U.S. Code » Title 7 » Chapter CHAPTER 1— COMMODITY EXCHANGES

7 U.S.C. § 16

Commission operations

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(a) Cooperation with other agencies

The Commission may cooperate with any Department or agency of the Government, any State, territory, district, or possession, or department, agency, or political subdivision thereof, any foreign futures authority, any department or agency of a foreign government or political subdivision thereof, or any person.

(b) Employment of investigators, experts, Administrative Law Judges, consultants, clerks, and other personnel; contracts(1) The Commission shall have the authority to employ such investigators, special experts, Administrative Law Judges, clerks, and other employees as it may from time to time find necessary for the proper performance of its duties and as may be from time to time appropriated for by Congress.(2) The Commission may employ experts and consultants in accordance with section 3109 of title 5, and compensate such persons at rates not in excess of the maximum daily rate prescribed for GS–18 under section 5332 of title 5.(3) The Commission shall also have authority to make and enter into contracts with respect to all matters which in the judgment of the Commission are necessary and appropriate to effectuate the purposes and provisions of this chapter, including, but not limited to, the rental of necessary space at the seat of Government and elsewhere.(4) The Commission may request (in accordance with the procedures set forth in subchapter II of chapter 31 of title 5) and the Office of Personnel Management shall authorize pursuant to the request, eight positions in the Senior Executive Service in addition to the number of such positions authorized for the Commission on October 28, 1992.(c) Expenses

All of the expenses of the Commissioners, including all necessary expenses for transportation incurred by them while on official business of the Commission, shall be allowed and paid on the presentation of itemized vouchers therefor approved by the Commission.

(d) Authorization of appropriations

There are authorized to be appropriated such sums as are necessary to carry out this chapter for each of the fiscal years 2008 through 2013.

(e) Relation to other law, departments, or agencies(1) Nothing in this chapter shall supersede or preempt—(A) criminal prosecution under any Federal criminal statute;(B) the application of any Federal or State statute (except as provided in paragraph (2)), including any rule or regulation thereunder, to any transaction in or involving any commodity, product, right, service, or interest—(i) that is not conducted on or subject to the rules of a registered entity or exempt board of trade;(ii) (except as otherwise specified by the Commission by rule or regulation) that is not conducted on or subject to the rules of any board of trade, exchange, or market located outside the United States, its territories or possessions; or(iii) that is not subject to regulation by the Commission under section 6c or 23 of this title; or(C) the application of any Federal or State statute, including any rule or regulation thereunder, to any person required to be registered or designated under this chapter who shall fail or refuse to obtain such registration or designation.(2) This chapter shall supersede and preempt the application of any State or local law that prohibits or regulates gaming or the operation of bucket shops (other than antifraud provisions of general applicability) in the case of—(A) an electronic trading facility excluded under section 2(e) 11 See References in Text note below. of this title; and(B) an agreement, contract, or transaction that is excluded from this chapter under section 2(c) or 2(f) of this title or sections 27 to 27f of this title, or exempted under section 6(c) of this title (regardless of whether any such agreement, contract, or transaction is otherwise subject to this chapter).(f) Investigative assistance to foreign futures authorities(1) On request from a foreign futures authority, the Commission may, in its discretion, provide assistance in accordance with this section if the requesting authority states that the requesting authority is conducting an investigation which it deems necessary to determine whether any person has violated, is violating, or is about to violate any laws, rules or regulations relating to futures or options matters that the requesting authority administers or enforces. The Commission may conduct such investigation as the Commission deems necessary to collect information and evidence pertinent to the request for assistance. Such assistance may be provided without regard to whether the facts stated in the request would also constitute a violation of the laws of the United States.(2) In deciding whether to provide assistance under this subsection, the Commission shall consider whether—(A) the requesting authority has agreed to provide reciprocal assistance to the Commission in futures and options matters; and(B) compliance with the request would prejudice the public interest of the United States.(3) Notwithstanding any other provision of law, the Commission may accept payment and reimbursement, in cash or in kind, from a foreign futures authority, or made on behalf of such authority, for necessary expenses incurred by the Commission, its members, and employees in carrying out any investigation, or in providing any other assistance to a foreign futures authority, pursuant to this section. Any payment or reimbursement accepted shall be considered a reimbursement to the appropriated funds of the Commission.(g) Computerized futures trading

Consistent with its responsibilities under section 22 of this title, the Commission is directed to facilitate the development and operation of computerized trading as an adjunct to the open outcry auction system. The Commission is further directed to cooperate with the Office of the United States Trade Representative, the Department of the Treasury, the Department of Commerce, and the Department of State in order to remove any trade barriers that may be imposed by a foreign nation on the international use of electronic trading systems.

