8 U.S.C. § 1254a

Temporary protected status

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(a) Granting of status(1) In generalIn the case of an alien who is a national of a foreign state designated under subsection (b) (or in the case of an alien having no nationality, is a person who last habitually resided in such designated state) and who meets the requirements of subsection (c), the Attorney General, in accordance with this section—(A) may grant the alien temporary protected status in the United States and shall not remove the alien from the United States during the period in which such status is in effect, and(B) shall authorize the alien to engage in employment in the United States and provide the alien with an “employment authorized” endorsement or other appropriate work permit.(2) Duration of work authorization

Work authorization provided under this section shall be effective throughout the period the alien is in temporary protected status under this section.

(3) Notice(A) Upon the granting of temporary protected status under this section, the Attorney General shall provide the alien with information concerning such status under this section.(B) If, at the time of initiation of a removal proceeding against an alien, the foreign state (of which the alien is a national) is designated under subsection (b), the Attorney General shall promptly notify the alien of the temporary protected status that may be available under this section.(C) If, at the time of designation of a foreign state under subsection (b), an alien (who is a national of such state) is in a removal proceeding under this subchapter, the Attorney General shall promptly notify the alien of the temporary protected status that may be available under this section.(D) Notices under this paragraph shall be provided in a form and language that the alien can understand.(4) Temporary treatment for eligible aliens(A) In the case of an alien who can establish a prima facie case of eligibility for benefits under paragraph (1), but for the fact that the period of registration under subsection (c)(1)(A)(iv) has not begun, until the alien has had a reasonable opportunity to register during the first 30 days of such period, the Attorney General shall provide for the benefits of paragraph (1).(B) In the case of an alien who establishes a prima facie case of eligibility for benefits under paragraph (1), until a final determination with respect to the alien’s eligibility for such benefits under paragraph (1) has been made, the alien shall be provided such benefits.(5) Clarification

Nothing in this section shall be construed as authorizing the Attorney General to deny temporary protected status to an alien based on the alien’s immigration status or to require any alien, as a condition of being granted such status, either to relinquish nonimmigrant or other status the alien may have or to execute any waiver of other rights under this chapter. The granting of temporary protected status under this section shall not be considered to be inconsistent with the granting of nonimmigrant status under this chapter.

(b) Designations(1) In generalThe Attorney General, after consultation with appropriate agencies of the Government, may designate any foreign state (or any part of such foreign state) under this subsection only if—(A) the Attorney General finds that there is an ongoing armed conflict within the state and, due to such conflict, requiring the return of aliens who are nationals of that state to that state (or to the part of the state) would pose a serious threat to their personal safety;(B) the Attorney General finds that—(i) there has been an earthquake, flood, drought, epidemic, or other environmental disaster in the state resulting in a substantial, but temporary, disruption of living conditions in the area affected,(ii) the foreign state is unable, temporarily, to handle adequately the return to the state of aliens who are nationals of the state, and(iii) the foreign state officially has requested designation under this subparagraph; or(C) the Attorney General finds that there exist extraordinary and temporary conditions in the foreign state that prevent aliens who are nationals of the state from returning to the state in safety, unless the Attorney General finds that permitting the aliens to remain temporarily in the United States is contrary to the national interest of the United States.A designation of a foreign state (or part of such foreign state) under this paragraph shall not become effective unless notice of the designation (including a statement of the findings under this paragraph and the effective date of the designation) is published in the Federal Register. In such notice, the Attorney General shall also state an estimate of the number of nationals of the foreign state designated who are (or within the effective period of the designation are likely to become) eligible for temporary protected status under this section and their immigration status in the United States.(2) Effective period of designation for foreign statesThe designation of a foreign state (or part of such foreign state) under paragraph (1) shall—(A) take effect upon the date of publication of the designation under such paragraph, or such later date as the Attorney General may specify in the notice published under such paragraph, and(B) shall remain in effect until the effective date of the termination of the designation under paragraph (3)(B).For purposes of this section, the initial period of designation of a foreign state (or part thereof) under paragraph (1) is the period, specified by the Attorney General, of not less than 6 months and not more than 18 months.(3) Periodic review, terminations, and extensions of designations(A) Periodic review

At least 60 days before end of the initial period of designation, and any extended period of designation, of a foreign state (or part thereof) under this section the Attorney General, after consultation with appropriate agencies of the Government, shall review the conditions in the foreign state (or part of such foreign state) for which a designation is in effect under this subsection and shall determine whether the conditions for such designation under this subsection continue to be met. The Attorney General shall provide on a timely basis for the publication of notice of each such determination (including the basis for the determination, and, in the case of an affirmative determination, the period of extension of designation under subparagraph (C)) in the Federal Register.

(B) Termination of designation

If the Attorney General determines under subparagraph (A) that a foreign state (or part of such foreign state) no longer continues to meet the conditions for designation under paragraph (1), the Attorney General shall terminate the designation by publishing notice in the Federal Register of the determination under this subparagraph (including the basis for the determination). Such termination is effective in accordance with subsection (d)(3), but shall not be effective earlier than 60 days after the date the notice is published or, if later, the expiration of the most recent previous extension under subparagraph (C).

If the Attorney General does not determine under subparagraph (A) that a foreign state (or part of such foreign state) no longer meets the conditions for designation under paragraph (1), the period of designation of the foreign state is extended for an additional period of 6 months (or, in the discretion of the Attorney General, a period of 12 or 18 months).

(4) Information concerning protected status at time of designations

At the time of a designation of a foreign state under this subsection, the Attorney General shall make available information respecting the temporary protected status made available to aliens who are nationals of such designated foreign state.

(5) Review(A) Designations

There is no judicial review of any determination of the Attorney General with respect to the designation, or termination or extension of a designation, of a foreign state under this subsection.

(B) Application to individuals

The Attorney General shall establish an administrative procedure for the review of the denial of benefits to aliens under this subsection. Such procedure shall not prevent an alien from asserting protection under this section in removal proceedings if the alien demonstrates that the alien is a national of a state designated under paragraph (1).

(c) Aliens eligible for temporary protected status(1) In general(A) Nationals of designated foreign statesSubject to paragraph (3), an alien, who is a national of a state designated under subsection (b)(1) (or in the case of an alien having no nationality, is a person who last habitually resided in such designated state), meets the requirements of this paragraph only if—(i) the alien has been continuously physically present in the United States since the effective date of the most recent designation of that state;(ii) the alien has continuously resided in the United States since such date as the Attorney General may designate;(iii) the alien is admissible as an immigrant, except as otherwise provided under paragraph (2)(A), and is not ineligible for temporary protected status under paragraph (2)(B); and(iv) to the extent and in a manner which the Attorney General establishes, the alien registers for the temporary protected status under this section during a registration period of not less than 180 days.(B) Registration fee(i) In general

The Attorney General may require payment of a reasonable fee as a condition of registering an alien under subparagraph (A)(iv) (including providing an alien with an “employment authorized” endorsement or other appropriate work permit under this section). The amount of any such fee shall not exceed $500, subject to the adjustments required under clause (ii). In the case of aliens registered pursuant to a designation under this section made after July 17, 1991, the Attorney General may impose a separate, additional fee for providing an alien with documentation of work authorization. Notwithstanding section 3302 of title 31, all fees collected under this subparagraph shall be credited to the appropriation to be used in carrying out this section.

(ii) Annual adjustments for inflationDuring fiscal year 2026, and during each subsequent fiscal year, the maximum amount of the fee authorized under clause (i) shall be equal to the sum of—(I) the maximum amount of the fee authorized under this subparagraph for the most recently concluded fiscal year; and(II) the product resulting from the multiplication of the amount referred to in subclause (I) by the percentage (if any) by which the Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers for the month of July preceding the date on which such adjustment takes effect exceeds the Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers for the same month of the preceding calendar year, rounded to the next lowest multiple of $10.(iii) Disposition of temporary protected status fees

All of the fees collected pursuant to this subparagraph shall be deposited into the general fund of the Treasury.

