U.S. Code » Title 12 » Chapter CHAPTER 16— FEDERAL DEPOSIT INSURANCE CORPORATION

12 U.S.C. § 1831n

Accounting objectives, standards, and requirements

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(a) In general(1) ObjectivesAccounting principles applicable to reports or statements required to be filed with Federal banking agencies by insured depository institutions should—(A) result in financial statements and reports of condition that accurately reflect the capital of such institutions;(B) facilitate effective supervision of the institutions; and(C) facilitate prompt corrective action to resolve the institutions at the least cost to the Deposit Insurance Fund.(2) Standards(A) Uniform accounting principles consistent with GAAP

Subject to the requirements of this chapter and any other provision of Federal law, the accounting principles applicable to reports or statements required to be filed with Federal banking agencies by all insured depository institutions shall be uniform and consistent with generally accepted accounting principles.

(B) Stringency

If the appropriate Federal banking agency or the Corporation determines that the application of any generally accepted accounting principle to any insured depository institution is inconsistent with the objectives described in paragraph (1), the agency or the Corporation may, with respect to reports or statements required to be filed with such agency or Corporation, prescribe an accounting principle which is applicable to such institutions which is no less stringent than generally accepted accounting principles.

(3) Review and implementation of accounting principles requiredBefore the end of the 1-year period beginning on December 19, 1991, each appropriate Federal banking agency shall take the following actions:(A) Review of accounting principlesReview—(i) all accounting principles used by depository institutions with respect to reports or statements required to be filed with a Federal banking agency;(ii) all requirements established by the agency with respect to such accounting procedures; and(iii) the procedures and format for reports to the agency, including reports of condition.(B) Modification of noncomplying measures

Modify or eliminate any accounting principle or reporting requirement of such Federal agency which the agency determines fails to comply with the objectives and standards established under paragraphs (1) and (2).

(C) Inclusion of “off balance sheet” items

Develop and prescribe regulations which require that all assets and liabilities, including contingent assets and liabilities, of insured depository institutions be reported in, or otherwise taken into account in the preparation of any balance sheet, financial statement, report of condition, or other report of such institution, required to be filed with a Federal banking agency.

(b) Uniform accounting of capital standards(1) In general

Each appropriate Federal banking agency shall maintain uniform accounting standards to be used for determining compliance with statutory or regulatory requirements of depository institutions.

(2) Transition provision

Any standards in effect on December 19, 1991, under section 1833d 11 See References in Text note below. of this title shall continue in effect after December 19, 1991, until amended by the appropriate Federal banking agency under paragraph (1).

(c) Reports to banking committees(1) Annual reports required

The Federal banking agencies shall jointly submit an annual report to the Committee on Banking, Finance and Urban Affairs of the House of Representatives and the Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs of the Senate containing a description of any difference between any accounting or capital standard used by any such agency and any accounting or capital standard used by any other agency.

(2) Explanation of reasons for discrepancy

Each report submitted under paragraph (1) shall contain an explanation of the reasons for any discrepancy between any accounting or capital standard used by any such agency and any accounting or capital standard used by any other agency.

(3) Publication

Each report under this subsection shall be published in the Federal Register.

(Sept. 21, 1950, ch. 967, § 2[37], as added Pub. L. 102–242, title I, § 121(a), Dec. 19, 1991, 105 Stat. 2250; amended Pub. L. 106–569, title XII, §§ 1221, 1223, Dec. 27, 2000, 114 Stat. 3036; Pub. L. 109–173, § 8(a)(35), Feb. 15, 2006, 119 Stat. 3615.)Editorial NotesReferences in Text

Section 1833d, referred to in subsec. (b)(2), was repealed by Pub. L. 102–242, title I, § 121(b), Dec. 19, 1991, 105 Stat. 2251.

Amendments

2006—Subsec. (a)(1)(C). Pub. L. 109–173 substituted “Deposit Insurance Fund” for “insurance funds”.

2000—Subsec. (a)(3)(D). Pub. L. 106–569, § 1221, struck out heading and text of subpar. (D). Text read as follows: “Develop jointly with the other appropriate Federal banking agencies a method for insured depository institutions to provide supplemental disclosure of the estimated fair market value of assets and liabilities, to the extent feasible and practicable, in any balance sheet, financial statement, report of condition, or other report of any insured depository institution required to be filed with a Federal banking agency.”

