United States v. Ramon Jorge Laguardia & Marina Hidalgo Gato, 774 F.2d 317 (8th Cir. 1985). · Go Syfert
United States v. Ramon Jorge Laguardia & Marina Hidalgo Gato, 774 F.2d 317 (8th Cir. 1985). Cases Citing This Book View Copy Cite
242 citation events (32 in the last 25 years) across 22 distinct courts.
Strongest positive: United States v. Ann Ellefson (ca8, 2005-08-23)
Treatment trajectory · 1985 → 2026 · click a year to view as-of
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Top citers, strongest first. 50 distinct citers. How cited ↗
discussed Cited as authority (verbatim quote) United States v. Ann Ellefson
8th Cir. · 2005 · quote attribution · 1 verbatim quote · confidence high
the presence of equipment to weigh and measure cocaine may be viewed as evidence of intent to distribute.
examined Cited as authority (verbatim quote) Bolden v. United States (2×) also: Cited as authority (rule)
D.C. · 2003 · quote attribution · 1 verbatim quote · confidence high
the jury reasonably could find that as the lessee and an occupant of the apartment, codefendant gato had control of the premises and permitted areas of the home to be used in the concealment of the drugs.
discussed Cited as authority (verbatim quote) United States v. Aureliano Galindo Vasquez (2×) also: Cited as authority (rule)
7th Cir. · 1990 · quote attribution · 1 verbatim quote · confidence high
use" of weapons where they had "undoubted utility in the protection of the valuable drug supply and of the cash on hand
discussed Cited as authority (verbatim quote) United States v. Tanell Rashaad Curry, T/n Tanell R. Curry (2×) also: Cited as authority (rule)
8th Cir. · 1990 · signal: see · quote attribution · 1 verbatim quote · confidence high
large sum of unexplained cash in connection with other evidence of drug trading is probative of the previous occurrence of drug transactions
examined Cited as authority (verbatim quote) The United States of America v. Patricia Poole, A/K/A Patricia Hunter
11th Cir. · 1989 · quote attribution · 1 verbatim quote · confidence high
the presence and availability in light of the evident need demonstrates the use of the firearm to commit the felony. the evidence of the weapons, found in connection with the cocaine and cash, was sufficient to support the submission of the firearms charge to the jury.
discussed Cited as authority (rule) United States v. Jonathan Wright (2×)
8th Cir. · 2014 · confidence medium
Ojeda, 23 F.3d at 1476 (“Intent to distribute may be inferred solely from the possession of large quantities of narcotics.”) (quoting Schubel, 912 F.2d at 956 ); see also, e.g., Brett, 872 F.2d at 1369 ; United States v. LaGuardia, 774 F.2d 317, 320 (8th Cir.1985), abrogated on other grounds by Bailey v. United States, 516 U.S. 137 , 116 S.Ct. 501 , 133 L.Ed.2d 472 (1995).
cited Cited as authority (rule) United States v. Eugene Blaylock
8th Cir. · 2005 · confidence medium
United States v. LaGuardia, 774 F.2d 317, 319 (8th Cir. 1985).
cited Cited as authority (rule) United States v. Eugene Arthur Blaylock
8th Cir. · 2005 · confidence medium
United States v. La-Guardia, 774 F.2d 317, 319 (8th Cir.1985).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) United States v. Ann Victoria Ellefson (2×)
8th Cir. · 2005 · confidence medium
See United States v. Brett, 872 F.2d 1365, 1370 (8th Cir.1989) (holding that intent to distribute “may be inferred solely from the possession of large quantities of drugs”); United States v. LaGuardia, 774 F.2d 317, 319 (8th Cir.1985) (“The presence of equipment to weigh and measure cocaine may be viewed as evidence of intent to distribute.”); United States v. Johnson, 977 F.2d 457, 458 (8th Cir.1992) (“[Ijntent to distribute ‘may be inferred from circumstantial evidence such as a large sum of cash, and a quantity of a controlled substance.’ ”) (quoting United States v. Knox, 8…
discussed Cited as authority (rule) United States v. Rashad Landers (2×)
8th Cir. · 2005 · confidence medium
These circumstances more closely match those found in United States v. LaGuardia, 774 F.2d 317, 319 (8th Cir.1985), in which we said that “the jury reasonably could find that as the lessee and an occupant of the apartment, she had control of the premises and permitted areas of the home to be used in the concealment of the drugs.” In this case, frequent drug transactions took place at the house Jones leased and where she lived.