(iv) No fee waiver

Fees required to be paid under this subparagraph shall not be waived or reduced.

(2) Eligibility standards(A) Waiver of certain grounds for inadmissibilityIn the determination of an alien’s admissibility for purposes of subparagraph (A)(iii) of paragraph (1)—(i) the provisions of paragraphs (5) and (7)(A) of section 1182(a) of this title shall not apply;(ii) except as provided in clause (iii), the Attorney General may waive any other provision of section 1182(a) of this title in the case of individual aliens for humanitarian purposes, to assure family unity, or when it is otherwise in the public interest; but(iii) the Attorney General may not waive—(I) paragraphs (2)(A) and (2)(B) (relating to criminals) of such section,(II) paragraph (2)(C) of such section (relating to drug offenses), except for so much of such paragraph as relates to a single offense of simple possession of 30 grams or less of marijuana, or(III) paragraphs (3)(A), (3)(B), (3)(C), and (3)(E) of such section (relating to national security and participation in the Nazi persecutions or those who have engaged in genocide).(B) Aliens ineligibleAn alien shall not be eligible for temporary protected status under this section if the Attorney General finds that—(i) the alien has been convicted of any felony or 2 or more misdemeanors committed in the United States, or(ii) the alien is described in section 1158(b)(2)(A) of this title.(3) Withdrawal of temporary protected statusThe Attorney General shall withdraw temporary protected status granted to an alien under this section if—(A) the Attorney General finds that the alien was not in fact eligible for such status under this section,(B) except as provided in paragraph (4) and permitted in subsection (f)(3), the alien has not remained continuously physically present in the United States from the date the alien first was granted temporary protected status under this section, or(C) the alien fails, without good cause, to register with the Attorney General annually, at the end of each 12-month period after the granting of such status, in a form and manner specified by the Attorney General.(4) Treatment of brief, casual, and innocent departures and certain other absences(A) For purposes of paragraphs (1)(A)(i) and (3)(B), an alien shall not be considered to have failed to maintain continuous physical presence in the United States by virtue of brief, casual, and innocent absences from the United States, without regard to whether such absences were authorized by the Attorney General.(B) For purposes of paragraph (1)(A)(ii), an alien shall not be considered to have failed to maintain continuous residence in the United States by reason of a brief, casual, and innocent absence described in subparagraph (A) or due merely to a brief temporary trip abroad required by emergency or extenuating circumstances outside the control of the alien.(5) Construction

Nothing in this section shall be construed as authorizing an alien to apply for admission to, or to be admitted to, the United States in order to apply for temporary protected status under this section.

(6) Confidentiality of information

The Attorney General shall establish procedures to protect the confidentiality of information provided by aliens under this section.

(d) Documentation(1) Initial issuance

Upon the granting of temporary protected status to an alien under this section, the Attorney General shall provide for the issuance of such temporary documentation and authorization as may be necessary to carry out the purposes of this section.

(2) Period of validity

Subject to paragraph (3), such documentation shall be valid during the initial period of designation of the foreign state (or part thereof) involved and any extension of such period. The Attorney General may stagger the periods of validity of the documentation and authorization in order to provide for an orderly renewal of such documentation and authorization and for an orderly transition (under paragraph (3)) upon the termination of a designation of a foreign state (or any part of such foreign state).

(3) Effective date of terminations

If the Attorney General terminates the designation of a foreign state (or part of such foreign state) under subsection (b)(3)(B), such termination shall only apply to documentation and authorization issued or renewed after the effective date of the publication of notice of the determination under that subsection (or, at the Attorney General’s option, after such period after the effective date of the determination as the Attorney General determines to be appropriate in order to provide for an orderly transition).

(4) Detention of alien

An alien provided temporary protected status under this section shall not be detained by the Attorney General on the basis of the alien’s immigration status in the United States.

(e) Relation of period of temporary protected status to cancellation of removal

With respect to an alien granted temporary protected status under this section, the period of such status shall not be counted as a period of physical presence in the United States for purposes of section 1229b(a) of this title, unless the Attorney General determines that extreme hardship exists. Such period shall not cause a break in the continuity of residence of the period before and after such period for purposes of such section.

(f) Benefits and status during period of temporary protected statusDuring a period in which an alien is granted temporary protected status under this section—(1) the alien shall not be considered to be permanently residing in the United States under color of law;(2) the alien may be deemed ineligible for public assistance by a State (as defined in section 1101(a)(36) of this title) or any political subdivision thereof which furnishes such assistance;(3) the alien may travel abroad with the prior consent of the Attorney General; and(4) for purposes of adjustment of status under section 1255 of this title and change of status under section 1258 of this title, the alien shall be considered as being in, and maintaining, lawful status as a nonimmigrant.(g) Exclusive remedy

Except as otherwise specifically provided, this section shall constitute the exclusive authority of the Attorney General under law to permit aliens who are or may become otherwise deportable or have been paroled into the United States to remain in the United States temporarily because of their particular nationality or region of foreign state of nationality.

(h) Limitation on consideration in Senate of legislation adjusting status(1) In generalExcept as provided in paragraph (2), it shall not be in order in the Senate to consider any bill, resolution, or amendment that—(A) provides for adjustment to lawful temporary or permanent resident alien status for any alien receiving temporary protected status under this section, or(B) has the effect of amending this subsection or limiting the application of this subsection.(2) Supermajority required

Paragraph (1) may be waived or suspended in the Senate only by the affirmative vote of three-fifths of the Members duly chosen and sworn. An affirmative vote of three-fifths of the Members of the Senate duly chosen and sworn shall be required in the Senate to sustain an appeal of the ruling of the Chair on a point of order raised under paragraph (1).

(3) RulesParagraphs (1) and (2) are enacted—(A) as an exercise of the rulemaking power of the Senate and as such they are deemed a part of the rules of the Senate, but applicable only with respect to the matters described in paragraph (1) and supersede other rules of the Senate only to the extent that such paragraphs are inconsistent therewith; and(B) with full recognition of the constitutional right of the Senate to change such rules at any time, in the same manner as in the case of any other rule of the Senate.(i) Annual report and review(1) Annual reportNot later than March 1 of each year (beginning with 1992), the Attorney General, after consultation with the appropriate agencies of the Government, shall submit a report to the Committees on the Judiciary of the House of Representatives and of the Senate on the operation of this section during the previous year. Each report shall include—(A) a listing of the foreign states or parts thereof designated under this section,(B) the number of nationals of each such state who have been granted temporary protected status under this section and their immigration status before being granted such status, and(C) an explanation of the reasons why foreign states or parts thereof were designated under subsection (b)(1) and, with respect to foreign states or parts thereof previously designated, why the designation was terminated or extended under subsection (b)(3).(2) Committee report

No later than 180 days after the date of receipt of such a report, the Committee on the Judiciary of each House of Congress shall report to its respective House such oversight findings and legislation as it deems appropriate.

