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Florida Statute 316.1935 | Lawyer Caselaw & Research
F.S. 316.1935 Case Law from Google Scholar
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The 2023 Florida Statutes (including Special Session C)

Title XXIII
MOTOR VEHICLES
Chapter 316
STATE UNIFORM TRAFFIC CONTROL
View Entire Chapter
F.S. 316.1935
316.1935 Fleeing or attempting to elude a law enforcement officer; aggravated fleeing or eluding.
(1) It is unlawful for the operator of any vehicle, having knowledge that he or she has been ordered to stop such vehicle by a duly authorized law enforcement officer, willfully to refuse or fail to stop the vehicle in compliance with such order or, having stopped in knowing compliance with such order, willfully to flee in an attempt to elude the officer, and a person who violates this subsection commits a felony of the third degree, punishable as provided in s. 775.082, s. 775.083, or s. 775.084.
(2) Any person who willfully flees or attempts to elude a law enforcement officer in an authorized law enforcement patrol vehicle, with agency insignia and other jurisdictional markings prominently displayed on the vehicle, with siren and lights activated commits a felony of the third degree, punishable as provided in s. 775.082, s. 775.083, or s. 775.084.
(3) Any person who willfully flees or attempts to elude a law enforcement officer in an authorized law enforcement patrol vehicle, with agency insignia and other jurisdictional markings prominently displayed on the vehicle, with siren and lights activated, and during the course of the fleeing or attempted eluding:
(a) Drives at high speed, or in any manner which demonstrates a wanton disregard for the safety of persons or property, commits a felony of the second degree, punishable as provided in s. 775.082, s. 775.083, or s. 775.084.
(b) Drives at high speed, or in any manner which demonstrates a wanton disregard for the safety of persons or property, and causes serious bodily injury or death to another person, including any law enforcement officer involved in pursuing or otherwise attempting to effect a stop of the person’s vehicle, commits a felony of the first degree, punishable as provided in s. 775.082, s. 775.083, or s. 775.084. Notwithstanding any other provision of law, the court shall sentence any person convicted of committing the offense described in this paragraph to a mandatory minimum sentence of 3 years imprisonment. Nothing in this paragraph shall prevent a court from imposing a greater sentence of incarceration as authorized by law.
(4) Any person who, in the course of unlawfully leaving or attempting to leave the scene of a crash in violation of s. 316.027 or s. 316.061, having knowledge of an order to stop by a duly authorized law enforcement officer, willfully refuses or fails to stop in compliance with such an order, or having stopped in knowing compliance with such order, willfully flees in an attempt to elude such officer and, as a result of such fleeing or eluding:
(a) Causes injury to another person or causes damage to any property belonging to another person, commits aggravated fleeing or eluding, a felony of the second degree, punishable as provided in s. 775.082, s. 775.083, or s. 775.084.
(b) Causes serious bodily injury or death to another person, including any law enforcement officer involved in pursuing or otherwise attempting to effect a stop of the person’s vehicle, commits aggravated fleeing or eluding with serious bodily injury or death, a felony of the first degree, punishable as provided in s. 775.082, s. 775.083, or s. 775.084.

The felony of aggravated fleeing or eluding and the felony of aggravated fleeing or eluding with serious bodily injury or death constitute separate offenses for which a person may be charged, in addition to the offenses under ss. 316.027 and 316.061, relating to unlawfully leaving the scene of a crash, which the person had been in the course of committing or attempting to commit when the order to stop was given. Notwithstanding any other provision of law, the court shall sentence any person convicted of committing aggravated fleeing or eluding with serious bodily injury or death to a mandatory minimum sentence of 3 years imprisonment. Nothing in this subsection shall prevent a court from imposing a greater sentence of incarceration as authorized by law.

(5) The court shall revoke, for a period not less than 1 year nor exceeding 5 years, the driver license of any operator of a motor vehicle convicted of a violation of subsection (1), subsection (2), subsection (3), or subsection (4).
(6) Notwithstanding s. 948.01, no court may suspend, defer, or withhold adjudication of guilt or imposition of sentence for any violation of this section. A person convicted and sentenced to a mandatory minimum term of incarceration under paragraph (3)(b) or paragraph (4)(b) is not eligible for statutory gain-time under s. 944.275 or any form of discretionary early release, other than pardon or executive clemency or conditional medical release under s. 947.149, prior to serving the mandatory minimum sentence.
(7) Any motor vehicle involved in a violation of this section is deemed to be contraband, which may be seized by a law enforcement agency and is subject to forfeiture pursuant to ss. 932.701-932.704. Any vehicle not required to be titled under the laws of this state is presumed to be the property of the person in possession of the vehicle.
History.s. 1, ch. 71-135; s. 1, ch. 76-31; s. 4, ch. 85-309; s. 52, ch. 89-282; s. 1, ch. 94-276; s. 896, ch. 95-148; s. 1, ch. 98-274; s. 140, ch. 99-248; s. 1, ch. 2004-388.
Note.Former s. 316.019.

