community standard (Idaho) · Go Syfert
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community standard in Idaho

45 Idaho opinions name it 2 courts 1892–2025 6 in the last five years

The cases below were cited by Idaho courts in a sentence that names this issue. Sides come from how each citing opinion treated the case (Syfertize flag on that citation), so a case can appear on both: that is where the law is contested. A red or yellow chip is the case's own overall treatment.

Followed or applied (25)

CaseFollowedCited
Dulaney v. St. Alphonsus Regional Medical Centergreen
idaho · 2002 · cited in 13 Idaho opinions naming this issue, 2007–2020
2 sentences

2016Idaho Code section 6-1012 defines the applicable community standard of care as: (a) the standard of care for the class of health care provider to which the defendant belonged and was functioning, taking into account the defendant’s training, experience, and fields of medical specialization, if any; (b) as such standard existed at the time of the defendant’s alleged negligence; and (c) as such standard existed at the place of the defendant’s alleged negligence. 4 Dulaney, 137 Idaho at 164 , 45 P.3d at 820 (internal citations omitted).

2016“The applicable community standard of care is defined in Idaho Code § 6-1012 to be the standard of care for the class of health care provider to which the defendant belonged and was functioning, taking into account the defendant’s training, experience, and fields of medical specialization, if any.” Id. at 166 , 45 P.3d at 822 .

313
Mattox v. Life Care Centers of America, Inc.green
idaho · 2014 · cited in 3 Idaho opinions naming this issue, 2016–2020
2 sentences

2020In determining whether an expert witness has actual knowledge of the applicable community standard of care, “[t]he guiding question is simply whether the affidavit alleges facts which, taken as true, show the proposed expert has actual knowledge of the applicable standard of care.” Mattox v. Life Care Ctrs. of Am., Inc., 157 Idaho 468, 474 , 337 P.3d 627, 633 (2014).

2020In determining whether an expert witness has actual knowledge of the applicable community standard of care, “[t]he guiding question is simply whether the affidavit alleges facts which, taken as true, show the proposed expert has actual knowledge of the applicable standard of care.” Mattox v. Life Care Ctrs. of Am., Inc., 157 Idaho 468, 474 , 337 P.3d 627, 633 (2014).

33
Fisk v. McDonaldgreen
idaho · 2020 · cited in 4 Idaho opinions naming this issue, 2021–2025
2 sentences

2025Fisk v. McDonald, 167 Idaho 870, 880 , 477 P.3d 924, 934 (2020).

2025Fisk v. McDonald, 167 Idaho 870, 880 , 477 P.3d 924, 934 (2020).

24
LePelley v. Grefensongreen
idaho · 1980 · cited in 4 Idaho opinions naming this issue, 1981–2009
2 sentences

1981Since the statement and nonbilling together would not be sufficient to create the required inference about failing to meet the community standard, it is unnecessary for us to decide this issue. [1] The trial court granted summary judgment on the grounds that the Maxwells had failed to introduce any expert testimony of medical malpractice. [2] Although Idaho now has a statutory requirement of direct expert testimony, I.C. § 6-1012, the Court observed in LePelley v. Grefenson, 101 Idaho 422 , 614 P.2d 962 (1980), that this statute merely codified the existing case law which required such testimo

1981Since the statement and nonbilling together would not be sufficient to create the required inference about failing to meet the community standard, it is unnecessary for us to decide this issue. [1] The trial court granted summary judgment on the grounds that the Maxwells had failed to introduce any expert testimony of medical malpractice. [2] Although Idaho now has a statutory requirement of direct expert testimony, I.C. § 6-1012, the Court observed in LePelley v. Grefenson, 101 Idaho 422 , 614 P.2d 962 (1980), that this statute merely codified the existing case law which required such testimo

24
Rhodehouse v. Stuttsgreen
idaho · 1994 · cited in 3 Idaho opinions naming this issue, 2002–2023
2 sentences

2023See Rhodehouse v. Stutts, 125 Idaho 208, 212 , 868 P.2d 1224, 1228 (1994) (“Because there is no indication that [the expert] inquired of a local doctor . . . there is not sufficient foundation in [the expert’s] affidavit to show that he had actual knowledge of the applicable community standard.”).

2023See Rhodehouse v. Stutts, 125 Idaho 208, 212 , 868 P.2d 1224, 1228 (1994) (“Because there is no indication that [the expert] inquired of a local doctor . . . there is not sufficient foundation in [the expert’s] affidavit to show that he had actual knowledge of the applicable community standard.”).