(h) Regulation of swaps as insurance under State lawA swap—(1) shall not be considered to be insurance; and(2) may not be regulated as an insurance contract under the law of any State.(Sept. 21, 1922, ch. 369, § 12, 42 Stat. 1003; Pub. L. 93–463, title I, § 101(b), Oct. 23, 1974, 88 Stat. 1391; Pub. L. 95–405, § 20, Sept. 30, 1978, 92 Stat. 875; Pub. L. 97–444, title II, §§ 228, 229, Jan. 11, 1983, 96 Stat. 2318; Pub. L. 99–641, title I, § 106, Nov. 10, 1986, 100 Stat. 3558; Pub. L. 102–546, title II, §§ 216, 220(a), title III, §§ 302, 303, title IV, § 401, title V, § 502(c), Oct. 28, 1992, 106 Stat. 3611, 3614, 3622, 3624, 3631; Pub. L. 104–9, § 2, Apr. 21, 1995, 109 Stat. 154; Pub. L. 106–554, § 1(a)(5) [title I, §§ 116, 117], Dec. 21, 2000, 114 Stat. 2763, 2763A–402; Pub. L. 110–234, title XIII, § 13104, May 22, 2008, 122 Stat. 1434; Pub. L. 110–246, § 4(a), title XIII, § 13104, June 18, 2008, 122 Stat. 1664, 2196; Pub. L. 111–203, title VII, §§ 722(b), 749(f), July 21, 2010, 124 Stat. 1673, 1747.)Editorial NotesReferences in Text

Section 2(e) of this title relating to the exclusion of electronic trading facilities, referred to in subsec. (e)(2)(A), was struck out by Pub. L. 111–203, title VII, § 723(a)(1)(A), July 21, 2010, 124 Stat. 1675.

Codification

Pub. L. 110–234 and Pub. L. 110–246 made identical amendments to this section. The amendments by Pub. L. 110–234 were repealed by section 4(a) of Pub. L. 110–246.

Amendments

2010—Subsec. (e)(2)(B). Pub. L. 111–203, § 749(f), substituted “section 2(c) or 2(f) of this title” for “section 2(c), 2(d), 2(f), or 2(g) of this title” and struck out “2(h) or” before “6(c)”.

Subsec. (h). Pub. L. 111–203, § 722(b), added subsec. (h).

2008—Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 110–246, § 13104, amended subsec. (d) generally. Prior to amendment, subsec. (d) read as follows: “There are authorized to be appropriated such sums as are necessary to carry out this chapter for each of fiscal years 1995 through 2005.”

2000—Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 106–554, § 1(a)(5) [title I, § 116], substituted “2005” for “2000”.

Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 106–554, § 1(a)(5) [title I, § 117], added subsec. (e) and struck out former subsec. (e) which provided that this chapter did not supersede or preempt criminal prosecutions under Federal criminal statutes or the application of any Federal or State statute to certain specified transactions and persons.

1995—Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 104–9 amended subsec. (d) generally. Prior to amendment, subsec. (d) read as follows: “There are authorized to be appropriated to carry out this chapter—

“(1) $53,000,000 for fiscal year 1993; and

“(2) $60,000,000 for fiscal year 1994.”

1992—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 102–546, § 302, inserted “any foreign futures authority, any department or agency of a foreign government or political subdivision thereof,” after “thereof,”.

Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 102–546, § 216, designated first through third sentences as pars. (1) to (3), respectively, and added par. (4).

Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 102–546, § 401, amended subsec. (d) generally. Prior to amendment, subsec. (d) read as follows: “There are authorized to be appropriated to carry out this chapter such sums as may be necessary for each of the fiscal years during the period beginning October 1, 1986, and ending September 30, 1989.”

Subsec. (e)(2)(A). Pub. L. 102–546, § 502(c), inserted “or, in the case of any State or local law that prohibits or regulates gaming or the operation of ‘bucket shops’ (other than antifraud provisions of general applicability), that is not a transaction or class of transactions that has received or is covered by the terms of any exemption previously granted by the Commission under subsection (c) of section 6 of this title,” after “market,”.

Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 102–546, § 303, added subsec. (f).

Subsec. (g). Pub. L. 102–546, § 220(a), added subsec. (g).

1986—Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 99–641 amended subsec. (d) generally. Prior to amendment, subsec. (d) read as follows: “There are authorized to be appropriated to carry out the provisions of this chapter such sums as may be required for each of the fiscal years during the period beginning October 1, 1982, and ending September 30, 1986.”

1983—Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 97–444, § 228, substituted appropriation authorization for fiscal years during period beginning Oct. 1, 1982, and ending Sept. 30, 1986, for prior authorization for fiscal years during period beginning Oct. 1, 1978, and ending Sept. 30, 1982.

Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 97–444, § 229, added subsec. (e).

1978—Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 95–405 substituted “for each of the fiscal years during the period beginning October 1, 1978, and ending September 30, 1982” for “for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1975, for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1976, for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1977, and for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1978”.

1974—Pub. L. 93–463 designated existing unlettered provisions as subsecs. (a) to (d), substituted “Commission” for “Secretary of Agriculture”, inserted provisions authorizing the expenditure of funds for expenses upon the presentation of itemized vouchers therefor approved by the Commission, substituted provisions authorizing appropriations specifically for fiscal years ending June 30, 1975, 1976, 1977, and 1978, for provisions making a general authorization of appropriations without a fiscal year limitation, and inserted authorization to enter into contracts and compensate experts and consultants in accordance with section 3109 of title 5 at rates not in excess of the maximum daily rate prescribed for GS–18 under section 5332 of title 5.

Statutory Notes and Related SubsidiariesEffective Date of 2010 Amendment

Amendment by Pub. L. 111–203 effective on the later of 360 days after July 21, 2010, or, to the extent a provision of subtitle A (§§ 711–754) of title VII of Pub. L. 111–203 requires a rulemaking, not less than 60 days after publication of the final rule or regulation implementing such provision of subtitle A, see section 754 of Pub. L. 111–203, set out as a note under section 1a of this title.

Effective Date of 2008 Amendment

Amendment of this section and repeal of Pub. L. 110–234 by Pub. L. 110–246 effective May 22, 2008, the date of enactment of Pub. L. 110–234, see section 4 of Pub. L. 110–246, set out as an Effective Date note under section 8701 of this title.

Effective Date of 1983 Amendment

Amendment by Pub. L. 97–444 effective Jan. 11, 1983, see section 239 of Pub. L. 97–444, set out as a note under section 2 of this title.

Effective Date of 1978 Amendment

Amendment by Pub. L. 95–405 effective Oct. 1, 1978, see section 28 of Pub. L. 95–405, set out as a note under section 2 of this title.

Effective Date of 1974 Amendment

For effective date of amendment by Pub. L. 93–463, see section 418 of Pub. L. 93–463, set out as a note under section 2 of this title.

References in Other Laws to GS–16, 17, or 18 Pay Rates

References in laws to the rates of pay for GS–16, 17, or 18, or to maximum rates of pay under the General Schedule, to be considered references to rates payable under specified sections of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees, see section 529 [title I, § 101(c)(1)] of Pub. L. 101–509, set out in a note under section 5376 of Title 5.