F.S. 316.1935 on Google Scholar

F.S. 316.1935 on Casetext

Amendments to 316.1935


Arrestable Offenses / Crimes under Fla. Stat. 316.1935
Level: Degree
Misdemeanor/Felony: First/Second/Third

S316.1935 1 - FLEE/ELUDE POLICE - FAIL TO OBEY LEO ORDER TO STOP - F: T
S316.1935 1 - FLEE/ELUDE POLICE - PENALTY INCREAS TO F/T ON 7/1/04; SEE REC#4154 - M: F
S316.1935 2 - RESIST OFFICER - RENUMBERED. SEE REC # 9479 - F: T
S316.1935 2 - FLEE/ELUDE POLICE - FLEE ELUDE LEO WITH LIGHTS SIREN ACTIVE - F: T
S316.1935 3 - FLEE/ELUDE POLICE - REMOVED - F: S
S316.1935 3a - FLEE/ELUDE POLICE - FLEE ELUDE HIGH SPEED OR DISR SAFETY PERS PROP - F: S
S316.1935 3b - FLEE/ELUDE POLICE - FLEE ELUDE CAUSING INJURY OR DEATH - F: F
S316.1935 4a - RESIST OFFICER - RENUMBERED. SEE REC # 4097 - F: S
S316.1935 4a - FLEE/ELUDE POLICE - AGGRAVATED FLEEING W INJURY OR DAMAGE - F: S
S316.1935 4b - RESIST OFFICER - RENUMBERED. SEE REC # 4098 - F: S
S316.1935 4b - FLEE/ELUDE POLICE - AGGRAV FLEEING W SERIOUS INJURY OR DEATH - F: F


Civil Citations / Citable Offenses under S316.1935
R or S next to points is Mandatory Revocation or Suspension

S316.1935 FLEEING/ATTEMPTING TO ELUDE A POLICE OFFICER [See 316.1935(5)] - Points on Drivers License: 0 R
S316.1935 (1) Fail obey police officer/flee - Points on Drivers License: 0 R
S316.1935 (2) Flee/elude officer in patrol vehicle (Revoked by court) - Points on Drivers License: 0 R
S316.1935 (3)(a) Flee/elude officer/disregard safety of others (Revoked by Court) - Points on Drivers License: 0 R
S316.1935 (3)(b) Flee/elude officer resulting in serious injury or death (Revoked indefinite/minimum incarceration of 3 years) - Points on Drivers License: 0 R
S316.1935 (4)(a) Fleeing/elude officer after crash involving property damage or injury - Points on Drivers License: 0 R
S316.1935 (4)(b) Fleeing/elude officer after crash involving serious bodily injury or death (Suspend indefinite/minimum incarceration of 3 years) - Points on Drivers License: 0 R


Annotations, Discussions, Cases:

Cases from cite.case.law:

STATE v. TEAGUE,, 275 So. 3d 828 (Fla. App. Ct. 2019)

. . . Joronjaye Leprino Teague guilty of fleeing and eluding a law enforcement officer in violation of section 316.1935 . . . of twenty grams of cannabis in violation of section 893.13(6)(a), Florida Statutes (2017). " Section 316.1935 . . . ) expressly prohibits the court from withholding adjudication of guilt for any violation of section 316.1935 . . . We have considered and rejected Teague's argument regarding the constitutionality of section 316.1935 . . .

DANIEL, v. STATE, 271 So. 3d 1214 (Fla. App. Ct. 2019)

. . . judgment of conviction on the lesser included offense of second-degree fleeing or eluding under section 316.1935 . . . a law enforcement officer at high speed causing serious bodily injury or death pursuant to section 316.1935 . . . require the death of victim; serious bodily injury of a victim is sufficient to support this offense. § 316.1935 . . . See § 316.1935(3)(b) , Fla. Stat. (2016). . . .

JAMES, v. STATE, 264 So. 3d 982 (Fla. App. Ct. 2019)

. . . a), (b) and (2)(c)6., Florida Statutes and aggravated fleeing or eluding in violation of subsection 316.1935 . . .

IN RE STANDARD JURY INSTRUCTIONS IN CRIMINAL CASES- REPORT, 262 So. 3d 59 (Fla. 2019)

. . . . § 316.1935 , Fla. Stat. . . . Fleeing to elude 316.1935(3)(a) 28.8 Fleeing to elude 316.1935(2) 28.7 Fleeing to elude 316.1935(1) 28.6 . . . (1) 28.6 LEO Fleeing to Elude LEO 316.1935(3)(b) 28.81 28.8(a) Fleeing to Elude LEO 316.1935(3)(a) 28.8 . . . Aggravated Fleeing 316.1935(4)(a) 28.85 28.8(e) Fleeing to Elude LEO 316.1935(1) 28.6 Leaving the Scene . . . Vehicle or Property* Fleeing to Elude LEO 316.1935(3)(b) 28.81 28.8(a) Fleeing to Elude LEO 316.1935 . . .

OWENS, v. STATE, 261 So. 3d 585 (Fla. App. Ct. 2018)

. . . officer with lights and sirens activated while driving recklessly or at a high speed pursuant to section 316.1935 . . .

MOBLEY, v. STATE, 263 So. 3d 117 (Fla. App. Ct. 2018)

. . . the day-for-day provision from mandatory minimum sentence after comparing the language from sections 316.1935 . . .

WILLIAMS, v. STATE, 254 So. 3d 493 (Fla. App. Ct. 2018)

. . . Section 316.1935(2), Florida Statutes (2016), under which appellant was prosecuted, does not include . . .

MANNERS, v. CANNELLA,, 891 F.3d 959 (11th Cir. 2018)

. . . . § 316.1935(1). . . .