Subsec. (c)(1). Pub. L. 106–569, § 1223, substituted “The Federal banking agencies shall jointly submit an annual report” for “Each appropriate Federal banking agency shall annually submit a report” and inserted “any” before “such agency”.

Subsec. (c)(2). Pub. L. 106–569, § 1223(2), inserted “any” before “such agency”.

Statutory Notes and Related SubsidiariesChange of Name

Committee on Banking, Finance and Urban Affairs of House of Representatives treated as referring to Committee on Banking and Financial Services of House of Representatives by section 1(a) of Pub. L. 104–14, set out as a note preceding section 21 of Title 2, The Congress. Committee on Banking and Financial Services of House of Representatives abolished and replaced by Committee on Financial Services of House of Representatives, and jurisdiction over matters relating to securities and exchanges and insurance generally transferred from Committee on Energy and Commerce of House of Representatives by House Resolution No. 5, One Hundred Seventh Congress, Jan. 3, 2001.

Effective Date of 2006 Amendment

Amendment by Pub. L. 109–173 effective Mar. 31, 2006, see section 8(b) of Pub. L. 109–173, set out as a note under section 1813 of this title.

Risk-Weighting of Housing Loans for Purposes of Capital Requirements

Pub. L. 102–233, title VI, § 618, Dec. 12, 1991, 105 Stat. 1789, provided that:“(a)Single Family Housing Loans.—“(1) 50 percent risk-weighted classification.—“(a)[(A)]In general.—To provide consistent regulatory treatment of loans made for the construction of single family housing, not later than the expiration of the 120-day period beginning on the date of this Act [probably means date of enactment, Dec. 12, 1991] each Federal banking agency shall amend the regulations and guidelines of the agency establishing minimum acceptable capital levels to provide that any single family residence construction loan described under subparagraph (B) shall be considered as a loan within the 50 percent risk-weighted category.“(B)Requirements.—Subparagraph (A) shall apply to any construction loan—“(i) made for the construction of a residence consisting of 1 to 4 dwelling units;“(ii) under which the lender has acquired from the lender originating the mortgage loan for purchase of the residence, before the making of the construction loan—     “(I) documentation demonstrating that the buyer of the residence intends to purchase the residence and has the ability to obtain a mortgage loan sufficient to purchase the residence; and     “(II) any other documentation from the mortgage lender that the appropriate Federal banking agency may consider appropriate to provide assurance of the buyer’s intent to purchase the property (including written commitments and letters of intent);“(iii) under which the borrower requires the buyer of the residence to make a nonrefundable deposit to the borrower in an amount (as determined by the appropriate Federal banking agency) of not less than 1 percent of the principal amount of mortgage loan obtained by the borrower for purchase of the residence, for use in defraying costs relating to any cancellation of the purchase contract of the buyer; and“(iv) that meets any other underwriting characteristics that the appropriate Federal banking agency may establish, consistent with the purposes of the minimum acceptable capital requirements to maintain the safety and soundness of financial institutions.“(2) 100 percent risk-weighted classification.—Not later than the expiration of the 120-day period beginning on the date of this Act [Dec. 12, 1991] each Federal banking agency shall amend the regulations and guidelines of the agency establishing minimum acceptable capital levels to provide that—“(A) any single family residence construction loan for a residence for which the purchase contract is canceled shall be considered as a loan within the 100 percent risk-weighted category; and“(B) the lender of any single family residence construction loan shall promptly notify the appropriate Federal banking agency of any such cancellation.