(June 27, 1952, ch. 477, title II, ch. 5, § 244, formerly § 244A, as added and amended Pub. L. 101–649, title III, § 302(a), title VI, § 603(a)(24), Nov. 29, 1990, 104 Stat. 5030, 5084; Pub. L. 102–232, title III, §§ 304(b), 307(l)(5), Dec. 12, 1991, 105 Stat. 1749, 1756; Pub. L. 103–416, title II, § 219(j), (z)(2), Oct. 25, 1994, 108 Stat. 4317, 4318; renumbered § 244 and amended Pub. L. 104–208, div. C, title III, § 308(b)(7), (e)(1)(G), (11), (g)(7)(E)(i), (8)(A)(i), Sept. 30, 1996, 110 Stat. 3009–615, 3009–619, 3009–620, 3009–624; Pub. L. 119–21, title X, § 100006, July 4, 2025, 139 Stat. 369.)Editorial NotesReferences in Text

This chapter, referred to in subsec. (a)(5), was in the original, “this Act”, meaning act June 27, 1952, ch. 477, 66 Stat. 163, known as the Immigration and Nationality Act, which is classified principally to this chapter. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 1101 of this title and Tables.

Amendments

2025—Subsec. (c)(1)(B). Pub. L. 119–21 designated existing provisions as cl. (i), inserted cl. (i) heading, substituted “$500, subject to the adjustments required under clause (ii)” for “$50”, and added cls. (ii) to (iv).

1996—Subsec. (a)(1)(A). Pub. L. 104–208, § 308(e)(11), substituted “remove” for “deport”.

Subsec. (a)(3)(B), (C). Pub. L. 104–208, § 308(e)(1)(G), substituted “removal” for “deportation”.

Subsec. (b)(5)(B). Pub. L. 104–208, § 308(e)(1)(G), substituted “removal” for “deportation”.

Subsec. (c)(2)(B)(ii). Pub. L. 104–208, § 308(g)(7)(E)(i), substituted “section 1158(b)(2)(A)” for “section 1253(h)(2)”.

Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 104–208, § 308(g)(8)(A)(i), substituted “section 1229b(a)” for “section 1254(a)”.

Pub. L. 104–208, § 308(e)(11), amended heading.

1994—Subsec. (c)(1)(B). Pub. L. 103–416, § 219(z)(2), made technical correction to directory language of Pub. L. 102–232, § 304(b)(2). See 1991 Amendment note below.

Subsec. (c)(2)(A)(iii)(III). Pub. L. 103–416, § 219(j), substituted “paragraphs” for “Paragraphs” and “and (3)(E)” for “or (3)(E)”.

1991—Subsec. (a)(1). Pub. L. 102–232, § 304(b)(1), inserted parenthetical relating to alien having no nationality.

Subsec. (c)(1)(A). Pub. L. 102–232, § 304(b)(3), inserted parenthetical relating to alien having no nationality.

Subsec. (c)(1)(B). Pub. L. 102–232, § 304(b)(2), as amended by Pub. L. 103–416, § 219(z)(2), inserted provisions requiring separate fee of aliens registered pursuant to designation made after July 17, 1991, and directing that all fees be credited to appropriation to be used to carry out this section.

Subsec. (c)(2)(A)(iii)(I). Pub. L. 102–232, § 307(l)(5)(A), substituted “paragraphs (2)(A) and (2)(B)” for “paragraphs (9) and (10)”.

Subsec. (c)(2)(A)(iii)(III). Pub. L. 102–232, § 307(l)(5)(B), amended subcl. (III) generally. Prior to amendment, subcl. (III) read as follows: “paragraphs (3) (relating to security and related grounds).”

1990—Subsec. (c)(2)(A)(i). Pub. L. 101–649, § 603(a)(24)(A), which directed the substitution of “(5) and (7)(A)” for “(14), (20), (21), (25), and (32)”, was executed by making the substitution for “(14), (15), (20), (21), (25), and (32)”, as the probable intent of Congress.

Subsec. (c)(2)(A)(iii)(I). Pub. L. 101–649, § 603(a)(24)(B), which directed the substitution of “Paragraphs (2)(A) and (2)(B)” for “Paragraphs (9) and (10)”, could not be executed because the quoted language differed from the text. See 1991 Amendment note above.

Subsec. (c)(2)(A)(iii)(II). Pub. L. 101–649, § 603(a)(24)(C), substituted “(2)(C)” for “(23)” and inserted “or” at end.

Subsec. (c)(2)(A)(iii)(III). Pub. L. 101–649, § 603(a)(24)(D), which directed the substitution of “(3) (relating to security and related grounds)” for “(27) and (29) (relating to national security)”, and a period for “; or”, was executed by substituting “(3) (relating to security and related grounds)” for “(27) and (29) of such section (relating to national security)”, and a period for “, or”, as the probable intent of Congress.

Subsec. (c)(2)(A)(iii)(IV). Pub. L. 101–649, § 603(a)(24)(E), struck out subcl. (IV) which referred to par. (33).

Statutory Notes and Related SubsidiariesEffective Date of 1996 Amendment

Amendment by Pub. L. 104–208 effective, with certain transitional provisions, on the first day of the first month beginning more than 180 days after Sept. 30, 1996, see section 309 of Pub. L. 104–208, set out as a note under section 1101 of this title.

Effective Date of 1994 Amendment

Amendment by section 219(j) of Pub. L. 103–416 effective as if included in the enactment of the Immigration Act of 1990, Pub. L. 101–649, see section 219(dd) of Pub. L. 103–416, set out as a note under section 1101 of this title.

Pub. L. 103–416, title II, § 219(z), Oct. 25, 1994, 108 Stat. 4318, provided that the amendment made by subsec. (z)(2) of section 219 is effective as if included in the Miscellaneous and Technical Immigration and Naturalization Amendments of 1991, Pub. L. 102–232.

Effective Date of 1991 Amendment

Amendment by section 304(b) of Pub. L. 102–232 effective as if included in the enactment of the Immigration Act of 1990, Pub. L. 101–649, see section 310(1) of Pub. L. 102–232, set out as a note under section 1101 of this title.

Pub. L. 102–232, title III, § 307(l), Dec. 12, 1991, 105 Stat. 1756, provided that the amendment made by section 307(l) is effective as if included in section 603(a) of the Immigration Act of 1990, Pub. L. 101–649.

Effective Date of 1990 Amendment

Amendment by section 603(a)(24) of Pub. L. 101–649 applicable to individuals entering United States on or after June 1, 1991, see section 601(e)(1) of Pub. L. 101–649, set out as a note under section 1101 of this title.

Abolition of Immigration and Naturalization Service and Transfer of Functions

For abolition of Immigration and Naturalization Service, transfer of functions, and treatment of related references, see note set out under section 1551 of this title.

Limitation on Suspension of Deportation

The Attorney General may not suspend deportation and adjust status under this section of more than 4,000 aliens in any fiscal year, beginning after Sept. 30, 1996, regardless of when aliens applied for such suspension and adjustment, see section 309(c)(7) of Pub. L. 104–208, set out in an Effective Date of 1996 Amendments note under section 1101 of this title.

Aliens Authorized To Travel Abroad Temporarily

Pub. L. 102–232, title III, § 304(c), Dec. 12, 1991, 105 Stat. 1749, as amended by Pub. L. 104–208, div. C, title III, § 308(g)(1), (8)(A)(ii), (C), Sept. 30, 1996, 110 Stat. 3009–622, 3009–624, provided that:“(1) In the case of an alien described in paragraph (2) whom the Attorney General authorizes to travel abroad temporarily and who returns to the United States in accordance with such authorization—“(A) the alien shall be inspected and admitted in the same immigration status the alien had at the time of departure if—“(i) in the case of an alien described in paragraph (2)(A), the alien is found not to be excludable on a ground of exclusion referred to in section 301(a)(1) of the Immigration Act of 1990 [Pub. L. 101–649, set out as a note under section 1255a of this title], or“(ii) in the case of an alien described in paragraph (2)(B), the alien is found not to be excludable on a ground of exclusion referred to in section 244(c)(2)(A)(iii) of the Immigration and Nationality Act [8 U.S.C. 1254a(c)(2)(A)(iii)]; and“(B) the alien shall not be considered, by reason of such authorized departure, to have failed to maintain continuous physical presence in the United States for purposes of section 240A(a) of the Immigration and Nationality Act [8 U.S.C. 1229b(a)] if the absence meets the requirements of section 240A(b)(2) of such Act.“(2) Aliens described in this paragraph are the following:“(A) Aliens provided benefits under section 301 of the Immigration Act of 1990 (relating to family unity).“(B) Aliens provided temporary protected status under section 244 of the Immigration and Nationality Act, including aliens provided such status under section 303 of the Immigration Act of 1990 [Pub. L. 101–649, set out below].”