Notes of Decisions
Cited in 16 cases (1 in the last 5 years), 1980–2026 · leading case: Thrifty Oil Co. v. Bank of Am. Nat'l Trust & Sav. Ass'n, 322 F.3d 1039 (9th Cir. 2003).
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Thrifty Oil Co. v. Bank of Am. Nat'l Trust & Sav. Ass'n, 322 F.3d 1039 (9th Cir. 2003). · cites it 2× “” 7 U.S.C. § 16 (e)(2)(A). As explained by the House Conference Committee Report: Section 502(c) of the [FTPA] amends section 12(e)(2)(A) of the [CEA] to provide that any State or local law that prohibits or regulates gaming or the operation of “bucket shops” (other than…”
Thrifty Oil Co. v. Bank of Am. Nat'l Trust & Sav. Ass'n, 310 F.3d 1188 (9th Cir. 2002). · cites it 2× “” 7 U.S.C. § 16 (e)(2)(A). As explained by the House Conference Committee Report: Section 502(c) of the [FTPA] amends section 12(e)(2)(A) of the [CEA] to provide that any State or local law that prohibits or regulates gaming or the operation of “bucket shops” (other than…”
E. Vanguard Forex Ltd. v. Arizona Corp. Comm'n, 79 P.3d 86 (Ariz. Ct. App. 2003). “Cross-Appellants further argue that a 1983 amendment of the CEA, the "Open Season Provision” embodied in 7 U.S.C. § 16 (e) (1994), does not overrule the Treasury Amendment's preemption of state securities regulation of the transactions at issue.”
Thrifty Oil Co. v. Bank of Am. Nat'l Trust & Sav. Ass'n (In Re Thrifty Oil Co.), 249 B.R. 537 (S.D. Cal. 2000). · cites it 2× “” 7 U.S.C. § 16 (e)(2)(A). As explained by the House Conference Committee Report: Section 502(c) of the [FTPA] amends section 12(e)(2)(A) of the [CEA] to provide that any State or local law that prohibits or regulates gaming or the operation of “bucket shops” (other than…”
Commodity Futures Trading Comm'n v. Am. Metals Exch. Corp., 775 F. Supp. 767 (D.N.J. 1991). “2294 , 2318 (1983) (codified at 7 U.S.C. § 16 (e)). As a result, the CEA now “does not supersede or preempt any Federal or State statute .”
John A. Vercillo v. Commodity Futures Trading Comm'n, 147 F.3d 548 (7th Cir. 1998). “Pursuant to § 9(b) of the CEA, 7 U.S.C. § 16 (b), such felony convictions give rise to a presumption that Vercillo should be permanently banned from trading on Commission-regulated markets unless he can show by the weight of the evidence that his continued access to such markets…”
State v. Stuber, 1 P.3d 333 (Kan. Ct. App. 2000). “19 (citing 7 U.S.C. § 16 ). More specifically, “anyone who should be registered with the CFTC but is not in fact registered is fair game for state and federal enforcement agencies.”
Mallen v. Merrill Lynch Futures, Inc., 623 F. Supp. 203 (N.D. Ga. 1985). “All three of the listed nonpreempted areas involve criminal prosecutions or administrative sanction-type proceedings, in which the regulations set forth in the Commodity Exchange Act do not apply.”
Myron v. Hauser, 673 F.2d 994 (8th Cir. 1982). “Under § 101(b) of the 1974 Act, 7 U.S.C. § 16 (d), the CFTC was funded for four fiscal years (ending June 30, 1978).”
People Ex Rel. Bender v. Wind River Mining Proj., 219 Cal. App. 3d 1390 (Cal. Ct. App. 1980). “(See 7 U.S.C. § 16 (e).) The parties all agree that the Wind River scheme is not regulated under the federal Commodity Exchange Act, and thus in conformity with Hofmayer we find no preemption.”
Sukumar v. Nautilus, Inc., 829 F. Supp. 2d 386 (W.D. Va. 2011). “Commodities law is not a perfectly analogous scenario to the present case, not least of which because the federal statute explicitly provides Congress’s intent not to preempt similar state statutes.”
Bd. of Trade v. Sec. & Exch. Comm'n, 677 F.2d 1137 (7th Cir. 1982). · cites it 2× “The jurisdictional agreement has not made the case moot, however. Although Congress has provided that the CFTC “maintain communications” with the SEC regarding CFTC activities that “relate” to SEC responsibilities, 7 U.”
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