ELLIS, v. STATE, 258 So. 3d 491 (Fla. App. Ct. 2018)

. . . . § 316.1935(2) & (3), Fla. . . . Ellis was convicted of a second-degree felony under section 316.1935(3)(a), Florida Statutes. . . . Id. § 316.1935(2). . . . Id. § 316.1935(3)(a). Such conduct is punishable as a second degree felony. . . . Id. §§ 316.1935(2) & (3). . . . markings prominently displayed on the vehicle, with siren and lights activated" pursuant to section 316.1935 . . . marked with a fifteen-inch City of Miami seal did not have the agency insignia required by section 316.1935 . . .

ROBERTS, v. STATE, 240 So. 3d 883 (Fla. App. Ct. 2018)

. . . Section 316.1935(2), Florida Statutes (2014), provides that "[a]ny person who willfully flees or attempts . . .

CANIDATE, v. STATE, 238 So. 3d 412 (Fla. App. Ct. 2018)

. . . enforcement officer at a high speed or wanton disregard for the safety of persons or property under section 316.1935 . . . offense of fleeing to elude a law enforcement officer with sirens and lights activated under section 316.1935 . . . a felony of the second degree, punishable as provided in s. 775.082, s. 775.083, or s. 775.084." § 316.1935 . . . of fleeing to elude a law enforcement officer with sirens and lights activated pursuant to section 316.1935 . . .

IN RE STANDARD JURY INSTRUCTIONS IN CRIMINAL CASES- REPORT, 236 So. 3d 244 (Fla. 2018)

. . . ONE TWO Fleeing to elude 316.1935(3)(a) 28.8 Fleeing to elude 316.1935(2) 28.7 Fleeing to elude 316.1935 . . . (1) 28.6 Fleeing to Elude LEO 316.1935(3)(b) 28.81 Fleeing to Elude LEO 316.1935(3)(a) 28.8 Fleeing to . . . Aggravated Fleeing 316.1935(4)(a) 28.85 Fleeing to Elude LEO 316.1935(1) 28.6 Leaving the Scene of a . . . Fleeing to Elude LEO 316.1935(3)(a) 28.8 Fleeing to Elude LEO 316.1935(2) 28.7 Reckless Driving (if . . . (1) 28.6 Fleeing to Elude LEO 316.1935(3)(b) 28.81 Fleeing to Elude LEO 316.1935(3)(a) 28.8 Fleeing to . . .

COHEN, v. STATE, 230 So. 3d 18 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 2017)

. . . See § 316.1935(2)(a), Fla. Stat. (2016). . . .

MCCULLOUGH, v. STATE, 230 So. 3d 586 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 2017)

. . . While section 316.1935(3)(b) contains the additional elements of fleeing or attempting to elude a law . . . causing serious bodily injury, each element of section 782.071(l)(a) is also an element of section 316.1935 . . . That a violation of section 316.1935(3)(b) may be committed by causing serious bodily injury and not . . . Because section 316.1935(3)(b) includes the element of causing a death, it is a homicide offense. . . . This court hás explained that section 316.1935(3)(b)’s "wanton disregard” language is synonymous with . . . . § 316.1935(3)(b). . . . issue in Cooper and the fleeing and eluding “caus[ing] serious bodily injury or death to another.” § 316.1935 . . . According to the rationale in Cooper, that section 316.1935(3)(b) does not necessarily require that an . . . See §§ 316.1935(3)(b), 782.071(l)(a). . . . McCullough was not, however, charged under section 316.1935(4)(b). . . . .

GUZMAN- AVILES, v. STATE, 226 So. 3d 339 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 2017)

. . . . § 316.1935(1), Fla. . . .

UNITED STATES v. J. MARTIN,, 864 F.3d 1281 (11th Cir. 2017)

. . . . § 316.1935(2) qualified as a violent felony under the residual clause of the Armed Career Criminal . . .

LINTON, v. STATE, 212 So. 3d 1100 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 2017)

. . . Id. at 648-49; see also § 316.1935(3)(a)-(b), Fla. Stat. (2008). . . . convicting Appellant of fleeing or attempting to elude a law enforcement officer in violation of section 316.1935 . . . McKinney refers to section 316.1935(3)(b), Florida Statutes (2008), which includes the element of causing . . .

BALL, v. STATE, 208 So. 3d 327 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 2017)

. . . See § 316.1935(3)(a), Fla. Stat. (2013); Bynes v. State, 127 So.3d 556, 558 (Fla. 4th DCA 2012). . . .

N. CLARK, v. STATE, 207 So.3d 1019 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 2017)

. . . enforcement officer with a weapon; (2) high speed or wanton fleeing law enforcement in violation of section 316.1935 . . .

J. SULLIVAN, v. SECRETARY, FLORIDA DEPARTMENT OF CORRECTIONS,, 837 F.3d 1195 (11th Cir. 2016)

. . . . §316.1935(3); possession of cocaine, Fla. . . .

R. BANNER, v. SECRETARY, FLORIDA DEPARTMENT OF CORRECTIONS,, 659 F. App'x 1005 (11th Cir. 2016)

. . . . § 810.02(1), (3); aggravated fleeing or eluding, id, § 316.1935(3)(a); grand theft, id, § 812,014(1 . . .

UNITED STATES v. TELUSME,, 655 F. App'x 743 (11th Cir. 2016)

. . . . § 316.1935(2), which could serve as ACCA-predicate offenses. . . .

UNITED STATES v. HILL,, 652 F. App'x 835 (11th Cir. 2016)

. . . . § 316.1935 is a qualifying predicate crime of violence. United States v. . . .

