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5 canonical passages across 3 cases, quoted by 95 opinions in total. These passages cluster together because the same opinions keep quoting them side by side: they state parts of one doctrine. The anchor passage is from People v. Chiu.
| # | Case | Flag | Canonical passage | Citers |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | People v. Chiu Anchor | red | “when a trial court instructs a jury on two theories of guilt, one of which was legally correct and one legally incorrect, reversal is required unless there is a basis in the record to find that the verdict was based on a valid ground.” | 56 |
| 2 | People v. Chiu | red | “an aider and abettor may not be convicted of first degree premeditated murder under the natural and probable consequences doctrine.” | 22 |
| 3 | People v. Smith | green | “an aider and abettor is guilty not only of the intended, or target, crime but also of any other crime a principal in the target crime actually commits (the nontarget crime) that is a natural and probable consequence of the target crime. 'thus, for example, if a person aids and a…” | 10 |
| 4 | People v. Smith | green | “to establish aiding and abetting liability under the natural and probable consequence doctrine, the prosecution must prove the nontarget offense was reasonably foreseeable; it need not additionally prove the nontarget offense was not committed for a reason independent of the com…” | 4 |
| 5 | United States v. Wayne Ladell Stroupe | green | “this wheel arrangement is a single conspiracy only when the activities of each of the spokes is interrelated, as when the success of each of the activities depends on the success of the others.” | 3 |
A red or yellow flag on a member means the underlying case has negative treatment: for those, check the case page before relying on the passage.