discussed Cited as authority (rule) United States v. Rashad Landers
8th Cir. · 2005 · confidence medium
These circumstances more closely match those found in United States v. LaGuardia, 774 F.2d 317, 319 (8th Cir. 1985), in which we said that "the jury reasonably could find that as the lessee and an occupant of the apartment, she had control of the premises and permitted areas of the home to be used in the concealment of the drugs." In this case, frequent drug transactions took place at the -7- house Jones leased and where she lived.
discussed Cited as authority (rule) United States v. Norma Hernandez
8th Cir. · 2002 · confidence medium
The government cites United States v. LaGuardia, 774 F.2d 317, 319 (8th Cir.1985), to support its theory that Hernandez aided and abetted Garcia-Melchor by providing the place where the drug proceeds were concealed and where scales and packaging materials were kept.
discussed Cited as authority (rule) United States v. Norma Hernandez
8th Cir. · 2002 · confidence medium
The government cites United States v. LaGuardia, 774 F.2d 317, 319 (8th Cir. 1985), to support its theory that Hernandez aided and abetted Garcia-Melchor by providing the place where the drug proceeds were concealed and where scales and packaging materials were kept.
discussed Cited as authority (rule) United States v. Richard Estrada, Also Known as Taco Estrada, United States of America v. Daniel Greg Dossett (2×)
8th Cir. · 1995 · confidence medium
This Court has repeatedly recognized “the utility of firearms in advancing criminal adventures in narcotics.” United States v. Milham, 590 F.2d 717, 721 (8th Cir.1979); United States v. LaGuardia, 774 F.2d 317, 321 (8th Cir.1985).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) United States v. Cleotha Johnson, Reginald Johnson, Also Known as Fats, Dwight Johnson, S.T. Cross, Jr., and Regina Ramsey
7th Cir. · 1994 · confidence medium
In relevant part, § 924(c)(1) provides that “[w]hoever, during and in relation to any crime of violence or drug trafficking ... uses or carries a firearm, shall, in addition to the punishment provided for such crime of violence or drug trafficking crime, be sentenced to imprisonment for five years.” “This court has found ‘using’ to ‘include[ ] the possession of a firearm which in any manner facilitates the execution of a felony’.” United States v. Wilson, 938 F.2d 785, 791 (7th Cir.1991) (quoting United States v. LaGuardia, 774 F.2d 317, 321 (8th Cir.1985)), cert. denied, — …
discussed Cited as authority (rule) United States v. Brian Grant Harris
8th Cir. · 1994 · confidence medium
In United States v. LaGuardia, 774 F.2d 317, 321 (8th Cir.1985), we affirmed a § 924(c) conviction based upon firearms discovered at the defendant’s residence because “[t]he weapons had undoubted utility in the protection of the valuable [drugs] and of the cash on hand.” We have repeatedly affirmed § 924(c) convictions involving firearms discovered at a drug dealer’s residence.
cited Cited as authority (rule) United States v. John E. Johnson, Also Known as James A. Good
8th Cir. · 1994 · confidence medium
United States v. LaGuardia, 774 F.2d 317, 321 (8th Cir.1985).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) United States v. Mark James Dahlman (2×)
10th Cir. · 1993 · confidence medium
As the Eighth Circuit has pointed out, the "mere presence and ready availability at a house where drugs are dealt" is sufficient to establish use of a firearm under section 924(c) [United States v. LaGuardia, 774 F.2d 317, 319 (8th Cir.1985) ].
discussed Cited as authority (rule) United States v. Alex Derwin Horne, United States of America v. Joseph Jon Franklin
8th Cir. · 1993 · confidence medium
See United States v. Bennett, 956 F.2d 1476 (8th Cir.1992); United States v. LaGuardia, 774 F.2d 317, 321 (8th Cir.1985) (pistol in bedroom, pistol on shelf in closet, rifle in truck of car outside; cash, cocaine and drug-related items discovered elsewhere on premises).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) United States v. Rodney Brock
7th Cir. · 1993 · confidence medium
