Determining class certification requirements and conflicts

Also stated as: Requirements for class certification under code

The pages courts cite for it

Ranked by how often federal courts cite each page. The bar is how citing opinions treated that page (green followed, yellow questioned or limited, red negative); a red or yellow chip is the case’s own overall treatment.

Federal opinions citing these pages

From the opinions citing the top pages above (up to 400 per page are read), most pages cited first, then newest.

Where else it is alive

Opinions per jurisdiction citing these pages. A span that stops early can mean the doctrine was dropped there.

How this is built: each issue is a set of opinion pages that later courts cite for the same proposition, grouped from what the citing courts wrote. Names are machine-written from those citations; read the cases before relying on them. Search case law