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4 canonical passages across 4 cases, quoted by 56 opinions in total. These passages cluster together because the same opinions keep quoting them side by side: they state parts of one doctrine. The anchor passage is from Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Studios Inc. v. Grokster, Ltd..
| # | Case | Flag | Canonical passage | Citers |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Studios Inc. v. Grokster, Ltd. Anchor | green | “one who distributes a device with the object of promoting its use to infringe copyright, as shown by clear expression or other affirmative steps taken to foster infringement, is liable for the resulting acts of infringement by third parties.” | 23 |
| 2 | Ellison v. Robertson | green | “the essential aspect of the 'direct financial benefit' inquiry is whether there is a causal relationship between the infringing activity and any financial benefit a defendant reaps, regardless of how substantial the benefit is in proportion to a defendant's overall profits.” | 18 |
| 3 | Robert G. Hayduk v. Vincent T. Lanna | green | “although state law governs the burden of proving fraud at trial, the procedure for pleading fraud in federal courts in all diversity suits is governed by the special pleading requirements of federal rule of civil procedure 9(b).” | 9 |
| 4 | McCloskey v. Mueller | green | “may affirm an order of dismissal on any basis made apparent by the record.” | 6 |
A red or yellow flag on a member means the underlying case has negative treatment: for those, check the case page before relying on the passage.