defendant raises defense in Alabama

5 Alabama opinions name it 2 courts 1988–2002 0 in the last five years

The cases below were cited by Alabama courts in a sentence that names this issue. Sides come from how each citing opinion treated the case (Syfertize flag on that citation), so a case can appear on both: that is where the law is contested. A red or yellow chip is the case's own overall treatment.

Followed or applied (1)

Case	Followed	Cited
Lilton Baker v. Charles Montgomerygreen ca11 · 1987 · cited in 1 Alabama opinions naming this issue, 1988–1988 1 sentence 1988When such a defense is frivolous or wholly implausible, a Sandstrom error should be deemed harmless." Baker v. Montgomery, 811 F.2d 557, 558 (11th Cir.1987) (the appellant's defenses of provocation and self-defense were held "frivolous and wholly implausible" in light of the facts of the case).	1	1

Distinguished, questioned or overruled (0)

Case	Negative	Cited
No negative-treatment citations attached to this issue in Alabama. Read the followed side critically anyway.

Also cited on this issue (11)

Case	Cited	Years
Magwood v. State green alacrimapp · 1982 2 sentences 2002Free v. State , 455 So.2d 137 (Ala.Crim.App. 1984); Magwood v. State , 426 So.2d 918 (Ala.Crim.App. [1982]), aff'd , 426 So.2d 929 (Ala. [1983]). . . . 1995Free v. State , 455 So.2d 137 (Ala.Crim.App. 1984); Magwood v. State , 426 So.2d 918 (Ala.Crim.App. 1982), aff'd, 426 So.2d 929 (Ala.), cert. denied, 462 U.S. 1124 , 103 S.Ct. 3097 , 77 L.Ed.2d 1355 (1983)." Ex parte United Service Stations, Inc. , 628 So.2d 501 (Ala. 1993).	3	1993–2002
Ex Parte Magwood green ala · 1983 2 sentences 2002Free v. State , 455 So.2d 137 (Ala.Crim.App. 1984); Magwood v. State , 426 So.2d 918 (Ala.Crim.App. [1982]), aff'd , 426 So.2d 929 (Ala. [1983]). . . . 1995Free v. State , 455 So.2d 137 (Ala.Crim.App. 1984); Magwood v. State , 426 So.2d 918 (Ala.Crim.App. 1982), aff'd, 426 So.2d 929 (Ala.), cert. denied, 462 U.S. 1124 , 103 S.Ct. 3097 , 77 L.Ed.2d 1355 (1983)." Ex parte United Service Stations, Inc. , 628 So.2d 501 (Ala. 1993).	3	1993–2002
Free v. State green alacrimapp · 1984 2 sentences 2002Free v. State , 455 So.2d 137 (Ala.Crim.App. 1984); Magwood v. State , 426 So.2d 918 (Ala.Crim.App. [1982]), aff'd , 426 So.2d 929 (Ala. [1983]). . . . 1995Free v. State , 455 So.2d 137 (Ala.Crim.App. 1984); Magwood v. State , 426 So.2d 918 (Ala.Crim.App. 1982), aff'd, 426 So.2d 929 (Ala.), cert. denied, 462 U.S. 1124 , 103 S.Ct. 3097 , 77 L.Ed.2d 1355 (1983)." Ex parte United Service Stations, Inc. , 628 So.2d 501 (Ala. 1993).	3	1993–2002
Lesane v. United States green scotus · 1983 2 sentences 1995Free v. State , 455 So.2d 137 (Ala.Crim.App. 1984); Magwood v. State , 426 So.2d 918 (Ala.Crim.App. 1982), aff'd, 426 So.2d 929 (Ala.), cert. denied, 462 U.S. 1124 , 103 S.Ct. 3097 , 77 L.Ed.2d 1355 (1983)." Ex parte United Service Stations, Inc. , 628 So.2d 501 (Ala. 1993). 1993Free v. State , 455 So.2d 137 (Ala.Crim.App. 1984); Magwood v. State , 426 So.2d 918 (Ala.Crim.App.), aff'd , 426 So.2d 929 (Ala. 1982), cert. denied , 462 U.S. 1124 , 103 S.Ct. 3097 , 77 L.Ed.2d 1355 (1983).	2	1993–1995
Grenada Bank v. Willey green scotus · 1983 2 sentences 1995Free v. State , 455 So.2d 137 (Ala.Crim.App. 1984); Magwood v. State , 426 So.2d 918 (Ala.Crim.App. 1982), aff'd, 426 So.2d 929 (Ala.), cert. denied, 462 U.S. 1124 , 103 S.Ct. 3097 , 77 L.Ed.2d 1355 (1983)." Ex parte United Service Stations, Inc. , 628 So.2d 501 (Ala. 1993). 1993Free v. State , 455 So.2d 137 (Ala.Crim.App. 1984); Magwood v. State , 426 So.2d 918 (Ala.Crim.App.), aff'd , 426 So.2d 929 (Ala. 1982), cert. denied , 462 U.S. 1124 , 103 S.Ct. 3097 , 77 L.Ed.2d 1355 (1983).	2	1993–1995
Magwood v. Alabama green scotus · 1983 2 sentences 1995Free v. State , 455 So.2d 137 (Ala.Crim.App. 1984); Magwood v. State , 426 So.2d 918 (Ala.Crim.App. 1982), aff'd, 426 So.2d 929 (Ala.), cert. denied, 462 U.S. 1124 , 103 S.Ct. 3097 , 77 L.Ed.2d 1355 (1983)." Ex parte United Service Stations, Inc. , 628 So.2d 501 (Ala. 1993). 1993Free v. State , 455 So.2d 137 (Ala.Crim.App. 1984); Magwood v. State , 426 So.2d 918 (Ala.Crim.App.), aff'd , 426 So.2d 929 (Ala. 1982), cert. denied , 462 U.S. 1124 , 103 S.Ct. 3097 , 77 L.Ed.2d 1355 (1983).	2	1993–1995