Effect on Executive Order 12711

Pub. L. 101–649, title III, § 302(c), Nov. 29, 1990, 104 Stat. 5036, as amended by Pub. L. 102–232, title III, § 304(a), Dec. 12, 1991, 105 Stat. 1749; Pub. L. 103–416, title II, § 219(y), Oct. 25, 1994, 108 Stat. 4318; Pub. L. 104–208, div. C, title III, § 308(g)(1), Sept. 30, 1996, 110 Stat. 3009–622, provided that: “Notwithstanding subsection (g) of section 244 of the Immigration and Nationality Act [8 U.S.C. 1254a(g)] (inserted by the amendment made by subsection (a)), such section shall not supersede or affect Executive Order 12711 (April 11, 1990 [8 U.S.C. 1101 note], relating to policy implementation with respect to nationals of the People’s Republic of China).”

Special Temporary Protected Status for Salvadorans

Pub. L. 101–649, title III, § 303, Nov. 29, 1990, 104 Stat. 5036, as amended by Pub. L. 102–65, § 1, July 2, 1991, 105 Stat. 322; Pub. L. 104–208, div. C, title III, § 308(g)(1), (6)(A), Sept. 30, 1996, 110 Stat. 3009–622, 3009–623, provided that:“(a)Designation.—“(1)In general.—El Salvador is hereby designated under section 244(b) of the Immigration and Nationality Act [8 U.S.C. 1254a(b)], subject to the provisions of this section.“(2)Period of designation.—Such designation shall take effect on the date of the enactment of this section [Nov. 29, 1990] and shall remain in effect until the end of the 18-month period beginning January 1, 1991.“(b)Aliens Eligible.—“(1)In general.—In applying section 244 of the Immigration and Nationality Act [8 U.S.C. 1254a] pursuant to the designation under this section, subject to section 244(c)(3) of such Act, an alien who is a national of El Salvador meets the requirements of section 244(c)(1) of such Act only if—“(A) the alien has been continuously physically present in the United States since September 19, 1990;“(B) the alien is admissible as an immigrant, except as otherwise provided under section 244(c)(2)(A) of such Act, and is not ineligible for temporary protected status under section 244(c)(2)(B) of such Act; and“(C) in a manner which the Attorney General shall establish, the alien registers for temporary protected status under this section during the registration period beginning January 1, 1991, and ending October 31, 1991.“(2)Registration fee.—The Attorney General shall require payment of a reasonable fee as a condition of registering an alien under paragraph (1)(C) (including providing an alien with an ‘employment authorized’ endorsement or other appropriate work permit under this section). The amount of the fee shall be sufficient to cover the costs of administration of this section. Notwithstanding section 3302 of title 31, United States Code, all such registration fees collected shall be credited to the appropriation to be used in carrying out this section.“(c)Application of Certain Provisions.—“(1)In general.—Except as provided in this subsection, the provisions of section 244 of the Immigration and Nationality Act [8 U.S.C. 1254a] (including subsection (h) thereof) shall apply to El Salvador (and aliens provided temporary protected status) under this section in the same manner as they apply to a foreign state designated (and aliens provided temporary protected status) under such section.“(2)Provisions not applicable.—Subsections (b)(1), (b)(2), (b)(3), (c)(1), (c)(4), (d)(3), and (i) of such section 244 shall not apply under this section.“(3) 6-month period of registration and work authorization.—Notwithstanding section 244(a)(2) of the Immigration and Nationality Act, the work authorization provided under this section shall be effective for periods of 6 months. In applying section 244(c)(3)(C) of such Act under this section, ‘semiannually, at the end of each 6-month period’ shall be substituted for ‘annually, at the end of each 12-month period’ and, notwithstanding section 244(d)(2) of such Act, the period of validity of documentation under this section shall be 6 months.“(4)Reentry permitted after departure for emergency circumstances.—In applying section 244(f)(3) of the Immigration and Nationality Act under this section, the Attorney General shall provide for advance parole in the case of an alien provided special temporary protected status under this section if the alien establishes to the satisfaction of the Attorney General that emergency and extenuating circumstances beyond the control of the alien requires the alien to depart for a brief, temporary trip abroad.“(d)Enforcement of Requirement to Depart at Time of Termination of Designation.—“(1)Show cause order at time of final registration.—At the registration occurring under this section closest to the date of termination of the designation of El Salvador under subsection (a), the Immigration and Naturalization Service shall serve on the alien granted temporary protected status an order to show cause that establishes a date for deportation proceedings which is after the date of such termination of designation. If El Salvador is subsequently designated under section 244(b) of the Immigration and Nationality Act [8 U.S.C. 1254a], the Service shall cancel such orders.“(2)Sanction for failure to appear.—If an alien is provided an order to show cause under paragraph (1) and fails to appear at such proceedings, except for exceptional circumstances, the alien may be deported in absentia under section 240(b)(5) of the Immigration and Nationality Act [8 U.S.C. 1229a(b)(5)] (inserted by section 545(a) of this Act) and certain discretionary forms of relief are no longer available to the alien pursuant to such section.”

Notes of Decisions

Cited in 278 cases (68 in the last 5 years), 1991–2026 · leading case: Crista Ramos v. Chad Wolf, 975 F.3d 872 (9th Cir. 2020).

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Crista Ramos v. Chad Wolf, 975 F.3d 872 (9th Cir. 2020). · cites it 24× “These efforts eventually culminated in the 1990 enactment of the TPS statute, now codified in section 244 of the Immigration and Nationality Act, or 8 U.S.C. § 1254a. RAMOS V. WOLF 13 The TPS statute authorizes the Secretary of Homeland Security 1 to designate foreign countries…”

Saget v. Trump, 375 F. Supp. 3d 280 (E.D.N.Y 2019). · cites it 26× “8 U.S.C. § 1254a(a)(2) ; id="p298" href="#p298" data-label="298" data-citation-index="1" class="page-label" *298 id.”

De Leon-Ochoa v. Attorney Gen. of the United States, 622 F.3d 341 (3rd Cir. 2010). · cites it 18× “” 1 8 U.S.C. § 1254a. On appeal, Petitioners contend that they fulfill the statutory requirement of “continuous residence,” 8 U.”

United States v. Orellana, 405 F.3d 360 (5th Cir. 2005). · cites it 17× “In response to this disaster, the United States Attorney General exercised his authority under 8 U.S.C. § 1254a (“section 1254a”) and designated El Salvador for protected status.”

United States v. Flores, 404 F.3d 320 (5th Cir. 2005). · cites it 16× “In March 2001, the Attorney General designated El Salvador as a country whose citizens may be eligible for “temporary protected status” (“TPS”) under 8 U.S.C. § 1254a. 1 In May 2001, Flores surfaced and applied for TPS.”

Jose Hernandez v. Merrick Garland, 47 F.4th 908 (9th Cir. 2022). · cites it 7× “at 1812 ; 8 U.S.C. § 1254a(b). The Government may designate a country for protection if the country suffers from dangerous conditions arising from armed conflicts or natural disasters.”