“(b)Multifamily Housing Loans.—“(1) 50 percent risk-weighted classification.—“(A)In general.—To provide consistent regulatory treatment of loans made for the purchase of multifamily rental and homeowner properties, not later than the expiration of the 120-day period beginning on the date of this Act [Dec. 12, 1991] each Federal banking agency shall amend the regulations and guidelines of the agency establishing minimum acceptable capital levels to provide that any multifamily housing loan described under subparagraph (B) and any security collateralized by such a loan shall be considered as a loan or security within the 50 percent risk-weighted category.“(B)Requirements.—Subparagraph (A) shall apply to any loan—“(i) secured by a first lien on a residence consisting of more than 4 dwelling units;“(ii) under which—     “(I) the rate of interest does not change over the term of the loan, (b) the principal obligation does not exceed 80 percent of the appraised value of the property, and (c) the ratio of annual net operating income generated by the property (before payment of any debt service on the loan) to annual debt service on the loan is not less than 120 percent; or     “(II) the rate of interest changes over the term of the loan, (b) the principal obligation does not exceed 75 percent of the appraised value of the property, and (c) the ratio of annual net operating income generated by the property (before payment of any debt service on the loan) to annual debt service on the loan is not less than 115 percent;“(iii) under which—     “(I) amortization of principal and interest occurs over a period of not more than 30 years;     “(II) the minimum maturity for repayment of principal is not less than 7 years; and     “(III) timely payment of all principal and interest, in accordance with the terms of the loan, occurs for a period of not less than 1 year; and“(iv) that meets any other underwriting characteristics that the appropriate Federal banking agency may establish, consistent with the purposes of the minimum acceptable capital requirements to maintain the safety and soundness of financial institutions.“(2)Sale pursuant to pro rata loss sharing arrangements.—Not later than the expiration of the 120-day period beginning on the date of this Act [Dec. 12, 1991], each Federal banking agency shall amend the regulations and guidelines of the agency establishing minimum acceptable capital levels to provide that any loan fully secured by a first lien on a multifamily housing property that is sold subject to a pro rata loss sharing arrangement by an institution subject to the jurisdiction of the agency shall be treated as sold to the extent that loss is incurred by the purchaser of the loan. For purposes of this paragraph, the term ‘pro rata loss sharing arrangement’ means an agreement providing that the purchaser of a loan shares in any loss incurred on the loan with the selling institution on a pro rata basis.“(3)Sale pursuant to other arrangements for loss.—Not later than the expiration of the 180-day period beginning on the date of the enactment of this Act [Dec. 12, 1991], each Federal banking agency shall amend the regulations and guidelines of the agency establishing minimum acceptable capital levels to take into account other loss sharing arrangements, in connection with the sale by an institution subject to the jurisdiction of the agency of any loan that is fully secured by a first lien on multifamily housing property, for purposes of determining the extent to which such loans shall be treated as sold. For purposes of this paragraph, the term ‘other loss sharing arrangement’ means an agreement providing that the purchaser of a loan shares in any loss incurred on the loan with the selling institution on other than a pro rata basis.“(c)Appropriate Federal Banking Agency.—For purposes of this section, the term ‘Federal banking agency’ means the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, the Comptroller of the Currency, and the Director of the Office of Thrift Supervision.”