We disagree. 13 We previously have explained that a firearm is 14 "used" under the statute if its presence "increased the likelihood of success" of the drug offense as a means of protection or intimidation, see [United States v. Rosado, 866 F.2d 967, 970 (7th Cir.), cert. denied, 493 U.S. 837 (1989) ] (quoting United States v. LaGuardia, 774 F.2d 317, 321 (8th Cir.1985)), or if its presence provides the defendant with the "security and confidence needed to undertake such a large cocaine transaction." Id. 15 United States v. Vasquez, 909 F.2d 235, 239 (7th Cir.1990), cert. denied, 111 S.Ct. 282…
discussed Cited as authority (rule) United States v. Douglas Scott Huber, United States of America v. Daniel Thomas Bradshaw, Sr.
8th Cir. · 1993 · confidence medium
See United States v. Edwards, 994 F.2d 417, 421 (8th Cir.1993); United States v. Boykin, 986 F.2d 270, 274 (8th Cir.1993); United States v. Watson, 953 F.2d 406, 409 (8th Cir.1992); United States v. LaGuardia, 774 F.2d 317, 321 (8th Cir.1985).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) United States v. Jesus Jose Ubanda-Hernandez
10th Cir. · 1993 · confidence medium
As the Eighth Circuit has pointed out, the "mere presence and ready availability at a house where drugs are dealt" is sufficient to establish use of a firearm under section 924(c). [ United States v. LaGuardia, 774 F.2d 317, 319 (8th Cir.1985) ].
cited Cited as authority (rule) United States v. Lonnie Gene Weston
8th Cir. · 1993 · confidence medium
United States v. Paul, 810 F.2d 774, 775 (8th Cir.1987); United States v. La Guardia, 774 F.2d 317, 319 (8th Cir.1985).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) United States v. Terrell Sherwood Coleman (2×)
6th Cir. · 1993 · confidence medium
Thus, section 924(c) " 'reaches the possession of a firearm which in any manner facilitates the execution of a felony.' " Id. at 952 (quoting United States v. LaGuardia, 774 F.2d 317, 321 (8th Cir.1985)).
examined Cited as authority (rule) United States v. William Arthur Jones (6×) also: Cited "see", Cited "see, e.g."
8th Cir. · 1993 · confidence medium
We have held that § 924(c) may reach the possession of a firearm which facilitates the execution of a felony involving drug trafficking, see, e.g., United States v. LaGuardia, 774 F.2d 317, 321 (8th Cir.1985), and we have employed various “armed fortress” analogies to support “use” convictions pursuant to § 924(c).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) United States v. Fred Edwards, Jr., United States of America v. Michael Jones, United States of America v. Herman McGee United States of America v. Judy Mason
8th Cir. · 1993 · confidence medium
Although possession of a firearm alone is not sufficient to prove a violation, § 924(c) "reaches the possession of a firearm which in any manner facilitates the execution of a felony." United States v. LaGuardia, 774 F.2d 317, 321 (8th Cir.1985).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) United States v. Louis Boykin (2×)
8th Cir. · 1993 · confidence medium
The government shows use of a firearm under § 924(c) if they show “presence and availability in light of the evident need.” United States v. LaGuardia, 774 F.2d 317, 321 (8th Cir.1985).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) United States v. Dorothy June McPherson United States of America v. Wayne Gene Benson (2×)
8th Cir. · 1993 · confidence medium
United States v. LaGuardia, 774 F.2d 317, 321 (8th Cir. 1985).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) United States v. Edwards
8th Cir. · 1993 · confidence medium
Although possession of a firearm alone is not sufficient to prove a violation, § 924(c) “reaches the possession of a firearm which in any manner facilitates the execution of a felony.” United States v. LaGuardia, 774 F.2d 317, 321 (8th Cir.1985).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) United States v. Edward Ricks
6th Cir. · 1993 · confidence medium
Compare United States v. Manafzadeh, 592 F.2d 81, 87 (2d Cir.1979) (where defendant contended he was not involved in the crime at all and offered to stipulate to the intent element if the jury found he was involved in the crime, evidence of prior similar conduct was not admissible to show intent because intent was not in dispute) with United States v. Chaimson, 760 F.2d 798 (7th Cir.1985) (even though defendant asserted that he lacked knowledge of bribery scheme, evidence of prior bribe payments admissible to prove intent because defendant's particular defense does not eliminate requirement th…
cited Cited as authority (rule) United States v. Daniel A. Nelson
8th Cir. · 1993 · confidence medium