Jesus Ramirez v. Linda Dougherty, 852 F.3d 954 (9th Cir. 2017). · cites it 9× “11 (d)(6), with 8 U.S.C. § 1254a(a)(3)(A); 8 C.F.R. §§ 244.”

Cervantes v. Holder, 597 F.3d 229 (4th Cir. 2010). · cites it 16× “KING, Circuit Judge: Petitioners Jorge Ramos Cervantes, Paola Ramos Cervantes, and Daniel Ramos Cervantes, who are siblings, seek appellate review of a final order of the Board of Immigration Appeals (the "BIA"), which rejected their attempt to forestall removal from the United…”

Ramos v. Nielsen, 321 F. Supp. 3d 1083 (N.D. Cal. 2018). · cites it 14× “Although the judicial review provision in that proposed legislation is similar to the language ultimately included in the general TPS statute passed and codified at 8 U.S.C § 1254a, the latter was part of the Immigration Act of 1990, Pub.”

Leymis Velasquez v. William P. Barr, 979 F.3d 572 (8th Cir. 2020). · cites it 15× “Background These cases concern two provisions of the Immigration and Nationality Act (INA): the designation of TPS under 8 U.S.C. § 1254a, and the adjustment of status to LPR under 8 U.”

Centro Presente v. U.S. Dep't of Homeland Sec., 332 F. Supp. 3d 393 (D.D.C. 2018). · cites it 9× “8 U.S.C. § 1254a(a)(1). 1 While an individual has TPS, the Secretary may not remove the individual from the United States and must authorize the individual to engage in employment in the United States.”

Medina v. Beers, 65 F. Supp. 3d 419 (E.D. Pa. 2014). · cites it 14× “8 U.S.C. § 1254a. While Congress has not, to date, enacted any special legislation or expressed any intention to make all such Honduran TPS beneficiaries eligible for lawful permanent resident adjustment under § 1255, that inaction is irrelevant to the question at issue here.”

Show all 278 citing cases →

— 8 U.S.C. § 1254a(1) — 2 cases

Andrianova v. Indiana Fam. & Soc. Servs. Admin., 799 N.E.2d 5 (Ind. Ct. App. 2003).

Osman v. Schmidt (E.D. Wis. 2025).

— 8 U.S.C. § 1254a(5)(B) — 1 case

Jean Serge Joseph v. U.S. Attorney Gen., 385 F. App'x 903 (11th Cir. 2010).

— 8 U.S.C. § 1254a(a) — 8 cases

United States v. Flores, 404 F.3d 320 (5th Cir. 2005). “In March 2001, the Attorney General designated El Salvador as a country whose citizens may be eligible for “temporary protected status” (“TPS”) under 8 U.S.C. § 1254a. 1 In May 2001, Flores surfaced and applied for TPS.”

German Najera v. United States, 926 F.3d 140 (5th Cir. 2019).

Juana Hernandez v. Eric Holder, Jr., 457 F. App'x 487 (6th Cir. 2012).

Maria Chavez v. Eric Holder, Jr., 587 F. App'x 43 (4th Cir. 2014).

Duarte-luna & Luna, 26 I. & N. Dec. 325 (BIA 2014).

— 8 U.S.C. § 1254a(a)(1) — 24 cases

Jama v. Immigr. & Customs Enf't, 543 U.S. 335 (2005).

Quintanilla v. Garland, 3 F.4th 569 (2d Cir. 2021).

Victor Angeles Zamorano v. Merrick Garland, 2 F.4th 1213 (9th Cir. 2021).

Crista Ramos v. Chad Wolf, 975 F.3d 872 (9th Cir. 2020). “These efforts eventually culminated in the 1990 enactment of the TPS statute, now codified in section 244 of the Immigration and Nationality Act, or 8 U.S.C. § 1254a. RAMOS V. WOLF 13 The TPS statute authorizes the Secretary of Homeland Security 1 to designate foreign countries…”

Ex parte Aguilar, 537 S.W.3d 122 (Tex. Crim. App. 2017).

— 8 U.S.C. § 1254a(a)(1)(A) — 23 cases

CASA De Md., Inc. v. Trump, 355 F. Supp. 3d 307 (D. Maryland 2018).

H-g-g, 27 I. & N. Dec. 617 (BIA 2019).

United States v. State of Iowa, 126 F.4th 1334 (8th Cir. 2025).

United States v. Jose Guzman-Velasquez, 919 F.3d 841 (4th Cir. 2019).

El Badrawi v. United States, 787 F. Supp. 2d 204 (D. Conn. 2011).

— 8 U.S.C. § 1254a(a)(1)(B) — 2 cases

El Badrawi v. United States, 787 F. Supp. 2d 204 (D. Conn. 2011).

H.f.s.r (N.D. Ga. 2026).

— 8 U.S.C. § 1254a(a)(2) — 1 case

Saget v. Trump, 375 F. Supp. 3d 280 (E.D.N.Y 2019). “8 U.S.C. § 1254a(a)(2) ; id="p298" href="#p298" data-label="298" data-citation-index="1" class="page-label" *298 id.”

— 8 U.S.C. § 1254a(a)(3)(A) — 2 cases

Jesus Ramirez v. Linda Dougherty, 852 F.3d 954 (9th Cir. 2017). “11 (d)(6), with 8 U.S.C. § 1254a(a)(3)(A); 8 C.F.R. §§ 244.”

United States v. Orellana, 405 F.3d 360 (5th Cir. 2005). “In response to this disaster, the United States Attorney General exercised his authority under 8 U.S.C. § 1254a (“section 1254a”) and designated El Salvador for protected status.”

— 8 U.S.C. § 1254a(a)(3)(B) — 1 case

Jose Filadelfo Iraheta v. Eric Holder, Jr., 503 F. App'x 362 (6th Cir. 2012).

— 8 U.S.C. § 1254a(a)(4) — 4 cases

Osman v. Schmidt (E.D. Wis. 2025).

Sheikh-Elmi v. Nw. ICE Processing Ctr. (W.D. Wash. 2025).

Giles (E.D. Cal. 2025).

— 8 U.S.C. § 1254a(a)(4)(A) — 1 case

J.G.J. (M.D. Penn. 2026).

— 8 U.S.C. § 1254a(a)(4)(B) — 4 cases

Mansor v. United States Citizenship & Immigr. Servs. (W.D. Wash. 2023).

Giles (E.D. Cal. 2025).

J.G.J. (M.D. Penn. 2026).

— 8 U.S.C. § 1254a(a)(5) — 6 cases

H-g-g, 27 I. & N. Dec. 617 (BIA 2019).

Elden Guerrero v. Kirstjen Nielsen, Sec'y, et (5th Cir. 2018).

Koonwaiyou v. Blinken (W.D. Wash. 2022).

Bautista-perez v. Holder, 745 F. Supp. 2d 948 (N.D. Cal. 2010).

— 8 U.S.C. § 1254a(a)(l) — 15 cases

Jesus Ramirez v. Linda Dougherty, 852 F.3d 954 (9th Cir. 2017). “11 (d)(6), with 8 U.S.C. § 1254a(a)(3)(A); 8 C.F.R. §§ 244.”

Bonilla v. Johnson, 149 F. Supp. 3d 1135 (D. Minnesota 2016).

Serrano v. U.S. Attorney Gen., 655 F.3d 1260 (11th Cir. 2011).

— 8 U.S.C. § 1254a(a)(l)(A) — 11 cases

Jesus Ramirez v. Linda Dougherty, 852 F.3d 954 (9th Cir. 2017). “11 (d)(6), with 8 U.S.C. § 1254a(a)(3)(A); 8 C.F.R. §§ 244.”