LUCAS, v. STATE, 192 So. 3d 1269 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 2016)

. . . See §§ 316.063(1), 316.1935(1), 810.02(1)(b)(4), Fla. Stat. (2013). . . . The information tracked the language of section 316.1935(1) (fleeing-to elude a law enforcement officer . . . 136, 137-38 (Fla.2011) (Standard Jury Instruction 28.6, Fleeing to Elude a Law Enforcement Officer, § 316.1935 . . .

In STANDARD JURY INSTRUCTIONS IN CRIMINAL CASES- REPORT NO., 192 So. 3d 1190 (Fla. 2016)

. . . Lesser Included Offenses Comments * § 316.1935(4), Fla. . . . Lesser Included Offenses Comments * § 316.1935(4), Fla. . . . Involving Serious Bodily Injury, Injury or Death then Causing Injury or Property Damage to Another) § 316.1935 . . . Lesser Included Offenses Comments * § 316.1935(4), Fla. . . . Lesser Included Offenses Comments * § 316.1935(4), Fla. . . .

UNITED STATES v. FORD,, 649 F. App'x 756 (11th Cir. 2016)

. . . did not err in determining Ford’s prior fleeing-or-eluding conviction under Florida Statutes section 316.1935 . . . As such, given the risks posed by the fleeing-or-eluding offense, Ford’s prior § 316.1935(2) conviction . . .

UNITED STATES v. GEFFRARD,, 648 F. App'x 848 (11th Cir. 2016)

. . . . § 316.1935(1) — qualified as a violent felony under the residual clause of ACCA. . . .

UNITED STATES v. CASAMAYOR,, 643 F. App'x 905 (11th Cir. 2016)

. . . — fleeing and eluding a police officer by driving at high speed, in violation of Florida Statutes § 316.1935 . . .

UNITED STATES v. GARNER,, 644 F. App'x 880 (11th Cir. 2016)

. . . . § 316.1935. . . . Stat. § 316.1935(2) qualified as a “violent felony” under the ACCA’s residual clause. . . . Stat. § 316.1935 does not have “as an element the use, attempted use, or threatened use of physical fore . . .

UNITED STATES v. T. ADAMS,, 815 F.3d 1291 (11th Cir. 2016)

. . . . § 316.1935 — qualified as violent felonies under the residual clause of the ACCA. . . . Stat. § 316.1935, can serve as predicate offenses only if they qualify as violent felonies under a different . . . Stat. § 316.1935(1) and (2) do not have “as an element the use, attempted use, or threatened use of physical . . . Stat. § 316.1935. . . . . Stat. § 316.1935(1) and (2) provide as follows: (1) It is unlawful for the operator of any vehicle, having . . .

L. BRADSHAW, v. McCORMICK, Jr., 182 So. 3d 845 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 2016)

. . . or' attempting to elude a law enforcement officer in violation of one of the subsections of section 316.1935 . . . Subsection 316.1935(7) provides that “fa]ny motor vehicle involved in a violation of [section 316.1935 . . . Operating under the authority of subsection 316.1935(7), the Sheriffs Office filed a forfeiture complaint . . . directed at McCormick’s truck based on a violation of section 316.1935. . . . that, in his criminal case, he pleaded guilty to a misdemeanor, not to any felony violation of section 316.1935 . . .

UNITED STATES v. COOK, a. k. a., 624 F. App'x 723 (11th Cir. 2015)

. . . . § 316.1935, qualified as a violent felony under the Armed Career Criminal Act’s residual clause, 18 . . . Stat. § 316.1935(l)-(2) does not have “as an element the use, attempted use, or threatened use of physical . . .

MELVIN, v. STATE, 177 So. 3d 648 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 2015)

. . . For example, section 316.1935, which imposes a three-year mandatory minimum prison term for high-speed . . . or conditional medical release under s. 947.149, prior to serving the mandatory minimum sentence.” § 316.1935 . . .

BURNS, v. STATE, 170 So. 3d 90 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 2015)

. . . simultaneous convictions for felony fleeing or attempting to elude an officer, in violation of section 316.1935 . . .

LAMBERT, v. STATE, 170 So. 3d 74 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 2015)

. . . See §§ 316.1935(3)(a), 775.083(3)(d), Fla. Stat. (2011). . . . .

In STANDARD JURY INSTRUCTIONS IN CRIMINAL CASES- REPORT NO., 166 So. 3d 161 (Fla. 2015)

. . . 1851, January 10, 2008] [973 So.2d 432] and 2015. 28.6 FLEEING TO ELUDE A LAW ENFORCEMENT OFFICER § 316.1935 . . . So.3d 136], and 2015. 28.7 FLEEING TO ELUDE A LAW ENFORCEMENT OFFICER (Siren and Lights Activated) § 316.1935 . . . and Lights Activated with High Speed or Reckless Driving Causing Serious Bodily Injury or Death) § 316.1935 . . . OR ELUDING (Leaving a Crash Involving Injury or Death then Causing Serious Bodily Injury or Death) § 316.1935 . . . Leaving a Crash Involving Injury or Death and then Causing Injury.or Property _Damage to Another) — 316.1935 . . .

T. RHODES, v. STATE, 168 So. 3d 244 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 2015)

. . . The judgment correctly cites section 316.1935(3)(a), Florida Statutes, and should show the offense as . . .

UNITED STATES v. SYMINGTON,, 781 F.3d 1308 (11th Cir. 2015)

. . . conviction for fleeing or attempting to elude a law enforcement officer, in violation of Florida Statute § 316.1935 . . .

