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5 canonical passages across 4 cases, quoted by 151 opinions in total. These passages cluster together because the same opinions keep quoting them side by side: they state parts of one doctrine. The anchor passage is from Bell v. United States.
| # | Case | Flag | Canonical passage | Citers |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Bell v. United States Anchor | green | “if congress does not fix the punishment for a federal offense clearly and without ambiguity, doubt will be resolved against turning a single transaction into multiple offenses.” | 82 |
| 2 | Bell v. United States | green | “when congress leaves to the judiciary the task of imputing to congress an undeclared will, the ambiguity should be resolved in favor of lenity.” | 41 |
| 3 | United States v. Wiltberger | green | “probability is not a guide which a court, in construing a penal statute, can safely take.” | 15 |
| 4 | United States v. James Berry, Jr. | green | “the evil congress sought to suppress by section 922 was the arming of felons; the section is based on the status of the offender and not the number of guns possessed.” | 9 |
| 5 | United States v. George Wayneti Reeder, A/K/A Wayne Reeder | green | “while a jury must agree on all of the elements of an offense, it need not agree on the means by which all the elements were accomplished.” | 4 |
A red or yellow flag on a member means the underlying case has negative treatment: for those, check the case page before relying on the passage.