Ruiz-Martinez v. Mukasey, 516 F.3d 102 (2d Cir. 2008).

Saliba v. Attorney Gen. of the United States, 828 F.3d 182 (3rd Cir. 2016).

— 8 U.S.C. § 1254a(a)(l)(B) — 3 cases

Bautista-perez v. Holder, 681 F. Supp. 2d 1083 (N.D. Cal. 2009).

Marquez v. Attorney Gen. of the United States, 490 F. App'x 481 (3rd Cir. 2012).

— 8 U.S.C. § 1254a(b) — 25 cases

Jose Hernandez v. Merrick Garland, 47 F.4th 908 (9th Cir. 2022). “at 1812 ; 8 U.S.C. § 1254a(b). The Government may designate a country for protection if the country suffers from dangerous conditions arising from armed conflicts or natural disasters.”

Arjun Dhakal v. Jefferson Sessions III, 895 F.3d 532 (7th Cir. 2018).

Saget v. Trump, 375 F. Supp. 3d 280 (E.D.N.Y 2019). “8 U.S.C. § 1254a(a)(2) ; id="p298" href="#p298" data-label="298" data-citation-index="1" class="page-label" *298 id.”

Jesus Ramirez v. Linda Dougherty, 852 F.3d 954 (9th Cir. 2017). “11 (d)(6), with 8 U.S.C. § 1254a(a)(3)(A); 8 C.F.R. §§ 244.”

— 8 U.S.C. § 1254a(b)(1) — 20 cases

De Leon-Ochoa v. Attorney Gen. of the United States, 622 F.3d 341 (3rd Cir. 2010). “” 1 8 U.S.C. § 1254a. On appeal, Petitioners contend that they fulfill the statutory requirement of “continuous residence,” 8 U.”

Saget v. Trump, 375 F. Supp. 3d 280 (E.D.N.Y 2019). “8 U.S.C. § 1254a(a)(2) ; id="p298" href="#p298" data-label="298" data-citation-index="1" class="page-label" *298 id.”

United States v. Israel Ramos-Cruz, 667 F.3d 487 (4th Cir. 2012).

Ex parte Aguilar, 537 S.W.3d 122 (Tex. Crim. App. 2017).

— 8 U.S.C. § 1254a(b)(1)(A) — 6 cases

Ramos v. Nielsen, 321 F. Supp. 3d 1083 (N.D. Cal. 2018). “Although the judicial review provision in that proposed legislation is similar to the language ultimately included in the general TPS statute passed and codified at 8 U.S.C § 1254a, the latter was part of the Immigration Act of 1990, Pub.”

Leymis Velasquez v. William P. Barr, 979 F.3d 572 (8th Cir. 2020). “Background These cases concern two provisions of the Immigration and Nationality Act (INA): the designation of TPS under 8 U.S.C. § 1254a, and the adjustment of status to LPR under 8 U.”

Leymis V. v. Whitaker, 355 F. Supp. 3d 779 (D. Me. 2018).

S.A. v. Trump, 363 F. Supp. 3d 1048 (N.D. Cal. 2018).

Abraham Brima Bah v. Alberto Gonzales (8th Cir. 2006).

— 8 U.S.C. § 1254a(b)(1)(B) — 2 cases

Centro Presente v. U.S. Dep't of Homeland Sec., 332 F. Supp. 3d 393 (D.D.C. 2018). “8 U.S.C. § 1254a(a)(1). 1 While an individual has TPS, the Secretary may not remove the individual from the United States and must authorize the individual to engage in employment in the United States.”

Centro Presente v. Biden (D. Mass. 2018).

— 8 U.S.C. § 1254a(b)(1)(B)(i) — 3 cases

Nat'l Ass'n v. Dep't of Homeland Sec., 364 F. Supp. 3d 568 (D. Maryland 2019).

Ernesto Alonso Mejia Rodriguez v. U.S. Dept. (11th Cir. 2011).

— 8 U.S.C. § 1254a(b)(1)(C) — 17 cases

Saget v. Trump, 375 F. Supp. 3d 280 (E.D.N.Y 2019). “8 U.S.C. § 1254a(a)(2) ; id="p298" href="#p298" data-label="298" data-citation-index="1" class="page-label" *298 id.”

Centro Presente v. Biden (D. Mass. 2018).

CASA, Inc. v. Noem (D. Maryland 2025).

Nat'l Tps All. v. Noem (9th Cir. 2025).

— 8 U.S.C. § 1254a(b)(2) — 8 cases

Saget v. Trump, 375 F. Supp. 3d 280 (E.D.N.Y 2019). “8 U.S.C. § 1254a(a)(2) ; id="p298" href="#p298" data-label="298" data-citation-index="1" class="page-label" *298 id.”

Cervantes v. Holder, 597 F.3d 229 (4th Cir. 2010). “KING, Circuit Judge: Petitioners Jorge Ramos Cervantes, Paola Ramos Cervantes, and Daniel Ramos Cervantes, who are siblings, seek appellate review of a final order of the Board of Immigration Appeals (the "BIA"), which rejected their attempt to forestall removal from the United…”

Garcia v. Angulo, 644 A.2d 498 (Md. 1994).

Nat'l Tps All. v. Noem (9th Cir. 2025).

— 8 U.S.C. § 1254a(b)(2)(A) — 1 case

— 8 U.S.C. § 1254a(b)(2)(B) — 1 case

Nat'l Tps All. v. Noem (9th Cir. 2025).

— 8 U.S.C. § 1254a(b)(3) — 6 cases

Nat'l Ass'n v. Dep't of Homeland Sec., 364 F. Supp. 3d 568 (D. Maryland 2019).

Jose Callejas v. Eric Holder, Jr., 534 F. App'x 386 (6th Cir. 2013).

Ramos v. Nielsen (N.D. Cal. 2023).

Noem (D. Maryland 2025).

— 8 U.S.C. § 1254a(b)(3)(A) — 7 cases

Saget v. Trump, 375 F. Supp. 3d 280 (E.D.N.Y 2019). “8 U.S.C. § 1254a(a)(2) ; id="p298" href="#p298" data-label="298" data-citation-index="1" class="page-label" *298 id.”

Lesly Miot v. Trump (D.D.C. 2026).

CASA, Inc. v. Noem (D. Maryland 2025).

Lesly Miot v. Trump (D.D.C. 2026).

— 8 U.S.C. § 1254a(b)(3)(B) — 6 cases

Saget v. Trump, 375 F. Supp. 3d 280 (E.D.N.Y 2019). “8 U.S.C. § 1254a(a)(2) ; id="p298" href="#p298" data-label="298" data-citation-index="1" class="page-label" *298 id.”

Saliba v. Attorney Gen. of the United States, 828 F.3d 182 (3rd Cir. 2016).

Nat'l Tps All. v. Noem (9th Cir. 2025).

CASA, Inc. v. Noem (D. Maryland 2025).

— 8 U.S.C. § 1254a(b)(3)(C) — 5 cases

CASA, Inc. v. Noem (D. Maryland 2025).

Centro Presente v. Biden (D. Mass. 2018).

Documented v. Dep't of Homeland Sec. (D.D.C. 2024).

Bautista-perez v. Holder, 745 F. Supp. 2d 948 (N.D. Cal. 2010).

— 8 U.S.C. § 1254a(b)(5) — 3 cases

Arjun Dhakal v. Jefferson Sessions III, 895 F.3d 532 (7th Cir. 2018).

Arjun Dhakal v. Jefferson Sessions III (7th Cir. 2018).

Lesly Miot v. Trump (D.D.C. 2026).