United States v. Paul, 810 F.2d 774, 775 (8th Cir.1987); United States v. La Guardia, 774 F.2d 317, 319 (8th Cir.1985).
cited Cited as authority (rule) United States v. Gregory Jacen Sykes
8th Cir. · 1992 · confidence medium
This court has recognized “the utility of firearms in advancing criminal adventures in narcotics.” United States v. LaGuardia, 774 F.2d 317, 321 (8th Cir.1985).
cited Cited as authority (rule) United States v. John Joseph Larson, Also Known as Jack Joseph Larson
8th Cir. · 1992 · confidence medium
See United States v. Young-Bey, 893 F.2d 178, 181 (8th Cir.1990); United States v. LaGuardia, 774 F.2d 317, 321 (8th Cir.1985).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) United States v. Dorothy Jackson
7th Cir. · 1992 · confidence medium
A gun is "used" if its presence "increased the likelihood of success" of the drug crime as a means of protection or intimidation, or if its presence provides the defendant with the "security and confidence needed to undertake such a large cocaine transaction." United States v. Rosado, 866 F.2d 967, 970 (7th Cir.1989), quoting United States v. LaGuardia, 774 F.2d 317, 321 (8th Cir.1985); see also United States v. Vasquez, 909 F.2d 235, 239 (7th Cir.1990) (firearm locked in car trunk that also contained narcotics).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) United States v. Eddie Keeper
8th Cir. · 1992 · confidence medium
See Knox, 888 F.2d at 588 (intent to distribute may be inferred from quantity of controlled substance and large sum of cash); United States v. La-Guardia, 774 F.2d 317, 320 (8th Cir.1985) (presence of three firearms and scales is evidence of intent to distribute).
cited Cited as authority (rule) United States v. Larson
8th Cir. · 1992 · confidence medium
See United States v. Young-Bey, 893 F.2d 178, 181 (8th Cir.1990); United States v. LaGuardia, 774 F.2d 317, 321 (8th Cir. 1985).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Rich v. State
Md. Ct. Spec. App. · 1992 · confidence medium
E.g., United States v. Brown, 915 F.2d 219, 224 (6th Cir.1990) (defendant’s admission he carried pistol to protect curbside drug sales sufficient to show use); United States v. Duke, 940 F.2d 1113 (8th Cir.1991) (where two guns were found in house where defendant stored and processed drugs, it is enough if availability increased likelihood criminal undertaking would succeed); United States v. LaGuardia, 774 F.2d 317, 321 (8th Cir.1985) (firearms found in same apartment with large amounts of cocaine and cash sufficient to show use); United States v. Lucas, 932 F.2d 1210, 1223 (8th Cir.), cert…
discussed Cited as authority (rule) United States v. Anthony Lon Litsch
8th Cir. · 1992 · confidence medium
"The presence and availability [of the firearm] in light of the evident need demonstrates [sic] the use of the firearm to commit the felony." Matra, 841 F.2d at 842 (quoting United States v. LaGuardia, 774 F.2d 317, 321 (8th Cir. 1985)).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) United States v. Rodney Thompson, AKA Dion Rodney McKenzie AKA Dion Ramond McKenzie
8th Cir. · 1992 · confidence medium
“When reviewing a defendant’s claim of insufficient evidence, we must view the facts in the light most favorable to the government, giving it the benefit of all reasonable inferences that might be drawn from the evidence.” United States v. Starcevic, 956 F.2d 181, 183 (8th Cir.1992). “[A]ll reasonable inferences must be resolved in favor of the jury’s verdict.” United States v. La Guardia, 774 F.2d 317, 319 (8th Cir.1985).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) United States v. Henry Bost A/K/A Scooter
8th Cir. · 1992 · confidence medium
We have acknowledged that weapons are generally considered to be “tools of the narcotics dealer’s trade,” United States v. LaGuardia, 774 F.2d 317, 320 (8th Cir.1985), but we have held that the mere presence of a weapon is not sufficient to justify a sentence enhancement.
cited Cited as authority (rule) United States v. Randy G. Thomas
8th Cir. · 1992 · confidence medium
United States v. Lyman, 892 F.2d 751, 753 (8th Cir.1989) (quoting United States v. LaGuardia, 774 F.2d 317, 321 (8th Cir.1985)), cert. denied, — U.S. -, 111 S.Ct. 45 , 112 L.Ed.2d 21 (1990).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) United States v. Jeffrey D. Lyon
8th Cir. · 1992 · confidence medium
