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6 canonical passages across 5 cases, quoted by 2,448 opinions in total. These passages cluster together because the same opinions keep quoting them side by side: they state parts of one doctrine. The anchor passage is from Carnegie-Mellon University v. Cohill.
| # | Case | Flag | Canonical passage | Citers |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Carnegie-Mellon University v. Cohill Anchor | red | “when the federal-law claims have dropped out of the lawsuit in its early stages and only state-law claims remain, the federal court should decline the exercise of jurisdiction.” | 782 |
| 2 | Connick v. Thompson | green | “a municipality or other local government may be liable under this section if the governmental body itself 'subjects' a person to a deprivation of rights or 'causes' a person 'to be subjected' to such deprivation.” | 567 |
| 3 | Gollomp v. Spitzer | green | “as a general rule, state governments may not be sued in federal court unless they have waived their eleventh amendment immunity, or unless congress has abrogated the states' eleventh amendment immunity . . . .” | 493 |
| 4 | Emerson v. City of New York | green | “a plaintiff is generally prohibited from suing a municipal agency.” | 416 |
| 5 | City of Chicago v. International College of Surgeons | green | “confirms the discretionary nature of supplemental jurisdiction by enumerating the circumstances in which district courts can refuse its exercise.” | 187 |
| 6 | Emerson v. City of New York | green | “a plaintiff is generally prohibited from suing a municipal agency. instead, the city is generally the proper defendant when a plaintiff seeks to bring an action pursuant to the official acts and/or inaction of an agency of the city.” | 3 |
A red or yellow flag on a member means the underlying case has negative treatment: for those, check the case page before relying on the passage.