GRAHAM, v. STATE, 162 So. 3d 250 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 2015)

. . . score sheet offense of felony fleeing to elude law enforcement with lights and sirens activated under § 316.1935 . . .

UNITED STATES v. VIAUD,, 601 F. App'x 833 (11th Cir. 2015)

. . . This Court has held that a conviction under § 316.1935(2), Florida Statutes, such as Viaud’s fleeing . . .

D. WHITE, v. STATE, 157 So. 3d 428 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 2015)

. . . One of these offenses was “fleeing and eluding (high speed),” a violation of section 316.1935(3)(a), . . . sentence characterize this offense as “aggravated fleeing and eluding,” which is a violation of section 316.1935 . . .

UNITED STATES v. ANDERSON,, 600 F. App'x 666 (11th Cir. 2015)

. . . He argues that his prior convictions for “simple” fleeing and eluding under Florida Statutes § 316.1935 . . . (1) in 2009 and fleeing and eluding the police with lights and sirens under § 316.1935(2) in 2010 and . . . Stat. § 316.1935(2). . . . Stat. § 316.1935(1). . . . (1), unlike § 316.1935(2), does not require that the offender flee from a marked patrol vehicle with . . .

UNITED STATES v. E. DAVIS,, 773 F.3d 334 (1st Cir. 2014)

. . . (11th Cir.2014), the Eleventh Circuit held that “vehicle flight” in violation of Florida Statutes § 316.1935 . . . So instead of making a futile argument that a conviction for vehicular flight under § 316.1935(1) does . . . Stat. § 316.1935(1) (emphasis added). . . . ) a 2007 Florida conviction for vehicular flight to elude police in violation of Florida Statutes § 316.1935 . . . Defendant objected to his convictions under both § 316.1935(1) and (2) in the district court as improper . . .

UNITED STATES v. SMITH,, 772 F.3d 680 (11th Cir. 2014)

. . . Stat. § 316.1935(2) did not qualify as a “Violent felony” under the ACCA. Id. at 1282-84. . . . Stat. § 316.1935(2) was a violent felony for ACCA purposes. In United States v. . . . Stat. § 316.1935(2). . . . Stat. § 316.1935(2) “is categorically a violent felony under the [ACCA].” . . . This jury instruction was “based on the text of section 316.1935(2).” Id. cmt. . . .

DIXON, a. k. a. a. k. a. v. U. S. ATTORNEY GENERAL,, 768 F.3d 1339 (11th Cir. 2014)

. . . . § 316.1935(4)(a), was not an aggravated felony. . . . Stat. § 316.1935(4)(a). . . . The issue to resolve with respect to section 316.1935(4)(a), then, is whether it is an “offense[] that . . .

UNITED STATES v. DAVIS, a. k. a., 572 F. App'x 786 (11th Cir. 2014)

. . . prior conviction for fleeing and eluding a law enforcement officer, in violation of Florida Statute § 316.1935 . . . In Smith we concluded that fleeing and eluding a law enforcement officer under Florida Statute § 316.1935 . . . Having already concluded that fleeing and eluding a law enforcement under Florida Statute § 316.1935( . . .

UNITED STATES v. M. JOHNSON, Jr., 570 F. App'x 852 (11th Cir. 2014)

. . . Stat. § 316.1935(1). In United States v. . . . Stat. § 316.1935(1) qualifies as a crime of violence under the sentencing guidelines.” 747 F.3d 1312, . . . At the time he pleaded guilty in 2007, the pattern jury instruction for § 316.1935(1) allowed jurors . . . Johnson uses the difference in jury instructions to argue that § 316.1935(1) was not categorically a . . . There we rejected a similar argument from a defendant convicted under Florida Statute § 316.1935(2). . . .

ROCHESTER, v. STATE, 140 So. 3d 973 (Fla. 2014)

. . . See §§ 316.1935(6), Fla. Stat. (2008); 775.087(2) & (3); 784.07(3)(b), Fla. . . .

UNITED STATES v. VINALES,, 564 F. App'x 518 (11th Cir. 2014)

. . . . § 316.1935(3) also constitutes a “violent felony” under the residual clause of the ACCA. . . . Stat. § 316.1935(2) qualifies as a “violent felony” under the ACCA). . . . Stat. § 316.1935(3) is a “crime of violence” as defined by U.S.S.G. § 4B1.2(a) for purposes of the career . . .

UNITED STATES v. PILOTO,, 562 F. App'x 907 (11th Cir. 2014)

. . . In Petite, we held that a Florida conviction under § 316.1935(2) is categorically a violent felony under . . .

UNITED STATES v. TRAVIS,, 747 F.3d 1312 (11th Cir. 2014)

. . . Stat. § 316.1935(1). . . . Id. § 316.1935(2). . . . Id. § 316.1935(3). The Supreme Court’s decision in Sykes v. . . . Stat. § 316.1935(2) is a violent felony under the ACCA. 703 F.3d at 1301. . . . That § 316.1935(1), unlike § 316.1935(2), does not require that the offender flee from a marked patrol . . .

JOHNSON, v. STATE, 137 So. 3d 518 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 2014)

. . . . § 316.1935, Fla. Stat. (2002). . . . enforcement officer is a third degree felony (even if the officer did not activate lights and siren). § 316.1935 . . .