23
Strode v. Lenzigreen
idaho · 1989 · cited in 3 Idaho opinions naming this issue, 1990–1994
2 sentences

1994Strode v. Lenzi, 116 Idaho 214, 216 , 775 P.2d 106, 108 (1989) (before a board-certified specialist from outside the state may testify as to the standard of care, the specialist “must, at a minimum, inquire of a local specialist to determine whether the local community standard varies from the national standard for that board certified specialty”); Dunlap v. Garner, — Idaho-, — P.2d-, 1993 WL 163873 (filed May 19, 1993) (the Court found there was sufficient foundation in the plaintiffs affidavit to survive a challenge under Rule 56(e) where the expert had contacted local health care practition

1994Strode v. Lenzi, 116 Idaho 214, 216 , 775 P.2d 106, 108 (1989) (before a board-certified specialist from outside the state may testify as to the standard of care, the specialist “must, at a minimum, inquire of a local specialist to determine whether the local community standard varies from the national standard for that board certified specialty”); Dunlap v. Garner, — Idaho-, — P.2d-, 1993 WL 163873 (filed May 19, 1993) (the Court found there was sufficient foundation in the plaintiffs affidavit to survive a challenge under Rule 56(e) where the expert had contacted local health care practition

23
Lucia Navo v. Bingham Memorial Hospitalgreen
idaho · 2016 · cited in 2 Idaho opinions naming this issue, 2020–2020
2 sentences

2020An expert witness may testify as to the applicable community standard of care only if he or she has actual knowledge of the community standard as it existed “at the time and place of the alleged negligence.” Navo v. Bingham Mem’l Hosp., 160 Idaho 363, 370 , 373 P.3d 681, 688 (2016) (citing I.C. § 6-1013).

2020An expert witness may testify as to the applicable community standard of care only if he or she has actual knowledge of the community standard as it existed “at the time and place of the alleged negligence.” Navo v. Bingham Mem’l Hosp., 160 Idaho 363, 370 , 373 P.3d 681, 688 (2016) (citing I.C. § 6-1013).

22
Vanvooren v. Astingreen
idaho · 2005 · cited in 2 Idaho opinions naming this issue, 2014–2014
2 sentences

2014“This Court has repeatedly held that ‘issues considered on summary judgment are those raised by the pleadings.’ ” Vanvooren v. Astin, 141 Idaho 440, 443 , 111 P.3d 125, 128 (2005) (quoting Beco Const. Co., Inc. v. City of Idaho Falls, 124 Idaho 859, 865 , 865 P.2d 950, 956 (1993)).

2014“This Court has repeatedly held that ‘issues considered on summary judgment are those raised by the pleadings.’ ” Vanvooren v. Astin, 141 Idaho 440, 443 , 111 P.3d 125, 128 (2005) (quoting Beco Const. Co., Inc. v. City of Idaho Falls, 124 Idaho 859, 865 , 865 P.2d 950, 956 (1993)).

22
Beco Construction Co. v. City of Idaho Fallsgreen
idaho · 1993 · cited in 2 Idaho opinions naming this issue, 2014–2014
2 sentences

2014“This Court has repeatedly held that ‘issues considered on summary judgment are those raised by the pleadings.’ ” Vanvooren v. Astin, 141 Idaho 440, 443 , 111 P.3d 125, 128 (2005) (quoting Beco Const. Co., Inc. v. City of Idaho Falls, 124 Idaho 859, 865 , 865 P.2d 950, 956 (1993)).

2014“This Court has repeatedly held that ‘issues considered on summary judgment are those raised by the pleadings.’ ” Vanvooren v. Astin, 141 Idaho 440, 443 , 111 P.3d 125, 128 (2005) (quoting Beco Const. Co., Inc. v. City of Idaho Falls, 124 Idaho 859, 865 , 865 P.2d 950, 956 (1993)).

22
Kolln v. Saint Luke's Regional Medical Centergreen
idaho · 1997 · cited in 4 Idaho opinions naming this issue, 2002–2014
2 sentences

2006Idaho Code § 6-1013 requires that “the expert must show that he or she actually holds the opinion, that it is held with a reasonable degree of medical certainty, and that he or she is not only an expert but has actual knowledge of the applicable community standard.” Kolln, 130 Idaho at 329 , 940 P.2d at 1148 .

