6 canonical passages across 5 cases, quoted by 1,266 opinions in total. These passages cluster together because the same opinions keep quoting them side by side — they state parts of one doctrine. The anchor passage is from Emerson v. City of New York.
| # | Case | Flag | Canonical passage | Citers |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Emerson v. City of New York Anchor | green | “plaintiff is generally prohibited from suing a municipal agency.” | 402 |
| 2 | Ashcroft v. Iqbal | green | “government officials may not be held liable for the unconstitutional conduct of their subordinates under a theory of respondeat superior.” | 365 |
| 3 | Connick v. Thompson | green | “a municipality or other local government may be liable under this section if the governmental body itself 'subjects' a person to a deprivation of rights or 'causes' a person 'to be subjected' to such deprivation.” | 211 |
| 4 | Spavone v. New York State Department of Correctional Services | green | “it is well settled in this circuit that personal involvement of defendants in the alleged constitutional deprivations is a prerequisite to an award of damages under 1983.” | 200 |
| 5 | Farmer v. Brennan | green | “a prison official's 'deliberate indifference' to a substantial risk of serious harm to an inmate violates the eighth amendment.” | 85 |
| 6 | Emerson v. City of New York | green | “a plaintiff is generally prohibited from suing a municipal agency.” | 3 |
A red or yellow flag on a member means the underlying case has negative treatment — for those, check the case page before relying on the passage.