UNITED STATES v. SMITH,, 742 F.3d 949 (11th Cir. 2014)

. . . Stat. § 316.1935(2), as a violent felony. . . . Section 316.1935(2) is the lesser-included-offense of aggravated vehicle flight defined in section 316.1935 . . . Stat. § 316.1935(3). . . . Id. § 316.1935(7). . . . Stat. § 316.1935(2), qualifies as a violent felony. . . .

UNITED STATES v. DANIELS,, 554 F. App'x 885 (11th Cir. 2014)

. . . Under Florida Statute § 316.1935(1), simple fleeing and eluding occurs when “any person ... willfully . . . Stat. § 316.1935(1). . . . Under Florida Statute § 316.1935(4), a person commits aggravated fleeing or eluding when that person: . . . Stat. § 316.1935(4). In United States v. . . .

MASTERSON, v. STATE, 133 So. 3d 1085 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 2014)

. . . The State’s information charged Appellant with a violation of section 316.1935(3)(a), Florida Statutes . . . that Appellant was charged with, and found guilty of, the non-aggravated offense proscribed by section 316.1935 . . .

UNITED STATES v. JACKSON, a. k. a., 551 F. App'x 499 (11th Cir. 2014)

. . . erred in sentencing him as a career offender because his prior conviction under Florida Statutes § 316.1935 . . . This court has held that “vehicle flight in violation of [Florida Statutes] § 316.1935(2) qualifies as . . . After careful review of the record and relevant case law, we conclude that a conviction under § 316.1935 . . . Like the statutes in Sykes and Petite, § 316.1935(1) makes it a felony for the operator of a vehicle . . . by the crimes of burglary and arson, id. at 1301, we hold that a conviction under Florida Statutes § 316.1935 . . .

In STANDARD JURY INSTRUCTIONS IN CRIMINAL CASES- REPORT NO., 131 So. 3d 692 (Fla. 2013)

. . . . § 316.1935. . . .

WHITE, v. STATE, 135 So. 3d 344 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 2013)

. . . . § 316.1935, Fla. Stat. (2008). . . .

UNITED STATES v. ORTIZ,, 536 F. App'x 893 (11th Cir. 2013)

. . . Id. § 316.1935(2) (2006); see United States v. . . . Stat. § 316.1935(3)(a); see Petite, 703 F.3d at 1292-93 (referring to an offense under § 316.1935(3) . . . than convicted of) a violation of § 316.1935(2). . . . Stat. § 316.1935(1). . . . . § 316.1935 as evidence that a conviction under § 316.1935(1), which could carry a less severe penalty . . .

UNITED STATES v. SANDERS,, 536 F. App'x 879 (11th Cir. 2013)

. . . . § 316.1935(3). . . . Stat. § 316.1935(3) are violent felonies under the Armed Career Criminal Act (ACCA)); United States v . . . Stat. § 316.1935(3), is a “crime of violence” under the career offender enhancement, § 4B1.1). . . .

GILLESPIE, v. UNITED STATES, 537 F. App'x 832 (11th Cir. 2013)

. . . . § 316.1935(2), was a violent felony under the Armed Career Criminal Act (“ACCA”) We affirm. I. . . . Stat. § 316.1935(2); United States v. . . . Stat. § 316.1935(3); Petite, 703 F.3d at 1293. . . . Stat. §§ 316.1935(3); 775.082(3)(b)-(c). . . . In Petite, we held that a conviction under § 316.1935(2) constitutes a violent felony under the ACCA. . . .

RIVERS, v. STATE, 124 So. 3d 247 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 2013)

. . . . § 316.1935(3)(a), Fla. Stat. (2008). . . . .

STATE v. KIRER,, 120 So. 3d 60 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 2013)

. . . Appellant was charged with violating section 316.1935(1), Florida Statutes (2012), which, in pertinent . . . continued to drive for nearly two miles, providing probable cause to stop him for violating section 316.1935 . . . verbal orders to stop from the police, “[h]is stop for fleeing a police officer pursuant to section 316.1935 . . . Lastly, though in a different context, this court has interpreted section 316.1935, Florida Statutes, . . . probable cause that appellee committed the crime of fleeing or attempting to elude in violation of section 316.1935 . . .

T. K. a v. STATE, 125 So. 3d 970 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 2013)

. . . alcohol by a minor, the juvenile was charged with aggravated fleeing and eluding pursuant to section 316.1935 . . . But, we agree that the plain meaning of the word “violent” is not applicable to the section 316.1935( . . . injury or death to another person,” which would have raised the offense to a first degree felony, § 316.1935 . . .

UNITED STATES v. LEAKS,, 518 F. App'x 860 (11th Cir. 2013)

. . . . § 316.1935(2), qualifies as a violent felony under the ACCA. Id. at 1301. . . .

UNITED STATES v. SMITH,, 518 F. App'x 774 (11th Cir. 2013)

. . . . § 316.1935(2), did not qualify as a violent felony under the Act. . . . Stat. § 316.1935(2). . . . unlawfully and willfully flee or attempt to elude a law enforcement officer ... in violation of [§ ] 316.1935 . . . Stat. § 316.1935(2) qualifies as a violent felony under the Armed Career Criminal Act.” . . .

UNITED STATES v. THERAMENE,, 517 F. App'x 789 (11th Cir. 2013)

. . . . § 316.1935(2) was not a violent felony. . . . . § 316.1935(2). The court determined that Sykes effectively overruled Harrison. . . . . § 316.1935(2) from the Indiana statute at issue in Sykes, and thus, it determined that his offense . . . Stat. § 316.1935(2), as opposed to aggravated vehicle flight under § 316.1935(3), was not a violent felony . . . , an offense under § 316.1935(2) was a violent felony under the ACCA. . . .