2006Idaho Code § 6-1013 requires that “the expert must show that he or she actually holds the opinion, that it is held with a reasonable degree of medical certainty, and that he or she is not only an expert but has actual knowledge of the applicable community standard.” Kolln, 130 Idaho at 329 , 940 P.2d at 1148 .

14
Buck v. St. Clairgreen
idaho · 1985 · cited in 3 Idaho opinions naming this issue, 1987–2020
2 sentences

1989Clair, 108 Idaho 743 , 702 P.2d 781 (1985). [1] In order for a plaintiff to recover in a medical malpractice case, he or she must produce testimony from a competent expert who "possesses professional knowledge and expertise coupled with actual knowledge of the applicable said community standard to which his or her expert opinion testimony is addressed... ." I.C. § 6-1013.

1989Clair, 108 Idaho 743 , 702 P.2d 781 (1985). [1] In order for a plaintiff to recover in a medical malpractice case, he or she must produce testimony from a competent expert who "possesses professional knowledge and expertise coupled with actual knowledge of the applicable said community standard to which his or her expert opinion testimony is addressed... ." I.C. § 6-1013.

13
Frank v. East Shoshone Hospitalgreen
idaho · 1988 · cited in 2 Idaho opinions naming this issue, 1990–2020
2 sentences

2020Shoshone Hosp., 114 Idaho 480, 482 , 757 P.2d 1199, 1201 (1988)).

2020Shoshone Hosp., 114 Idaho 480, 482 , 757 P.2d 1199, 1201 (1988)).

12
Martha A. Arregui v. Rosalinda Gallegos-Maingreen
idaho · 2012 · cited in 1 Idaho opinions naming this issue, 2020–2020
2 sentences

2020STANDARD OF REVIEW “On appeal from the grant of a motion for summary judgment, this Court utilizes the same standard of review used by the district court originally ruling on the motion.” Mattox v. Life Care Ctrs. of Am., Inc., 157 Idaho 468, 472 , 337 P.3d 627, 631 (2014) (quoting Arregui v. Gallegos–Main, 153 Idaho 801, 804 , 291 P.3d 1000, 1003 (2012)).

2020STANDARD OF REVIEW “On appeal from the grant of a motion for summary judgment, this Court utilizes the same standard of review used by the district court originally ruling on the motion.” Mattox v. Life Care Ctrs. of Am., Inc., 157 Idaho 468, 472 , 337 P.3d 627, 631 (2014) (quoting Arregui v. Gallegos–Main, 153 Idaho 801, 804 , 291 P.3d 1000, 1003 (2012)).

11
Kozlowski v. Rushgreen
idaho · 1992 · cited in 1 Idaho opinions naming this issue, 2020–2020
2 sentences

2020See, e.g., Kozlowski v. Rush, 121 Idaho 825, 830 , 828 P.2d 854, 859 (1991) (concluding that an out-of-area expert’s testimony was supported by sufficient foundation when the expert testified that he was familiar with a national standard of care and had reviewed the deposition of a doctor who practiced in the same area as the defendant which stated that the community standard was the same as the national standard “with one irrelevant exception”).

2020See, e.g., Kozlowski v. Rush, 121 Idaho 825, 830 , 828 P.2d 854, 859 (1991) (concluding that an out-of-area expert’s testimony was supported by sufficient foundation when the expert testified that he was familiar with a national standard of care and had reviewed the deposition of a doctor who practiced in the same area as the defendant which stated that the community standard was the same as the national standard “with one irrelevant exception”).

11
Grover v. Smithgreen
idaho · 2002 · cited in 1 Idaho opinions naming this issue, 2020–2020
2 sentences

2020“An expert’s review of a deposition stating that the local standard does not vary from the national standard, coupled with the expert’s personal knowledge of the national standard, is sufficient to lay a foundation for the expert’s opinion.” Grover v. Smith, 137 Idaho 247, 252 , 46 P.3d 1105, 1110 (2002) (citations omitted).

2020“An expert’s review of a deposition stating that the local standard does not vary from the national standard, coupled with the expert’s personal knowledge of the national standard, is sufficient to lay a foundation for the expert’s opinion.” Grover v. Smith, 137 Idaho 247, 252 , 46 P.3d 1105, 1110 (2002) (citations omitted).

11
Nield v. Pocatello Health Services, Inc.green
idaho · 2014 · cited in 1 Idaho opinions naming this issue, 2020–2020
2 sentences

2020“In determining whether to admit affidavit testimony, the court must determine whether the affidavit alleges facts, which if taken as true, would render the testimony admissible.” Nield v. Pocatello Health Servs., Inc., 156 Idaho 802, 816 , 332 P.3d 714, 728 (2014) (citation omitted).