Ex Parte United Service Stations, Inc. green ala · 1993 1 sentence 1995Free v. State , 455 So.2d 137 (Ala.Crim.App. 1984); Magwood v. State , 426 So.2d 918 (Ala.Crim.App. 1982), aff'd, 426 So.2d 929 (Ala.), cert. denied, 462 U.S. 1124 , 103 S.Ct. 3097 , 77 L.Ed.2d 1355 (1983)." Ex parte United Service Stations, Inc. , 628 So.2d 501 (Ala. 1993).	1	1995–1995
United States v. Timothy Andrew Smith, Stephen Lawrence Swindell green ca11 · 1986 2 sentences 1992"When a defendant raises such a claim of pretextuality, 'the proper inquiry is whether a reasonable officer would have made the seizure in the absence of illegitimate motivation,' [ United States v. ] Smith , [ 799 F.2d 704 , 708 (11th Cir. 1986)] (emphasis in original), and requires ' "an objective assessment of the officer's actions in light of the facts and circumstances confronting him at the time," and not on the officer's actual state of mind at the time of the challenged action taken.' Id. at 709 , quoting Maryland v. Macon , 472 U.S. 463 , 470-71 , 105 S.Ct. 2778 , 2782-83 , 86 L.Ed.2d 1992"When a defendant raises such a claim of pretextuality, 'the proper inquiry is whether a reasonable officer would have made the seizure in the absence of illegitimate motivation,' [ United States v. ] Smith , [ 799 F.2d 704 , 708 (11th Cir. 1986)] (emphasis in original), and requires ' "an objective assessment of the officer's actions in light of the facts and circumstances confronting him at the time," and not on the officer's actual state of mind at the time of the challenged action taken.' Id. at 709 , quoting Maryland v. Macon , 472 U.S. 463 , 470-71 , 105 S.Ct. 2778 , 2782-83 , 86 L.Ed.2d	1	1992–1992
United States v. William O. Trigg green ca7 · 1989 1 sentence 1992As to Cruz , Judge Kravitch wrote in Smith that '[t]he stop [in Cruz ] was unreasonable not because the officer secretly hoped to find evidence of a greater offense, but because it was clear that an officer would have been uninterested in pursuing the lesser offense absent that hope.' Id. at 710." That subjective test was rejected in Causey. 5 The case of United States v. Trigg , 878 F.2d 1037 (7th Cir. 1989), contains a succinct *Page 1006 discussion of the various approaches taken to the problem of pretextual arrests and concluding. "[W]e believe that the reasonableness of an arrest depends	1	1992–1992
United States v. Guillermo Rhodes Cruz green ca5 · 1978 1 sentence 1992"When a defendant raises such a claim of pretextuality, 'the proper inquiry is whether a reasonable officer would have made the seizure in the absence of illegitimate motivation,' [ United States v. ] Smith , [ 799 F.2d 704 , 708 (11th Cir. 1986)] (emphasis in original), and requires ' "an objective assessment of the officer's actions in light of the facts and circumstances confronting him at the time," and not on the officer's actual state of mind at the time of the challenged action taken.' Id. at 709 , quoting Maryland v. Macon , 472 U.S. 463 , 470-71 , 105 S.Ct. 2778 , 2782-83 , 86 L.Ed.2d	1	1992–1992
Maryland v. MacOn green scotus · 1985 2 sentences 1992"When a defendant raises such a claim of pretextuality, 'the proper inquiry is whether a reasonable officer would have made the seizure in the absence of illegitimate motivation,' [ United States v. ] Smith , [ 799 F.2d 704 , 708 (11th Cir. 1986)] (emphasis in original), and requires ' "an objective assessment of the officer's actions in light of the facts and circumstances confronting him at the time," and not on the officer's actual state of mind at the time of the challenged action taken.' Id. at 709 , quoting Maryland v. Macon , 472 U.S. 463 , 470-71 , 105 S.Ct. 2778 , 2782-83 , 86 L.Ed.2d 1992"When a defendant raises such a claim of pretextuality, 'the proper inquiry is whether a reasonable officer would have made the seizure in the absence of illegitimate motivation,' [ United States v. ] Smith , [ 799 F.2d 704 , 708 (11th Cir. 1986)] (emphasis in original), and requires ' "an objective assessment of the officer's actions in light of the facts and circumstances confronting him at the time," and not on the officer's actual state of mind at the time of the challenged action taken.' Id. at 709 , quoting Maryland v. Macon , 472 U.S. 463 , 470-71 , 105 S.Ct. 2778 , 2782-83 , 86 L.Ed.2d	1	1992–1992