— 8 U.S.C. § 1254a(b)(5)(A) — 21 cases

Saget v. Trump, 375 F. Supp. 3d 280 (E.D.N.Y 2019). “8 U.S.C. § 1254a(a)(2) ; id="p298" href="#p298" data-label="298" data-citation-index="1" class="page-label" *298 id.”

Nat'l Ass'n v. Dep't of Homeland Sec., 364 F. Supp. 3d 568 (D. Maryland 2019).

— 8 U.S.C. § 1254a(b)(5)(B) — 12 cases

Saget v. Trump, 375 F. Supp. 3d 280 (E.D.N.Y 2019). “8 U.S.C. § 1254a(a)(2) ; id="p298" href="#p298" data-label="298" data-citation-index="1" class="page-label" *298 id.”

Lopez-aldana, 25 I. & N. Dec. 49 (BIA 2009).

Barrientos, 24 I. & N. Dec. 100 (BIA 2007).

A-s-j, 25 I. & N. Dec. 893 (BIA 2012).

— 8 U.S.C. § 1254a(b)(l) — 9 cases

Franika Flores v. U.S. Citizenship & Immigr. Servs., 718 F.3d 548 (6th Cir. 2013).

United States v. Israel Ramos-Cruz, 667 F.3d 487 (4th Cir. 2012).

Tihomir Milosevic v. Immigr. & Naturalization Serv., 18 F.3d 366 (7th Cir. 1994).

Medina v. Beers, 65 F. Supp. 3d 419 (E.D. Pa. 2014). “8 U.S.C. § 1254a. While Congress has not, to date, enacted any special legislation or expressed any intention to make all such Honduran TPS beneficiaries eligible for lawful permanent resident adjustment under § 1255, that inaction is irrelevant to the question at issue here.”

Guerrero v. Johnson, 138 F. Supp. 3d 754 (E.D. La. 2015).

— 8 U.S.C. § 1254a(b)(l)(A) — 5 cases

Saliba v. Attorney Gen. of the United States, 828 F.3d 182 (3rd Cir. 2016).

Agwu Okpa, A/K/A Okpa Agwu Okpa v. U.S. Immigr. & Naturalization Serv., 266 F.3d 313 (4th Cir. 2001).

Cooke v. Mukasey, 538 F.3d 899 (8th Cir. 2008).

Abraham Brima Bah v. Alberto Gonzales, Attorney Gen. of the United States, 448 F.3d 1019 (8th Cir. 2006).

— 8 U.S.C. § 1254a(b)(l)(B) — 1 case

Ann Dominguez v. Attorney Gen. United States, 643 F. App'x 175 (3rd Cir. 2016).

— 8 U.S.C. § 1254a(b)(l)(B)(i) — 4 cases

Saget v. Trump, 375 F. Supp. 3d 280 (E.D.N.Y 2019). “8 U.S.C. § 1254a(a)(2) ; id="p298" href="#p298" data-label="298" data-citation-index="1" class="page-label" *298 id.”

Mejia Rodriguez v. U.S. Dep't of Homeland Sec., 562 F.3d 1137 (11th Cir. 2009).

Mejia Rodriguez v. U.S. Dep't of Homeland Sec., U.S., 629 F.3d 1223 (11th Cir. 2011).

William Antonio Alas-Murcia v. U.S. Attorney Gen., 589 F. App'x 441 (11th Cir. 2014).

— 8 U.S.C. § 1254a(c) — 11 cases

Ruiz-Martinez v. Mukasey, 516 F.3d 102 (2d Cir. 2008).

Ex parte Aguilar, 537 S.W.3d 122 (Tex. Crim. App. 2017).

Amina Bouarfa v. Sec'y, Dep't of Homeland Sec., 75 F.4th 1157 (11th Cir. 2023).

Merleni Martinez-Martinez v. Jefferson Sessions, III (6th Cir. 2018).

— 8 U.S.C. § 1254a(c)(1) — 1 case

H-g-g, 27 I. & N. Dec. 617 (BIA 2019).

— 8 U.S.C. § 1254a(c)(1)(A) — 8 cases

Saget v. Trump, 375 F. Supp. 3d 280 (E.D.N.Y 2019). “8 U.S.C. § 1254a(a)(2) ; id="p298" href="#p298" data-label="298" data-citation-index="1" class="page-label" *298 id.”

United States v. Israel Ramos-Cruz, 667 F.3d 487 (4th Cir. 2012).

Ex parte Aguilar, 537 S.W.3d 122 (Tex. Crim. App. 2017).

Tobar v. Garland, 65 F.4th 195 (5th Cir. 2023).

— 8 U.S.C. § 1254a(c)(1)(A)(i) — 7 cases

Saget v. Trump, 345 F. Supp. 3d 287 (E.D.N.Y 2018).

— 8 U.S.C. § 1254a(c)(1)(A)(ii) — 1 case

— 8 U.S.C. § 1254a(c)(1)(A)(iii) — 2 cases

— 8 U.S.C. § 1254a(c)(1)(A)(iv) — 1 case

Francisco Lopez Aldana v. Eric Holder, Jr., 499 F. App'x 322 (4th Cir. 2012).

— 8 U.S.C. § 1254a(c)(2) — 8 cases

Delgado v. Holder, 563 F.3d 863 (9th Cir. 2009).

Luis Castillo-Enriquez v. Eric Holder, Jr., 690 F.3d 667 (5th Cir. 2012).

L. D. G. v. Eric Holder, Jr., 744 F.3d 1022 (7th Cir. 2014).

Delgado v. Mukasey, 546 F.3d 1017 (9th Cir. 2008).

Jose Sanchez v. Sec'y United States Depart, 967 F.3d 242 (3rd Cir. 2020).

— 8 U.S.C. § 1254a(c)(2)(A) — 4 cases

Bautista-perez v. Holder, 681 F. Supp. 2d 1083 (N.D. Cal. 2009).

Ramirez v. Dougherty, 23 F. Supp. 3d 1322 (W.D. Wash. 2014).

Del Cid-Nolasco v. Holder, 388 F. App'x 18 (2d Cir. 2010).

Jose Rodriguez-Soriano v. Jefferson Sessions, 703 F. App'x 591 (9th Cir. 2017).

— 8 U.S.C. § 1254a(c)(2)(A)(ii) — 2 cases

— 8 U.S.C. § 1254a(c)(2)(A)(iii) — 4 cases

Jesus Ramirez v. Linda Dougherty, 852 F.3d 954 (9th Cir. 2017). “11 (d)(6), with 8 U.S.C. § 1254a(a)(3)(A); 8 C.F.R. §§ 244.”

Rene Flores Esquivel v. Loretta Lynch, 803 F.3d 699 (5th Cir. 2015).

Moncada, 24 I. & N. Dec. 62 (BIA 2007).

Ordonez-Aguilar v. Mukasey, 293 F. App'x 516 (9th Cir. 2008).

— 8 U.S.C. § 1254a(c)(2)(B) — 12 cases

Saget v. Trump, 375 F. Supp. 3d 280 (E.D.N.Y 2019). “8 U.S.C. § 1254a(a)(2) ; id="p298" href="#p298" data-label="298" data-citation-index="1" class="page-label" *298 id.”

Arjun Dhakal v. Jefferson Sessions III, 895 F.3d 532 (7th Cir. 2018).

Nat'l Tps All. v. Noem (9th Cir. 2025).

Lucio Gomez Alvarenga v. Jefferson Sessions, 691 F. App'x 415 (9th Cir. 2017).

— 8 U.S.C. § 1254a(c)(2)(B)(i) — 27 cases

Pablo Rubio v. Jefferson Sessions, III, 891 F.3d 344 (8th Cir. 2018).

Mejia Rodriguez v. U.S. Dep't of Homeland Sec., 562 F.3d 1137 (11th Cir. 2009).