2020“In determining whether to admit affidavit testimony, the court must determine whether the affidavit alleges facts, which if taken as true, would render the testimony admissible.” Nield v. Pocatello Health Servs., Inc., 156 Idaho 802, 816 , 332 P.3d 714, 728 (2014) (citation omitted).

11
Shane v. Blairgreen
idaho · 2003 · cited in 1 Idaho opinions naming this issue, 2014–2014
2 sentences

2014“The plaintiff’s expert can also make inquiries to another out-of-area specialist, so long as that specialist has had sufficient contacts with the area in question to demonstrate personal knowledge of the local standard.” Id. (citing Shane v. Blair, 139 Idaho 126, 130 , 75 P.3d 180, 184 (2003)). 12 the relevant and applicable standard of health care practice. 8 Accordingly, we hold that the district court applied an erroneous legal standard and therefore erred in concluding that Dr. Osborn’s affidavit was inadmissible solely because he relied on an unidentified physician to familiarize himself

2014“The plaintiff’s expert can also make inquiries to another out-of-area specialist, so long as that specialist has had sufficient contacts with the area in question to demonstrate personal knowledge of the local standard.” Id. (citing Shane v. Blair, 139 Idaho 126, 130 , 75 P.3d 180, 184 (2003)). 12 the relevant and applicable standard of health care practice. 8 Accordingly, we hold that the district court applied an erroneous legal standard and therefore erred in concluding that Dr. Osborn’s affidavit was inadmissible solely because he relied on an unidentified physician to familiarize himself

11
Morris by and Through Morris v. Thomsongreen
idaho · 1997 · cited in 1 Idaho opinions naming this issue, 2009–2009
2 sentences

2009It is, therefore, further declared to be in the public interest that the liability exposure of such health care providers be limited and made more definable by a requirement for direct proof of departure from a community standard of practice. 6 merited only if the error affects a substantial right of one of the parties.‖ Morris v. Thomson, 130 Idaho 138, 144 , 937 P.2d 1212, 1218 (1997).

2009It is, therefore, further declared to be in the public interest that the liability exposure of such health care providers be limited and made more definable by a requirement for direct proof of departure from a community standard of practice. 6 merited only if the error affects a substantial right of one of the parties.‖ Morris v. Thomson, 130 Idaho 138, 144 , 937 P.2d 1212, 1218 (1997).

11
Wood v. Hoglundgreen
idaho · 1998 · cited in 1 Idaho opinions naming this issue, 2002–2002
11
Worzala v. Worzalagreen
idaho · 1996 · cited in 1 Idaho opinions naming this issue, 2002–2002
11
Stanger v. Stangergreen
idaho · 1977 · cited in 1 Idaho opinions naming this issue, 2002–2002
11
Bruce v. Exchange Royalty Co.green
okla · 1936 · cited in 1 Idaho opinions naming this issue, 2002–2002
11
Leazer v. Kiefergreen
idaho · 1991 · cited in 1 Idaho opinions naming this issue, 1997–1997
11
Robertson v. Richardsgreen
idaho · 1989 · cited in 1 Idaho opinions naming this issue, 1997–1997
11
Krueger v. Board of Professional Discipline of the Idaho State Board of Medicinegreen
idaho · 1992 · cited in 1 Idaho opinions naming this issue, 1993–1993
11

Distinguished, questioned or overruled (0)

CaseNegativeCited
No negative-treatment citations attached to this issue in Idaho. Read the followed side critically anyway.

Also cited on this issue (23)

CaseCitedYears
Dunlap by and Through Dunlap v. Garner green
idaho · 1994
2 sentences

2014In Dunlap , the plaintiffs out-of-area expert testified in his affidavit that he had spoken with two local practitioners regarding the community standard of health care practice. 127 Idaho at 602 , 903 P.2d at 1299 .

2014In Dunlap , the plaintiffs out-of-area expert testified in his affidavit that he had spoken with two local practitioners regarding the community standard of health care practice. 127 Idaho at 602 , 903 P.2d at 1299 .

22014–2014
Ex parte Marshall neutral
ala · 1879
2 sentences

2003In Ex parte Marshall, 64 Ala. 266 , Justice Stone, delivering the opinion of the court, says: “Inasmuch as the price of a license may be graduated by the populousness of the community in which the privilege is to be exercised, and by the profitableness of the employments, amusements, games, etc., it authorizes, this assessment is not obnoxious to the objection that it is not levied equally throughout the taxable district.” (See, also, East St.