[Pub. L. 102–233, title VI, § 619, Dec. 12, 1991, 105 Stat. 1791, provided that: “The amendments made by this title [amending section 1441a of this title and enacting provisions set out as notes under this section and section 1441a of this title] shall not apply to any eligible residential property or eligible condominium property of the Resolution Trust Corporation, that is subject to an agreement for sale entered into by the Corporation before the date of the enactment of this Act [Dec. 12, 1991].” ]

Notes of Decisions
Cited in 8 cases (3 in the last 5 years), 2007–2026 · leading case: Anthony v. Cattle Nat'l Bank & Trust Co., 684 F.3d 738 (8th Cir. 2012).
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Anthony v. Cattle Nat'l Bank & Trust Co., 684 F.3d 738 (8th Cir. 2012). · cites it 4× “See 12 U.S.C. § 1831n(a)(1). With respect to reports filed with Federal banking agencies, the statute requires depository institutions to use accounting principles which are uniform and consistent with generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP), unless a different…”
Raymond Cross v. Mark Fox, 23 F.4th 797 (8th Cir. 2022). “2012) (affirming a ruling that “federal-question jurisdiction did not exist” because 12 U.S.C. § 1831n “does not create a private right of action”); Lakes & Parks All.”
Blanton v. Off. of the Comptroller of the Currency, 909 F.3d 1162 (D.C. Cir. 2018). “12 U.S.C. § 1831n(a)(1)(A), (2)(A). The OCC's allegations about the Bank's call reports stem from the Bank's valuation of loans issued to two property developers.”
Wanda H. Broner v. Washington Mut. Bank, FA, 258 F. App'x 254 (11th Cir. 2007). “; 12 U.S.C. § 1831n(2)(A); and O.C.G.A. §§ 44-7-52 and 44-7-58.”
Stoute v. Navient, No. 1:19-cv-11362 (D. Mass. Sept. 19, 2019). · cites it 2× “Stoute cannot proceed under 12 U.S.C. § 1831n(2)(A)1 because this statute does not create a private of action.”
Cunningham v. Prof-2013-S3 Legal Title Trust, No. 1:18-cv-01792 (D. Del. Mar. 10, 2020). “§ 5118(d), which states that obligations requiring repayment in gold and issued after October 1977 are satisfiable by United States coin or currency that is legal tender at the time of repayment; (2) 12 U.S.C. § 1831n(a), which governs the activities of insured banks and…”
Jamison-Dey v. Santander Consum. USA Inc., No. 3:24-cv-00670 (W.D. Ky. July 8, 2025). “, by obligor; credit for account of obligor”), 12 U.S.C. § 1831n(2)(a) (standards relating to GAAP accounting), the Kentucky Mailbox Rule, UCC notice provisions, and more.”
Shawn Elizabeth Ann Bashelor v. Discover Bank, No. 03-24-00349-CV (May 21, 2026). “See 12 U.S.C.A. § 1831n(a) (concerning reports that federally insured depository institutions must file with federal banking agencies); 31 U.”
12 U.S.C. § 1831n(2)(A): 2 cases
Wanda H. Broner v. Washington Mut. Bank, FA, 258 F. App'x 254 (11th Cir. 2007). “; 12 U.S.C. § 1831n(2)(A); and O.C.G.A. §§ 44-7-52 and 44-7-58.”
Stoute v. Navient, No. 1:19-cv-11362 (D. Mass. Sept. 19, 2019). “Stoute cannot proceed under 12 U.S.C. § 1831n(2)(A)1 because this statute does not create a private of action.”
12 U.S.C. § 1831n(2)(a): 1 case
Jamison-Dey v. Santander Consum. USA Inc., No. 3:24-cv-00670 (W.D. Ky. July 8, 2025). “, by obligor; credit for account of obligor”), 12 U.S.C. § 1831n(2)(a) (standards relating to GAAP accounting), the Kentucky Mailbox Rule, UCC notice provisions, and more.”
12 U.S.C. § 1831n(a): 2 cases
Cunningham v. Prof-2013-S3 Legal Title Trust, No. 1:18-cv-01792 (D. Del. Mar. 10, 2020). “§ 5118(d), which states that obligations requiring repayment in gold and issued after October 1977 are satisfiable by United States coin or currency that is legal tender at the time of repayment; (2) 12 U.S.C. § 1831n(a), which governs the activities of insured banks and…”
Shawn Elizabeth Ann Bashelor v. Discover Bank, No. 03-24-00349-CV (May 21, 2026). “See 12 U.S.C.A. § 1831n(a) (concerning reports that federally insured depository institutions must file with federal banking agencies); 31 U.”
12 U.S.C. § 1831n(a)(1): 1 case
Anthony v. Cattle Nat'l Bank & Trust Co., 684 F.3d 738 (8th Cir. 2012). “See 12 U.S.C. § 1831n(a)(1). With respect to reports filed with Federal banking agencies, the statute requires depository institutions to use accounting principles which are uniform and consistent with generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP), unless a different…”
12 U.S.C. § 1831n(a)(1)(A): 1 case
Blanton v. Off. of the Comptroller of the Currency, 909 F.3d 1162 (D.C. Cir. 2018). “12 U.S.C. § 1831n(a)(1)(A), (2)(A). The OCC's allegations about the Bank's call reports stem from the Bank's valuation of loans issued to two property developers.”
12 U.S.C. § 1831n(a)(2): 1 case
Anthony v. Cattle Nat'l Bank & Trust Co., 684 F.3d 738 (8th Cir. 2012). “See 12 U.S.C. § 1831n(a)(1). With respect to reports filed with Federal banking agencies, the statute requires depository institutions to use accounting principles which are uniform and consistent with generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP), unless a different…”
12 U.S.C. § 1831n(b): 1 case
Anthony v. Cattle Nat'l Bank & Trust Co., 684 F.3d 738 (8th Cir. 2012). “See 12 U.S.C. § 1831n(a)(1). With respect to reports filed with Federal banking agencies, the statute requires depository institutions to use accounting principles which are uniform and consistent with generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP), unless a different…”
12 U.S.C. § 1831n(c): 1 case
Anthony v. Cattle Nat'l Bank & Trust Co., 684 F.3d 738 (8th Cir. 2012). “See 12 U.S.C. § 1831n(a)(1). With respect to reports filed with Federal banking agencies, the statute requires depository institutions to use accounting principles which are uniform and consistent with generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP), unless a different…”
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