Bah v. Cangemi, 548 F.3d 680 (8th Cir. 2008).

Ex parte Alfaro, 378 S.W.3d 677 (Tex. App. 2012).

In re the Pers. Restraint of Orantes, 391 P.3d 539 (Wash. Ct. App. 2017).

— 8 U.S.C. § 1254a(c)(2)(B)(ii) — 3 cases

Negusie (BIA 2020).

Gudino v. Lowe (M.D. Penn. 2025).

Gudino (M.D. Penn. 2026).

— 8 U.S.C. § 1254a(c)(3)(A) — 3 cases

Ex parte Aguilar, 537 S.W.3d 122 (Tex. Crim. App. 2017).

Misael Garcis v. U.S. Attorney Gen., 494 F. App'x 29 (11th Cir. 2012).

— 8 U.S.C. § 1254a(c)(3)(C) — 3 cases

Jesus Ramirez v. Linda Dougherty, 852 F.3d 954 (9th Cir. 2017). “11 (d)(6), with 8 U.S.C. § 1254a(a)(3)(A); 8 C.F.R. §§ 244.”

Pablo Rubio v. Jefferson Sessions, III, 891 F.3d 344 (8th Cir. 2018).

Bautista-perez v. Holder, 745 F. Supp. 2d 948 (N.D. Cal. 2010).

— 8 U.S.C. § 1254a(c)(4) — 2 cases

Delfino Vasquez-Lopez v. John Ashcroft, Attorney Gen., 343 F.3d 961 (9th Cir. 2003).

— 8 U.S.C. § 1254a(c)(4)(A) — 1 case

Shul-Navarro v. Holder, 762 F.3d 146 (1st Cir. 2014).

— 8 U.S.C. § 1254a(c)(4)(B) — 1 case

Machado Sigaran v. Barr, 970 F.3d 1 (1st Cir. 2020).

— 8 U.S.C. § 1254a(c)(5) — 3 cases

William Antonio Alas-Murcia v. U.S. Attorney Gen., 589 F. App'x 441 (11th Cir. 2014).

Celaya-Martinez v. Holder, 493 F. App'x 934 (10th Cir. 2012).

— 8 U.S.C. § 1254a(c)(l)(A) — 9 cases

United States v. Israel Ramos-Cruz, 667 F.3d 487 (4th Cir. 2012).

Enrique Antonio GALO-GARCIA, Petitioner, v. Immigr. & NATURALIZATION Serv., Respondent, 86 F.3d 916 (9th Cir. 1996).

William Antonio Alas-Murcia v. U.S. Attorney Gen., 589 F. App'x 441 (11th Cir. 2014).

Jose Callejas v. Eric Holder, Jr., 534 F. App'x 386 (6th Cir. 2013).

— 8 U.S.C. § 1254a(c)(l)(A)(i) — 5 cases

William Antonio Alas-Murcia v. U.S. Attorney Gen., 589 F. App'x 441 (11th Cir. 2014).

Thania Oddeth Villegas Menjivar v. U.S. Atty. Gen., 358 F. App'x 105 (11th Cir. 2009).

Cruz-Vargas v. Holder, 387 F. App'x 690 (9th Cir. 2010).

— 8 U.S.C. § 1254a(c)(l)(A)(ii) — 2 cases

Bautista-perez v. Holder, 681 F. Supp. 2d 1083 (N.D. Cal. 2009).

— 8 U.S.C. § 1254a(c)(l)(A)(iii) — 1 case

Fajardo-Alvarado v. Mukasey, 285 F. App'x 388 (9th Cir. 2008).

— 8 U.S.C. § 1254a(c)(l)(A)(iv) — 3 cases

William Antonio Alas-Murcia v. U.S. Attorney Gen., 589 F. App'x 441 (11th Cir. 2014).

Karina Quintanilla Romero v. Eric Holder, Jr., 490 F. App'x 538 (4th Cir. 2012).

Bautista-perez v. Holder, 745 F. Supp. 2d 948 (N.D. Cal. 2010).

— 8 U.S.C. § 1254a(c)(l)(B) — 2 cases

Bautista-perez v. Holder, 681 F. Supp. 2d 1083 (N.D. Cal. 2009).

Bautista-perez v. Holder, 745 F. Supp. 2d 948 (N.D. Cal. 2010).

— 8 U.S.C. § 1254a(c)(l)(b) — 1 case

Bautista-perez v. Holder, 681 F. Supp. 2d 1083 (N.D. Cal. 2009).

— 8 U.S.C. § 1254a(d)(3) — 1 case

Nat'l Tps All. v. Noem (9th Cir. 2025).

— 8 U.S.C. § 1254a(d)(4) — 17 cases

Gudino v. Lowe (M.D. Penn. 2025).

Gudino (M.D. Penn. 2026).

J.G.J. (M.D. Penn. 2026).

Giles (E.D. Cal. 2025).

— 8 U.S.C. § 1254a(e) — 6 cases

Maria Chavez v. Eric Holder, Jr., 587 F. App'x 43 (4th Cir. 2014).

Montano v. Attorney Gen. of the United States, 350 F. App'x 643 (3rd Cir. 2009).

J.G.J. (M.D. Penn. 2026).

— 8 U.S.C. § 1254a(e)(2)(B) — 1 case

Del Cid-Nolasco v. Holder, 388 F. App'x 18 (2d Cir. 2010).

— 8 U.S.C. § 1254a(e)(l)(A)(ii) — 1 case

— 8 U.S.C. § 1254a(e)(l)(A)(iii) — 1 case

Jesus Ramirez v. Linda Dougherty, 852 F.3d 954 (9th Cir. 2017). “11 (d)(6), with 8 U.S.C. § 1254a(a)(3)(A); 8 C.F.R. §§ 244.”

— 8 U.S.C. § 1254a(f) — 10 cases

Oscar Melendez v. Kevin McAleenan, Acting Secy, et, 928 F.3d 425 (5th Cir. 2019).

United States v. Ochoa-Colchado, 521 F.3d 1292 (10th Cir. 2008).

— 8 U.S.C. § 1254a(f)(1) — 3 cases

Miguel Duron v. Dist. Dir. Linda Swacina (11th Cir. 2018).

Fuanya v. United States (D. Colo. 2022).

JUAREZ COYOY v. United States (D.N.J. 2021).

— 8 U.S.C. § 1254a(f)(3) — 9 cases

Rodriguez Solorzano v. Pekoske, 987 F.3d 392 (5th Cir. 2021).

Mancia v. Wolf (N.D. Ga. 2021).

Pierre Boucicaut v. Mayorkas (D. Mass. 2021).

— 8 U.S.C. § 1254a(f)(4) — 32 cases

Melgar v. Barr, 379 F. Supp. 3d 783 (D. Me. 2019).

Bonilla v. Johnson, 149 F. Supp. 3d 1135 (D. Minnesota 2016).

— 8 U.S.C. § 1254a(f)(l) — 4 cases

Erazo-Artica v. Ashcroft, 81 F. App'x 161 (9th Cir. 2003).

— 8 U.S.C. § 1254a(g) — 2 cases

Fed'n for Am. Immigr. Reform, Inc. v. Janet Reno, Attorney Gen. of the United States, 93 F.3d 897 (D.C. Cir. 1996).

Fed'n for Am. Immigr. Reform, Inc. v. Reno, 897 F. Supp. 595 (D.D.C. 1995).

— 8 U.S.C. § 1254a(h) — 2 cases

Garcia v. Angulo, 644 A.2d 498 (Md. 1994).

— 8 U.S.C. § 1254a(h)(2) — 1 case

Jose Sanchez v. Sec'y United States Depart, 967 F.3d 242 (3rd Cir. 2020).

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