Where else courts name it

IL 109 (1976–2026) CT 80 (1966–2024) IN 41 (1976–2024) TX 39 (1982–2022) MA 30 (1985–2026) CA 24 (1961–2026) OH 22 (1990–2025) GA 18 (1975–2019) PA 17 (1973–2025) LA 17 (1962–2026) NY 16 (1931–2022) WA 16 (1987–2024) OR 14 (1998–2026) DC 12 (1979–2023) NJ 12 (1987–2024) MN 11 (1982–2014) CO 10 (2005–2025) MI 9 (2010–2026) IA 9 (1990–2018) NM 9 (1991–2020) MS 8 (1986–2026) MO 8 (1968–2022) UT 8 (2002–2025) NC 8 (1987–2020) NE 7 (1984–2023) TN 6 (2002–2026) NH 6 (2007–2020) AL 5 (1988–2002) WI 5 (1972–2025) KS 5 (2009–2021) WV 5 (2014–2023) FL 5 (1979–2010) AZ 4 (1977–2025) VA 4 (1994–2025) ME 3 (1999–2012) DE 2 (2002–2023) HI 2 (1989–2013) KY 2 (2018–2025) OK 2 (1960–2006) VT 2 (1983–1991) NV 2 (2000–2024) SC 2 (2012–2017)

Opinions by the citing court's state. A doctrine retained in one state and abandoned in another shows up here as a year span that stalls.

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