1892In Ex parte Marshall, 64 Ala. 266 , Justice Stone, delivering the opinion of the court, says: “Inasmuch as the price of a license may be graduated by the populousness of the community in which the privilege is to be exercised, and by the profitableness of the employments, amusements, games, etc., it authorizes, this assessment is not obnoxious to the objection that it is not levied equally throughout the taxable district.” (See, also, East St.

21892–2003
State v. O'Hara neutral
· 1884
2 sentences

2003Louis v. Wehrung, supra; State v. O’Hara, 36 La.

1892Louis v. Wehrung, supra; State v. O’Hara, 36 La.

21892–2003
City of East St. Louis v. Wehrung neutral
ill · 1868
2 sentences

2003Louis v. Wehrung, supra; State v. O’Hara, 36 La.

1892Louis v. Wehrung, supra; State v. O’Hara, 36 La.

21892–2003
Maxwell v. Women's Clinic, P.A. green
idaho · 1981
2 sentences

1991The advisory committee's comment following the IDJI 205 instruction specifically cites I.C. § 6-1012 and our recent cases interpreting that section, LePelley v. Grefenson, 101 Idaho 422 , 614 P.2d 962 (1980), and Maxwell v. Women's Clinic, 102 Idaho 53 , 625 P.2d 407 (1981), support this instruction.

1991The advisory committee's comment following the IDJI 205 instruction specifically cites I.C. § 6-1012 and our recent cases interpreting that section, LePelley v. Grefenson, 101 Idaho 422 , 614 P.2d 962 (1980), and Maxwell v. Women's Clinic, 102 Idaho 53 , 625 P.2d 407 (1981), support this instruction.

21985–1991
Grimes v. Green green
idaho · 1987
2 sentences

1988Gro-Mor, Inc. v. Butts, 109 Idaho 1020 , 712 P.3d 721 (Ct.App. 1985). [2] Idaho Code § 6-1013 provides in full: Testimony of expert witness on community standard. — The applicable standard of practice and such a defendant's failure to meet said standard must be established in such cases by such a plaintiff by testimony of one (1) or more knowledgeable, competent expert witnesses, and such expert testimony may only be admitted in evidence if the foundation therefor is first laid, establishing (a) that such an opinion is actually held by the expert witness, (b) that the said opinion can be testi

1988Gro-Mor, Inc. v. Butts, 109 Idaho 1020 , 712 P.3d 721 (Ct.App. 1985). [2] Idaho Code § 6-1013 provides in full: Testimony of expert witness on community standard. — The applicable standard of practice and such a defendant's failure to meet said standard must be established in such cases by such a plaintiff by testimony of one (1) or more knowledgeable, competent expert witnesses, and such expert testimony may only be admitted in evidence if the foundation therefor is first laid, establishing (a) that such an opinion is actually held by the expert witness, (b) that the said opinion can be testi

21988–1989
SUHADOLNIK v. Pressman green
idaho · 2011
2 sentences

2020In Suhadolnik, the plaintiff’s expert attempted to rely upon the plaintiff’s medical records in addition to the defendant’s deposition to familiarize himself with the community standard of care. 151 Idaho at 118 , 254 P.3d at 19 .

2020In Suhadolnik, the plaintiff’s expert attempted to rely upon the plaintiff’s medical records in addition to the defendant’s deposition to familiarize himself with the community standard of care. 151 Idaho at 118 , 254 P.3d at 19 .

12020–2020
Grover v. Isom green
idaho · 2002
1 sentence

2020The opinion goes on to quote Idaho Code section 6-1013 when holding “that the witness [must] possess ‘professional knowledge and expertise coupled with actual knowledge of the applicable said community standard.’” Id. (italics added).

12020–2020
Hall v. Rocky Mtn Emergency Physicians green
idaho · 2013
2 sentences

2020Hall, 155 Idaho at 326 , 312 P.3d at 317 (quoting I.C. § 6-1013).

2020Hall, 155 Idaho at 326 , 312 P.3d at 317 (quoting I.C. § 6-1013).

12020–2020
Jones v. Crawforth green
idaho · 2009
2 sentences

2016In Jones, we held that expert opinions on whether a defendant’s conduct was reckless were admissible where “(1) the experts had acquainted themselves adequately with the community standard for health care providers such as Kurtz, and (2) their opinions as to the level of negligence of her conduct were not conclusions that the average juror would be qualified to draw.” 147 Idaho at 17 , 205 P.3d at 666 .

