND 207, ¶ 27 , 743 N.W.2d 391 , this Court clarified McLaughlin’s holding by stating “the use of HGN test results as circumstantial evidence of intoxication, without requiring scientific foundation by expert testimony, is not dependent upon the officer conducting other field sobriety tests.” [¶ 11] The rationale used by the district court in denying the State’s request to use Engelhom’s HGN test results without scientific foundation by expert testimony is similar to the rationale we rejected in McLaughlin .	4	2014–2023
Kahl v. DIRECTOR, NORTH DAKOTA DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION green nd · 1997 2 sentences 2011Dep’t of Transp., 1997 ND 147, ¶ 17 , 567 N.W.2d 197 . [¶ 16] Engstrom challenges the hearing officer’s consideration of the HGN test results, claiming Czapiewski did not properly perform the test. 2011Dep’t of Transp., 1997 ND 147, ¶ 17 , 567 N.W.2d 197 . [¶ 16] Engstrom challenges the hearing officer’s consideration of the HGN test results, claiming Czapiewski did not properly perform the test.	2	2011–2011
Aamodt v. North Dakota Department of Transportation green nd · 2004 2 sentences 2020Dep’t of Transp., 2004 ND 134, ¶ 12 , 682 N.W.2d 308 ). [¶20] As we held above, the pre-arrest screening test did not violate Schwindt’s constitutional rights, and the results of the HGN test were admissible. 2020Dep’t of Transp., 2004 ND 134, ¶ 12 , 682 N.W.2d 308 ). [¶20] As we held above, the pre-arrest screening test did not violate Schwindt’s constitutional rights, and the results of the HGN test were admissible.	1	2020–2020
State v. Cissne green washctapp · 1994 1 sentence 1994Malone v. City of Silverhill, 575 So.2d 101, 103-104 (Ala.Crim.App.1989), rev’d on other grounds, 575 So.2d 106 (Ala.1990); People v. Leahy, 17 Cal.App. 4th 1796 , 22 Cal.Rptr.2d 322 , 328 (1993); People v. Vega, 145 Ill.App.3d 996 , 99 Ill.Dec. 808, 811-12 , 496 N.E.2d 501, 504-505 (1986); State v. Witte, 836 P.2d at 1116 ; State v. Wheeler, 764 S.W.2d 523, 524-525 (Mo.Ct.App.1989); State v. Borchardt, 224 Neb. 47 , 395 N.W.2d 551, 559 (1986); People v. Torrey, 144 A.D.2d 865 , 534 N.Y.S.2d 807, 809 (1988); State v. Reed, 83 Or.App. 451 , 732 P.2d 66, 68-69 (1987); Commonwealth v. Moore, 430	1	1994–1994
Frye v. United States red cadc · 1923 2 sentences 1994Based upon the expert testimony and written authorities, the court concluded that the HGN test had gained general acceptance in the scientific community, and that it therefore satisfied the requirements of Frye v. United States, 293 F. 1013 (D.C.Cir.1923): The evidence demonstrates that the following propositions have gained general acceptance in the relevant scientific community: (1) HGN occurs in conjunction with alcohol consumption; (2) its onset and distinctness are correlated to BAC; (3) BAC in excess of .10 percent can be estimated with reasonable accuracy from the combination of the eye 1994Based upon the expert testimony and written authorities, the court concluded that the HGN test had gained general acceptance in the scientific community, and that it therefore satisfied the requirements of Frye v. United States, 293 F. 1013 (D.C.Cir.1923): The evidence demonstrates that the following propositions have gained general acceptance in the relevant scientific community: (1) HGN occurs in conjunction with alcohol consumption; (2) its onset and distinctness are correlated to BAC; (3) BAC in excess of .10 percent can be estimated with reasonable accuracy from the combination of the eye	1	1994–1994
Malone v. City of Silverhill green ala · 1990 1 sentence 1994Malone v. City of Silverhill, 575 So.2d 101, 103-104 (Ala.Crim.App.1989), rev’d on other grounds, 575 So.2d 106 (Ala.1990); People v. Leahy, 17 Cal.App. 4th 1796 , 22 Cal.Rptr.2d 322 , 328 (1993); People v. Vega, 145 Ill.App.3d 996 , 99 Ill.Dec. 808, 811-12 , 496 N.E.2d 501, 504-505 (1986); State v. Witte, 836 P.2d at 1116 ; State v. Wheeler, 764 S.W.2d 523, 524-525 (Mo.Ct.App.1989); State v. Borchardt, 224 Neb. 47 , 395 N.W.2d 551, 559 (1986); People v. Torrey, 144 A.D.2d 865 , 534 N.Y.S.2d 807, 809 (1988); State v. Reed, 83 Or.App. 451 , 732 P.2d 66, 68-69 (1987); Commonwealth v. Moore, 430	1	1994–1994

Statutes the citing opinions construe

ND § N.D. Cent. Code § 39-20-14 (4)

Counted by distinct opinions that both name this issue and are annotated to the section; sections every opinion cites regardless of issue are not filtered here, so read the counts against the total above.

Where else courts name it

TX 309 (1987–2026) OH 179 (1990–2026) IL 96 (1988–2026) GA 70 (1992–2025) OR 57 (1987–2026) NM 34 (1998–2024) MO 31 (1993–2024) PA 27 (1987–2024) AZ 21 (1985–2016) NC 20 (1997–2025) MT 19 (1988–2025) HI 18 (1999–2023) ME 17 (1997–2022) MS 17 (1994–2023) TN 16 (1997–2025) DE 15 (1996–2026) WA 15 (1994–2025) AL 14 (1989–2018) NY 14 (1991–2019) WI 13 (1999–2024) ID 13 (1991–2024) FL 13 (1987–2012) CA 13 (1990–2024) SC 12 (1996–2017) KS 11 (1992–2022) ND 10 (1994–2023) WV 10 (1988–2019) NH 9 (2002–2019) MD 9 (1995–2024) CT 8 (1994–2002) VT 8 (1998–2022) NJ 6 (2000–2020) MA 6 (1997–2026) LA 6 (1990–2012) IA 6 (1990–2019) DC 6 (2001–2024) IN 5 (2003–2018) NE 4 (2000–2026) MI 4 (1996–2024) AR 4 (1993–2025) KY 4 (1996–2025) CO 4 (2019–2025) UT 4 (1995–2025) AK 3 (1990–1998) VA 2 (2012–2024) OK 2 (2010–2020) SD 2 (2002–2013)

Opinions by the citing court's state. A doctrine retained in one state and abandoned in another shows up here as a year span that stalls.

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