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11 canonical passages across 8 cases, quoted by 5,265 opinions in total. These passages cluster together because the same opinions keep quoting them side by side: they state parts of one doctrine. The anchor passage is from Brecht v. Abrahamson.
| # | Case | Flag | Canonical passage | Citers |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Brecht v. Abrahamson Anchor | red | “substantial and injurious effect or influence in determining the jury's verdict.” | 2,188 |
| 2 | Chapman v. California | yellow | “before a federal constitutional error can be held harmless, the court must be able to declare a belief that it was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt.” | 1,544 |
| 3 | Chapman v. California | yellow | “beyond a reasonable doubt that the error complained of did not contribute to the verdict obtained.” | 543 |
| 4 | Kotteakos v. United States | green | “had substantial and injurious effect or influence in determining the jury's verdict.” | 250 |
| 5 | Chapman v. California | yellow | “there are some constitutional rights so basic to a fair trial that their infraction can never be treated as harmless error.” | 212 |
| 6 | Fahy v. Connecticut | green | “the question is whether there is a reasonable possibility that the evidence complained of might have contributed to the conviction.” | 193 |
| 7 | Sullivan v. Louisiana | green | “is not whether, in a trial that occurred without the error, a guilty verdict would surely have been rendered, but whether the guilty verdict actually rendered in this trial was surely unattributable to the error.” | 183 |
| 8 | Yates v. Evatt | red | “unimportant in relation to everything else the jury considered on the issue in question, as revealed in the record.” | 105 |
| 9 | United States v. James Lowery | green | “a nonconstitutional trial error is harmless unless it 'had substantial and injurious effect or influence in determining the jury's verdict.” | 21 |
| 10 | Yates v. Evatt | red | “so overwhelming as to leave it beyond a reasonable doubt that the verdict resting on that evidence would have been the same in the absence of the presumption.” | 18 |
| 11 | State v. Johnson | green | “that the introduction of inadmissible other crimes evidence results in a trial error subject to harmless error analysis.” | 8 |
A red or yellow flag on a member means the underlying case has negative treatment: for those, check the case page before relying on the passage.