Glasser v. United States, 315 U.S. 60, 80 , 62 S.Ct. 457, 469 , 86 L.Ed. 680 (1942); United States v. LaGuardia, 774 F.2d 317, 319 (8th Cir.1985); United States v. Lee, 743 F.2d 1240, 1250 (8th Cir.1984).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) United States v. Orestes Luciano Abreu (2×)
10th Cir. · 1992 · confidence medium
See United States v. Torres, 901 F.2d 205, 241-46 (2d Cir.) (gun stored under mattress in a room containing drugs could reasonably be considered an integral part of defendant's criminal undertaking since it might have served to protect the cocaine and cash stored in the apartment), cert. denied, --- U.S. ----, 111 S.Ct. 273 , 112 L.Ed.2d 229 (1990); United States v. Alvarado, 882 F.2d 645, 653-54 (2d Cir.1989) (jury could reasonably infer that guns locked in safe were there to protect money and drugs in the event drug deal went sour, thus implicating § 924(c)(1)), cert. denied, 493 U.S. 1071 …
discussed Cited as authority (rule) United States v. Carlas M. Watson (2×) also: Cited "see"
8th Cir. · 1992 · confidence medium
United States v. LaGuardia, 774 F.2d 317, 319 (8th Cir.1985).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) United States v. Johnny Lee Mukes
6th Cir. · 1992 · confidence medium
II 9 "In cases involving firearms found on premises under the control of a drug offense offender, the courts have developed a 'fortress analogy' theory, which holds that if it reasonably appears that the firearms found on the premises controlled or owned by a defendant and in his actual or constructive possession are to be used to protect the drugs or otherwise facilitate a drug transaction, then such firearms are used 'during and in relation to' a drug trafficking crime." United States v. Henry, 878 F.2d 937, 944 (6th Cir.1989), citing United States v. Matra, 841 F.2d 837, 843 (8th Cir.1988),…
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Ajibola J. Edun v. United States of American
7th Cir. · 1991 · confidence medium
For purposes of § 924(c): 19 A gun is "used" under the statute if its presence " 'increased the likelihood of success' " of the drug offense as a means of protection or intimidation, see [United States v.] Rosado, 866 F.2d at 970 (quoting United States v. LaGuardia, 774 F.2d 317, 321 (8th Cir.1985)), or if its presence provides the defendant with the "security and confidence needed to undertake such a large cocaine transaction." Id. 20 Vasquez, 909 F.2d at 239 . 21 In Vasquez, this court upheld a conviction for the use of a firearm in the commission of a narcotics offense where guns were foun…
discussed Cited as authority (rule) United States v. Juan Antonio Contreras
5th Cir. · 1991 · confidence medium
There was overwhelming evidence at trial that Contreras’s pistol was the intended murder weapon and thus was “central to the accomplishment of the contemplated crime.” United States v. LaGuardia, 774 F.2d 317, 321 (8th Cir.1985).
cited Cited as authority (rule) United States v. Michael Duane Knox
8th Cir. · 1991 · confidence medium
See Glosser v. United States, 315 U.S. 60, 80 , 62 S.Ct. 457, 469 , 86 L.Ed. 680 (1942); United States v. LaGuardia, 774 F.2d 317, 319 (8th Cir.1985).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) United States v. Martha Alanis (2×)
8th Cir. · 1991 · confidence medium
Glasser v. United States, 315 U.S. 60, 80 , 62 S.Ct. 457, 469 , 86 L.Ed. 680 (1942); United States v. Lee, 743 F.2d 1240, 1250 (8th Cir.1984); United States v. LaGuardia, 774 F.2d 317, 319 (8th Cir.1985).
examined Cited as authority (rule) United States v. Ralph Chavous Duke, A/K/A Plookie, A/K/A Plukey (3×) also: Cited "see", Cited "see, e.g."
8th Cir. · 1991 · confidence medium
In drug-trafficking crimes, firearms are often used for protection or intimidation; their “presence and availability in light of the evident need demonstrates the use.” United States v. LaGuardia, 774 F.2d 317, 321 (8th Cir.1985).
Retrieving the full opinion text from the archive…
UNITED STATES of America, Appellee,
v.
Ramon Jorge LaGUARDIA and Marina Hidalgo Gato, Appellants
84-5253, 84-5254.
Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit.
Oct 7, 1985.
774 F.2d 317
1985 U.S. App. LEXIS 23461
Philip G. Villaume, St. Paul, Minn., for appellants., Joan Ericksen, Asst. U.S. Atty., Minneapolis, Minn., for appellee.
Lay, Gibson, Phillips.
Cited by 159 opinions  |  Published
JOHN R. GIBSON, Circuit Judge.

