39 U.S.C. § 404

Specific powers

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(a) Subject to the provisions of section 404a, but otherwise without limitation of the generality of its powers, the Postal Service shall have the following specific powers, among others:(1) to provide for the collection, handling, transportation, delivery, forwarding, returning, and holding of mail, and for the disposition of undeliverable mail;(2) to prescribe, in accordance with this title, the amount of postage and the manner in which it is to be paid;(3) to determine the need for post offices, postal and training facilities and equipment, and to provide such offices, facilities, and equipment as it determines are needed;(4) to provide and sell postage stamps and other stamped paper, cards, and envelopes and to provide such other evidences of payment of postage and fees as may be necessary or desirable;(5) to provide philatelic services;(6) to investigate postal offenses and civil matters relating to the Postal Service;(7) to offer and pay rewards for information and services in connection with violation of the postal laws, and, unless a different disposal is expressly prescribed, to pay one-half of all penalties and forfeitures imposed for violations of law affecting the Postal Service, its revenues, or property, to the person informing for the same, and to pay the other one-half into the Postal Service Fund; and(8) to authorize the issuance of a substitute check for a lost, stolen, or destroyed check of the Postal Service.(b) Except as otherwise provided, the Governors are authorized to establish reasonable and equitable classes of mail and reasonable and equitable rates of postage and fees for postal services in accordance with the provisions of chapter 36. Postal rates and fees shall be reasonable and equitable and sufficient to enable the Postal Service, under best practices of honest, efficient, and economical management, to maintain and continue the development of postal services of the kind and quality adapted to the needs of the United States.(c) The Postal Service shall maintain one or more classes of mail for the transmission of letters sealed against inspection. The rate for each such class shall be uniform throughout the United States, its territories, and possessions. One such class shall provide for the most expeditious handling and transportation afforded mail matter by the Postal Service. No letter of such a class of domestic origin shall be opened except under authority of a search warrant authorized by law, or by an officer or employee of the Postal Service for the sole purpose of determining an address at which the letter can be delivered, or pursuant to the authorization of the addressee.(d)(1) The Postal Service, prior to making a determination under subsection (a)(3) of this section as to the necessity for the closing or consolidation of any post office, shall provide adequate notice of its intention to close or consolidate such post office at least 60 days prior to the proposed date of such closing or consolidation to persons served by such post office to ensure that such persons will have an opportunity to present their views.(2) The Postal Service, in making a determination whether or not to close or consolidate a post office—(A) shall consider—(i) the effect of such closing or consolidation on the community served by such post office;(ii) the effect of such closing or consolidation on employees of the Postal Service employed at such office;(iii) whether such closing or consolidation is consistent with the policy of the Government, as stated in section 101(b) of this title, that the Postal Service shall provide a maximum degree of effective and regular postal services to rural areas, communities, and small towns where post offices are not self-sustaining;(iv) the economic savings to the Postal Service resulting from such closing or consolidation; and(v) such other factors as the Postal Service determines are necessary; and(B) may not consider compliance with any provision of the Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970 (29 U.S.C. 651 et seq.).(3) Any determination of the Postal Service to close or consolidate a post office shall be in writing and shall include the findings of the Postal Service with respect to the considerations required to be made under paragraph (2) of this subsection. Such determination and findings shall be made available to persons served by such post office.(4) The Postal Service shall take no action to close or consolidate a post office until 60 days after its written determination is made available to persons served by such post office.(5) A determination of the Postal Service to close or consolidate any post office may be appealed by any person served by such office to the Postal Regulatory Commission within 30 days after such determination is made available to such person under paragraph (3). The Commission shall review such determination on the basis of the record before the Postal Service in the making of such determination. The Commission shall make a determination based upon such review no later than 120 days after receiving any appeal under this paragraph. The Commission shall set aside any determination, findings, and conclusions found to be—(A) arbitrary, capricious, an abuse of discretion, or otherwise not in accordance with the law;(B) without observance of procedure required by law; or(C) unsupported by substantial evidence on the record.The Commission may affirm the determination of the Postal Service or order that the entire matter be returned for further consideration, but the Commission may not modify the determination of the Postal Service. The Commission may suspend the effectiveness of the determination of the Postal Service until the final disposition of the appeal. The provisions of section 556, section 557, and chapter 7 of title 5 shall not apply to any review carried out by the Commission under this paragraph.(6) For purposes of paragraph (5), any appeal received by the Commission shall—(A) if sent to the Commission through the mails, be considered to have been received on the date of the Postal Service postmark on the envelope or other cover in which such appeal is mailed; or(B) if otherwise lawfully delivered to the Commission, be considered to have been received on the date determined based on any appropriate documentation or other indicia (as determined under regulations of the Commission).(e)(1) In this subsection, the term “nonpostal service” means any service that is not a postal service defined under section 102(5).(2) Nothing in this section shall be considered to permit or require that the Postal Service provide any nonpostal service, except that the Postal Service may provide nonpostal services which were offered as of January 1, 2006, as provided under this subsection, or any nonpostal products or services authorized by chapter 37.(3) Not later than 2 years after the date of enactment of the Postal Accountability and Enhancement Act, the Postal Regulatory Commission shall review each nonpostal service offered by the Postal Service on the date of enactment of that Act and determine whether that nonpostal service shall continue, taking into account—(A) the public need for the service; and(B) the ability of the private sector to meet the public need for the service.(4) Any nonpostal service not determined to be continued by the Postal Regulatory Commission under paragraph (3) shall terminate.(5) If the Postal Regulatory Commission authorizes the Postal Service to continue a nonpostal service under this subsection, the Postal Regulatory Commission shall designate whether the service shall be regulated under this title as a market dominant product, a competitive product, or an experimental product.(Pub. L. 91–375, Aug. 12, 1970, 84 Stat. 724; Pub. L. 94–421, § 9(a), Sept. 24, 1976, 90 Stat. 1310; Pub. L. 105–241, § 3, Sept. 28, 1998, 112 Stat. 1572; Pub. L. 109–435, title I, § 102(a), title IV, § 403(b)(2), title VI, § 604(a), title X, §§ 1006(a), 1010(e), Dec. 20, 2006, 120 Stat. 3200, 3227, 3241, 3258, 3261; Pub. L. 117–108, title I, § 103(b)(1), Apr. 6, 2022, 136 Stat. 1144.)Editorial NotesReferences in Text

The Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970, referred to in subsec. (d)(2)(B), is Pub. L. 91–596, Dec. 29, 1970, 84 Stat. 1590, which is classified principally to chapter 15 (§ 651 et seq.) of Title 29, Labor. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 651 of Title 29 and Tables.

The date of enactment of the Postal Accountability and Enhancement Act, referred to in subsec. (e)(3), is the date of enactment of Pub. L. 109–435, which was approved Dec. 20, 2006.

Amendments

2022—Subsec. (e)(2). Pub. L. 117–108 inserted “, or any nonpostal products or services authorized by chapter 37” after “under this subsection”.

2006—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 109–435, § 403(b)(2), substituted “Subject to the provisions of section 404a, but otherwise without” for “Without” in introductory provisions.

Subsec. (a)(6) to (9). Pub. L. 109–435, § 102(a)(1), redesignated pars. (7) to (9) as (6) to (8), respectively, and struck out former par. (6), which read “to provide, establish, change, or abolish special nonpostal or similar services;”.

Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 109–435, § 1010(e), added subsec. (b). Former subsec. (b) redesignated (d).

Subsec. (b)(5). Pub. L. 109–435, § 604(a), substituted “Postal Regulatory Commission” for “Postal Rate Commission”.

Subsec. (b)(6). Pub. L. 109–435, § 1006(a), added par. (6).

Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 109–435, § 1010(e), added subsec. (c). Former subsec. (c) redesignated (e).

Pub. L. 109–435, § 102(a)(2), added subsec. (c).

Subsecs. (d), (e). Pub. L. 109–435, § 1010(e), redesignated subsecs. (b) and (c) as (d) and (e), respectively.

1998—Subsec. (b)(2). Pub. L. 105–241 amended par. (2) generally. Prior to amendment, par. (2) read as follows: “The Postal Service, in making a determination whether or not to close or consolidate a post office, shall consider—

“(A) the effect of such closing or consolidation on the community served by such post office;

“(B) the effect of such closing or consolidation on employees of the Postal Service employed at such office;

“(C) whether such closing or consolidation is consistent with the policy of the Government, as stated in section 101(b) of this title, that the Postal Service shall provide a maximum degree of effective and regular postal services to rural areas, communities, and small towns where post offices are not self-sustaining;

“(D) the economic savings to the Postal Service resulting from such closing or consolidation; and

“(E) such other factors as the Postal Service determines are necessary.”

1976—Pub. L. 94–421 designated existing provisions as subsec. (a) and added subsec. (b).

Statutory Notes and Related SubsidiariesEffective Date of 2006 Amendment

Pub. L. 109–435, title X, § 1006(b), Dec. 20, 2006, 120 Stat. 3258, provided that: “This section [amending this section] and the amendments made by this section shall apply with respect to any determination to close or consolidate a post office which is first made available, in accordance with paragraph (3) of section 404(b) of title 39, United States Code, after the end of the 3-month period beginning on the date of the enactment of this Act [Dec. 20, 2006].”

Effective Date of 1976 Amendment

Pub. L. 94–421, § 9(b), Sept. 24, 1976, 90 Stat. 1311, provided that: “The amendments made by subsection (a) of this section [amending this section] shall take effect on the day after the date on which the Commission on Postal Service transmits its final report under section 7(f)(1) of this Act [set out as a note under section 3661 of this title].”

Effective Date

Pars. (1), (3) to (9) of subsec. (a) of this section effective July 1, 1971, pursuant to Resolution No. 71–9 of the Board of Governors and par. (2) of subsec. (a) effective Jan. 20, 1971, pursuant to Resolution No. 71–10 of the Board of Governors. See section 15(a) of Pub. L. 91–375, set out as a note preceding section 101 of this title.