UNITED STATES v. CORONADO- CURA,, 713 F.3d 597 (11th Cir. 2013)

. . . . § 316.1935(2) is an “aggravated felony” under § 2L1.2(b)(l)(C) of the sentencing guidelines. . . . Stat. § 316.1935(2). . . . Stat. § 316.1935(2). . . . Stat. § 316.1935(2) falls within the definition of “violent felony” under the ACCA. . . . Stat. § 316.1935(2) is a violent felony for ACCA purposes. Id. at 1300. . . .

UNITED STATES v. D. GANDY, a. k. a. a. k. a., 710 F.3d 1234 (11th Cir. 2013)

. . . Stat. § 316.1935(2) is a predicate offense under the ACCA. . . . Stat. § 316.1935(2) was not a violent felony under the ACCA. See United States v. . . . Stat. § 316.1935(2) qualifies as a violent felony under the residual clause of § 924(e)(2)(B)(ii). . . . Stat. § 316.1935(2). . . . flight” (Fla.Stat. § 316.1935(3)). . . .

GARVIN, v. STATE, 106 So. 3d 25 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 2013)

. . . See § 316.1935(3)(a), Fla. Stat. (2007). . See § 812.014(3)(c), Fla. Stat. (2007). . . .

UNITED STATES v. PETITE,, 703 F.3d 1290 (11th Cir. 2013)

. . . . § 316.1935(2) is a violent felony for ACCA purposes. . . . Stat. § 316.1935(2) on May 22, 2006. . . . Stat. § 316.1935(3). We refer to this offense as “aggravated vehicle flight.” . . . Stat. § 316.1935(2). . . . a violation of the base offense in § 316.1935(2), it does not follow that a violation of § 316.1935(2 . . .

GORDON, v. STATE, 103 So. 3d 231 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 2012)

. . . because the judge was under the mistaken belief that he was being sentenced for a violation of section 316.1935 . . . eluding a marked law enforcement vehicle with sirens flashing), rather than a violation of section 316.1935 . . . The judgment of conviction admittedly reflects a conviction for section 316.1935(2), rather than a conviction . . . for section 316.1935(1). . . . of a violation of subsection (1) and was before the court to be sentenced for a violation of section 316.1935 . . .

R. KNITE, v. STATE, 102 So. 3d 691 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 2012)

. . . A violation of subsection (1) of 316.1935 is a misdemean- or; a violation of subsection (2) a third degree . . .

E. BYNES, v. STATE, 127 So. 3d 556 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 2012)

. . . Appellant was convicted of aggravated fleeing and eluding pursuant to section 316.1935(3), Florida Statutes . . .

McDUFFIE, v. STATE, 135 So. 3d 317 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 2012)

. . . State, 81 So.3d 599 (Fla. 2d DCA 2012) (reversing conviction for fleeing to elude under section 316.1935 . . . (3) and remanding for entry of judgment on the original charge of fleeing to elude under section 316.1935 . . .

ROCHESTER, v. STATE, 95 So. 3d 407 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 2012)

. . . Although the aggravated fleeing and eluding statute — section 316.1935, Florida Statutes (2007) — stated . . . In reaching its holding, this Court reasoned: Section 316.1935(6) clearly prohibits a withhold of adjudication . . . for a section 316.1935 violation. . . . Section 316.1935(6) was enacted in 2004, while section 921.0026 was passed in 1998. . . . Because it is the later promulgated statute, section 316.1935(6) should prevail “as the last expression . . .

HANSON, v. STATE, 92 So. 3d 288 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 2012)

. . . insignia and other jurisdictional markings prominently displayed on the vehicle” as required by section 316.1935 . . . evidence was sufficient to support a conviction for the lesser included offense set forth in section 316.1935 . . .

POPE, v. STATE, 95 So. 3d 302 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 2012)

. . . He also was convicted of fleeing or attempting to elude under section 316.1935(2), Florida Statutes. . . .

HENDERSON, v. STATE, 88 So. 3d 1060 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 2012)

. . . District affirmed the denial of a motion to suppress, finding that the stop was valid under section 316.1935 . . . continued to drive for nearly two miles, providing probable cause to stop him for violating section 316.1935 . . . Section 316.1935(2), Florida Statutes (2010), provides: "Any person who willfully flees or attempts to . . .

UNITED STATES v. DOYLE,, 678 F.3d 429 (6th Cir. 2012)

. . . . § 316.1935(3)(a))); Ethingor, 388 Fed.Appx. at 861-62 (same). . . . Slat. § 316.1935(3)). . . .

DUTTON, Jr. v. STATE, 89 So. 3d 963 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 2012)

. . . However, because the trial court was required by section 316.1935(3)(b), Florida Statutes, to impose . . . judgment and sentence to reflect that the minimum mandatory term was in fact imposed pursuant to section 316.1935 . . .

KITTLES, v. STATE, 83 So. 3d 958 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 2012)

. . . . § 316.1935(3)(a), Fla. Stat. (1999). . . .