Ramon Jorge LaGuardia and Marina Hi-dalgo Gato appeal their conviction of possession of cocaine with the intent to distribute, and aiding and abetting in the possession of cocaine with intent to distribute, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 2 and 21 U.S.C. § 841(a)(1). LaGuardia appeals his conviction of use of a firearm to commit a felony, and aiding and abetting in this offense, in violation of 18 U.S.C. §§ 2 and 924(c)(1). Gato was acquitted of the firearms charges. The defendants argue that the evidence was insufficient to support the charges of which each was convicted. We affirm the judgments of conviction.

The evidence against Gato and LaGuar-dia was discovered during a search of their Minneapolis residence made under the authority of a valid search warrant. When the deputy sheriffs served the warrant, Laguardia tried unsuccessfully to slam the door shut. The deputies entered by force. When the deputies entered, Gato was standing in the living room. The deputies searched the apartment and found weapons, cocaine, and a large amount of cash.

A .22 caliber pistol fully loaded with six hollow point bullets and a large pocket knife were found inside a purse which was on the bed in the bedroom. The purse contained identification bearing Gato’s name, an immigration card, makeup, keys, and a small amount of money. A loaded nine millimeter automatic pistol was found on a shelf in a hallway linen closet among numerous items of clothing. Ammunition for the two weapons was found in an upper shelf in the bedroom closet. A .44 caliber rifle was found inside the trunk of LaGuar-dia’s car parked outside the apartment.