Treatment of Existing Nonpostal Services

Pub. L. 117–108, title I, § 103(b)(3), Apr. 6, 2022, 136 Stat. 1144, provided that: “All individual nonpostal services, provided directly or through licensing, that are continued pursuant to section 404(e) of title 39, United States Code, shall be considered to be expressly authorized by chapter 37 of such title (as added by subsection (a)(1)) and shall be subject to the requirements of section 3705 [probably means section 3705 of this title], subsections (a) through (d).”

References to Postal Rate Commission

Pub. L. 109–435, title VI, § 604(f), Dec. 20, 2006, 120 Stat. 3242, provided that: “Whenever a reference is made in any provision of law (other than this Act [see Tables for classification] or a provision of law amended by this Act), regulation, rule, document, or other record of the United States to the Postal Rate Commission, such reference shall be considered a reference to the Postal Regulatory Commission.”

Notes of Decisions

Cited in 58 cases (7 in the last 5 years), 1973–2026 · leading case: Elaine Mittleman v. Postal Regulatory Comm'n, 757 F.3d 300 (D.C. Cir. 2014).

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Elaine Mittleman v. Postal Regulatory Comm'n, 757 F.3d 300 (D.C. Cir. 2014). · cites it 12× “1303 , 1310-11 (codified as amended at 39 U.S.C. § 404 (d)). Before making a determination to close or consolidate, the Postal Service must give adequate notice to those served by the post office to ensure that they have an opportunity to present their views.”

Lepage's 2000, Inc. v. Postal Regulatory Comm'n, 642 F.3d 225 (D.C. Cir. 2011). · cites it 4× “” See 39 U.S.C. § 404 (e)(3) (emphasis added). With regard to the Bubblewrap program, the only activity “offered by” the Service is licensing, which the Commission has concluded does not meet the definition of a “postal service.”

Newspaper Assoc. of Am. v. Postal Regulatory Comm'n, 734 F.3d 1208 (D.C. Cir. 2013). · cites it 3× “See 39 U.S.C. §§ 404 (b), 3622(a), (d)(1). “Rates” include not only those for the familiar first-class and priority mail, but also “negotiated service agreements,” that is, contracts between the Postal Service and individual mailers for customized — and generally discounted —…”

Santoni v. Postmaster Gen., 369 F.3d 594 (1st Cir. 2004). “” 39 U.S.C. § 404 (a)(7). This authority is primarily exercised through the Postal Inspection Service, which is charged with “[ejnforcing laws related to the Postal Service, the mails, other postal offenses and other laws of the United States.”

Cooper v. U.S. Postal Serv., 577 F.3d 479 (2d Cir. 2009). “Accordingly, by way of remedy, we require that the postal counter be free of religious material, and that visual cues distinguish the space operating as a postal facility from the space functioning as the private property of the Church.”

United States v. Stokes, 829 F.3d 47 (1st Cir. 2016). “1 (b), which imposes limitations on postal inspectors’ investigative powers, and 39 U.S.C. § 404 (c), which provides that the USPS may open mail only "under authority of a search warrant authorized by law, or by an officer or employee of the Postal Service for the sole purpose…”

Michael J. Sutton & John Wiley Mitchell v. United States, 819 F.2d 1289 (5th Cir. 1987). “” 39 U.S.C. § 404 (7). With this specific grant the Postal Service has, in turn, empowered the Inspection Service Department with the responsibility "for protection of the mails, enforcement of postal laws, plant and personnel security, postal inspection, and internal audits.”

United States v. Gerett Jones, 13 F.3d 100 (4th Cir. 1993). · cites it 2× “OPINION WILKINSON, Circuit Judge: In this case we must ask whether a postal inspector exceeded the scope of his statutory authority under 39 U.S.C. § 404 (a)(7) when he investigated drug activities among postal employees that did not occur wholly on postal property.”

Wilson v. United States Postal Serv., 441 F. Supp. 803 (C.D. Cal. 1977). · cites it 7× “First, they argue that a consolidation of post offices has occurred as a result of the implementation of the Marina Sectional Facility Project (“Marina Project”); that the United States Postal Service (“Postal Service”) failed to adhere to the notice requirements respecting…”

Lewis v. Hughs, 28 F.4th 659 (5th Cir. 2022). “See 39 U.S.C. § 404 . 4 Case: 20-50654 Document: 00516241848 Page: 5 Date Filed: 03/16/2022 No.”

Tedesco v. United States Postal Serv., 553 F. Supp. 1387 (W.D. Pa. 1983). · cites it 2× “§ 403 (b)(3) and 39 U.S.C. § 404 (a)(3), impose duties upon the Postal Service which, if breached, give rise to a federal cause of action.”

Clyde J. Arnold, Jr. v. United States Postal Serv., Charles Ray Netherton, as Class Agent v. United States Postal Serv., 863 F.2d 994 (D.C. Cir. 1988). “” 39 U.S.C. § 404 (a)(7) (1982). The Postal Inspection Service is directed by the Chief Postal Inspector, who in turn reports to the Postmaster General.”

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— 39 U.S.C. § 404(a)(6) — 1 case

Constitutionality of 18 U.S.C. 1715 (OLC 2026).

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