UNITED STATES v. HUDSON,, 673 F.3d 263 (4th Cir. 2012)

. . . . § 316.1935(2) (punishing one who “willfully flees or attempts to elude a ... . . . Stat. § 316.1935(2). . . . Nonetheless, applying the Sykes analysis to the base offense at issue here, § 316.1935(2), inevitably . . . )(a) and 316.1935(3)(b), it correspondingly defined a minimal risk crime in § 316.1935(2), which criminalizes . . . While it may be true that the conduct underlying violations of §§ 316.1935(3)(a) and 316.1935(3)(b) presents . . .

WHITEHALL, v. STATE, 81 So. 3d 599 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 2012)

. . . Here, the plain language of section 316.1935(3) contains additional elements that subsection (1) does . . . See § 316.1935(3). . . . jury found all elements of the necessarily-included lesser offense of fleeing to elude under section 316.1935 . . . (Crim.) 28.8 (designating an offense under section 316.1935(1) as a necessarily lesser-included offense . . . of one under section 316.1935(3)). . . .

E. TERRELL, F. F. v. SMITH, a, 668 F.3d 1244 (11th Cir. 2012)

. . . . § 316.1935(1) reads in relevant part this way: It is unlawful for the operator of any vehicle, having . . .

ORSO, v. UNITED STATES, 452 F. App'x 912 (11th Cir. 2012)

. . . . § 316.1935(2). . . . . Stat. § 316.1935(2) — the fleeing subsection forming the basis of Orso's felony-fleeing conviction — . . .

LOTT, v. STATE, 74 So. 3d 556 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 2011)

. . . The alternative element of “serious bodily injury” contained in section 316.1935(3)(b) distinguishes . . .

JONES, v. STATE, 74 So. 3d 149 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 2011)

. . . Jones was charged with fleeing at high speed to elude, a second-degree felony in violation of section 316.1935 . . .

ADRIEN, v. U. S. ATTORNEY GENERAL,, 446 F. App'x 172 (11th Cir. 2011)

. . . including two convictions for fleeing and eluding a police officer, in violation of Florida Statutes § 316.1935 . . .

FORD, v. STATE, 69 So. 3d 391 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 2011)

. . . See §§ 316.1935, 322.34(2)(a), 893.13, and 893.147, Fla. Stat. (2008). . . . .

In STANDARD JURY INSTRUCTIONS IN CRIMINAL CASES- REPORT, 73 So. 3d 136 (Fla. 2011)

. . . APPENDIX 28.6 FLEEING TO ELUDE A LAW ENFORCEMENT OFFICER § 316.1935(1), Fla. Stat. . . . So.2d 1081] and 2011. 28.7 FLEEING TO ELUDE A LAW ENFORCEMENT OFFICER (Siren and Lights Activated) § 316.1935 . . . ELUDE A LAW ENFORCEMENT OFFICER (Siren and Lights Activated with High Speed or Reckless Driving) § 316.1935 . . . and Lights Activated with High Speed or Reckless Driving Causing Serious Bodily Injury or Death) § 316.1935 . . . OR ELUDING (Leaving a Crash Involving Injury or Death then Causing Serious Bodily Injury or Death) § 316.1935 . . .

M. SANNER, v. STATE, 63 So. 3d 934 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 2011)

. . . Appellant challenges his conviction for fleeing and eluding a law enforcement officer under section 316.1935 . . . We therefore reverse with directions to reduce the conviction to a third degree felony under 316.1935 . . .

STATE v. CULVER,, 63 So. 3d 891 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 2011)

. . . no contest plea to a charge of fleeing and eluding a law enforcement officer in violation of section 316.1935 . . . Section' 316.1935(6) expressly prohibits the court from "withholding adjudication of guilt for any violation . . . of section 316.1935. . . .

GALLEGOS, v. STATE, 62 So. 3d 1236 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 2011)

. . . See § 316.1935(3)(a), Fla. Stat. (2008). . . . .

SYKES v. UNITED STATES, 564 U.S. 1 (U.S. 2011)

. . . . §316.1935 (2010); Mich. Comp. Laws Aim. § 257.602a (West 2010); Minn. Stat. §609.487 (2010); N. . . .

MARCUS SYKES, v. UNITED STATES, 180 L. Ed. 2d 60 (U.S. 2011)

. . . . § 316.1935 (2010); Mich. Comp. Laws Ann. § 257.602a (West 2010); Minn. . . .

WARD, v. STATE, 59 So. 3d 1220 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 2011)

. . . . § 316.1935(2), Fla. Stat. (2005). . . . . § 316.1935(1), Fla. Stat. (2005). . . .

UNITED STATES v. J. LEE, a. k. a. a. k. a. a. k. a. a. k. a. a. k. a., 631 F.3d 1343 (11th Cir. 2011)

. . . . § 316.1935(3)(a)). . . . Stat. § 316.1935(3)(a) and Begay v. . . . Stat. § 316.1935(3)(a); N.J. Stat. Ann. § 2C:29-2b. . . .

T. McKINNEY, v. STATE, 51 So. 3d 645 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 2011)

. . . Section 316.1935, Florida Statutes, proscribes the offense of fleeing or attempting to elude a law enforcement . . . The alternative element of “serious bodily injury” contained in section 316.1935(3)(b) distinguishes . . . otherwise attempting to effect a stop of the person’s vehicle, commits a felony of the first degree.... § 316.1935 . . .

UNITED STATES v. NIX,, 628 F.3d 1341 (11th Cir. 2010)

. . . . § 316.1935(3). . . . Nix’s challenge to the § 316.1935(3) conviction is foreclosed by United States v. . . .