2016In Jones, we held that expert opinions on whether a defendant’s conduct was reckless were admissible where “(1) the experts had acquainted themselves adequately with the community standard for health care providers such as Kurtz, and (2) their opinions as to the level of negligence of her conduct were not conclusions that the average juror would be qualified to draw.” 147 Idaho at 17 , 205 P.3d at 666 .

12016–2016
Newberry v. Martens green
idaho · 2005
1 sentence

2014“The plaintiff’s expert can also make inquiries to another out-of-area specialist, so long as that specialist has had sufficient contacts with the area in question to demonstrate personal knowledge of the local standard.” Id. (citing Shane v. Blair, 139 Idaho 126, 130 , 75 P.3d 180, 184 (2003)). 12 the relevant and applicable standard of health care practice. 8 Accordingly, we hold that the district court applied an erroneous legal standard and therefore erred in concluding that Dr. Osborn’s affidavit was inadmissible solely because he relied on an unidentified physician to familiarize himself

12014–2014
Barton v. Barton green
idaho · 1999
1 sentence

2002A party wishing to overcome the community presumption and show that assets acquired during marriage are separate property “must prove with ‘reasonable certainty and particularity’ that the property is, in fact, separate.” Barton, 132 Idaho at 396 , 973 *60 P.2d at 748. “[T]he party asserting that the property is separate, bears the burden of proving to a reasonable certainty that the property is separate.” Worzala v. Worzala, 128 Idaho 408, 412 , 913 P.2d 1178, 1182 (1996). “[The] presumption can be rebutted, but the burden of proof rests upon the party who asserts that the property is separat

12002–2002
Hoene v. Barnes green
idaho · 1992
11997–1997
Gubler v. Boe green
idaho · 1991
11997–1997
Watts v. Lynn green
idaho · 1994
11996–1996
Smith v. United States green
scotus · 1977
11996–1996
Wilkinson v. Vesey green
ri · 1972
11991–1991
Coleman v. Garrison green
delsuperct · 1974
11991–1991
Stauffer v. Karabin green
coloctapp · 1971
11991–1991
Charley v. Cameron green
kan · 1974
11991–1991
Cobbs v. Grant green
cal · 1972
11991–1991
Ditlow v. Kaplan green
fladistctapp · 1965
11991–1991
Gro-Mor, Inc. v. Butts green
idahoctapp · 1985
11988–1988

Statutes the citing opinions construe

ID § Idaho Code § 6-1012 (41) ID § Idaho Code § 6-1013 (34) ID § Idaho Code § 12-121 (26) ID § Idaho Code § 5-219 (3) ID § Idaho Code § 6-1001 (3) ID § Idaho Code § 6-1005 (3)

Counted by distinct opinions that both name this issue and are annotated to the section; sections every opinion cites regardless of issue are not filtered here, so read the counts against the total above.

Where else courts name it

TX 160 (1907–2025) CA 74 (1958–2026) ID 45 (1892–2025) OH 33 (1990–2026) LA 32 (1948–2024) AZ 23 (1929–2024) IL 23 (1977–2025) NY 17 (1896–2016) WA 16 (1914–2026) PA 14 (1974–2018) NC 13 (1986–2026) NM 12 (1973–2024) AL 12 (1879–2007) OR 11 (1960–2022) CT 9 (1965–2021) IN 9 (1894–2020) MN 7 (1984–2014) FL 7 (1965–2020) GA 7 (1977–2013) CO 7 (1971–2009) NE 6 (1973–2021) MO 5 (1979–2005) SD 5 (1978–2008) MT 5 (1980–2012) AK 5 (1984–1997) IA 5 (1991–2024) RI 4 (1991–2015) OK 4 (1973–1992) NJ 4 (1963–2025) MI 4 (1868–1970) UT 3 (1980–2012) SC 3 (1970–2001) MD 3 (1970–2003) AR 3 (1984–2012) KS 3 (1932–2013) MA 3 (1982–2019) NV 3 (2023–2023) WY 3 (1991–1996) WV 2 (1982–1992) KY 2 (1993–2007) WI 2 (1980–1999) MS 2 (2009–2010) TN 2 (1998–2005) VA 2 (1974–1974)

Opinions by the citing court's state. A doctrine retained in one state and abandoned in another shows up here as a year span that stalls.

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