A zip-lock bag containing 17 ounces of cocaine, each ounce packaged separately, was found stuffed in the pant leg of a pair of men’s blue jeans hanging in the bedroom closet. The cocaine was approximately 96 percent pure. Another ounce of cocaine was found inside a brown paper bag in a kitchen drawer next to the sink. This cocaine measured 99 percent pure. A small Deering gram scale coated with cocaine residue was discovered in the kitchen drawer alongside numerous household items and an envelope addressed to Gato. A hand held gram scale and weights were found in[*319] the bedroom nightstand. A vial containing traces of cocaine was observed in the drop basket of the coffee maker. Two water pipes used to smoke cocaine were found on the shelf in the hallway between the kitchen and the bedroom.

Nine stacks of $100 bills totaling $9,800 were found among articles of clothing in the back of a bedroom dresser drawer. The cash was bundled in a single package. In the living room, $180 in cash was found stuffed underneath the dress of a doll resting on top of the stereo.

LaGuardia told the officers that he had found the cocaine. He also stated that Gato had nothing to do with it.

LaGuardia and Gato subsequently were indicted on charges of possession of cocaine with intent to distribute, use of a firearm in commission of the felony, and aiding and abetting each other in the commission of both offenses. Gato was acquitted of the firearms charges. Both were convicted of the remaining charges. These appeals followed.

I.

Both Gato and LaGuardia challenge the sufficiency of the evidence upon which the jury convictions are founded. The standards that govern our review are well established. We evaluate the evidence in its entirety and review it in the light most favorable to the verdict. Glasser v. United States, 315 U.S. 60, 80, 62 S.Ct. 457, 469, 86 L.Ed. 680 (1942); United States v. Lee, 743 F.2d 1240, 1250 (8th Cir.1984). All conflicts in the evidence and all reasonable inferences must be resolved in favor of the jury’s verdict. United States v. Resnick, 745 F.2d 1179, 1185 (8th Cir.1984). The evidence need not exclude every reasonable hypothesis other than guilt; it simply must be sufficient to convince a jury beyond a reasonable doubt that the defendant is guilty. United States v. Cox, 580 F.2d 317, 323 (8th Cir.1978); United States v. Shahane, 517 F.2d 1173, 1177 (8th Cir.), cert. denied, 423 U.S. 893, 96 S.Ct. 191, 46 L.Ed.2d 124 (1975).

Gato and LaGuardia both were convicted of aiding and abetting each other in the possession of cocaine with intent to distribute. The elements of the charge are that the defendant associated himself or herself with the unlawful venture, participated in it as something he or she wished to bring about, and sought by this action to make it succeed. United States v. Sopczak, 742 F.2d 1119, 1122 (8th Cir.1984); United States v. Brim, 630 F.2d 1307, 1311 (8th Cir.1980), cert. denied, 452 U.S. 966, 101 S.Ct. 3121, 69 L.Ed.2d 980 (1981).

The evidence with respect to Gato established that she was the lessee of the apartment in which she lived with LaGuardia and that she was present at the time the search took place. Cocaine was found in the bedroom closet and in two locations in the kitchen among household goods and appliances. Drug paraphernalia used both for consumption and distribution of cocaine, including the scales, were found in the common areas of the bedroom and kitchen. A loaded firearm and a knife were found in Gato’s purse, the contents of which indicated that it currently was being used by her. Almost $10,000 in cash was found in the bedroom dresser drawer hidden among the clothing. Additional money was found hidden inside a doll.

This evidence, viewed in a light most favorable to the government, supports the conviction of Gato. The jury reasonably could find that as the lessee and an occupant of the apartment, she had control of the premises and permitted areas of the home to be used in the concealment of the drugs. See United States v. Lawson, 682 F.2d 1012, 1017 (D.C.Cir.1982). The presence of equipment to weigh and measure cocaine may be viewed as evidence of intent to distribute. United States v. Pugh, 566 F.2d 626, 628 (8th Cir.1977). Similarly, the substantial quantity of cocaine seized in the residence of which Gato had at least joint control was a factor to be considered by the jury on the question of intent to distribute. United States v. Koua Thao, 712 F.2d 369, 371 (8th Cir.1983); United States v. Briscoe, 574 F.2d 406, 409 (8th Cir.1978); Bass v. United States, 326 F.2d 884, 886-87 (8th Cir.), cert. denied, 377[*320] U.S. 905, 84 S.Ct. 1164, 12 L.Ed.2d 176 (1964). The large sum of unexplained cash in connection with other evidence of drug trading is probative of the previous occurrence of drug transactions. United States v. Tramunti, 513 F.2d 1087, 1105 (2d Cir.), cert. denied, 423 U.S. 832, 96 S.Ct. 54, 46 L.Ed.2d 50 (1975). Finally, the firearm and knife concealed in Gato’s purse, as well as the presence in the apartment of other weapons, generally considered tools of the narcotics dealer’s trade, also is evidence of an intent to distribute. United States v. Milham, 590 F.2d 717, 721 (8th Cir.1979).

Gato argues that no evidence was presented that she actually had been seen selling cocaine or using the weapons. The evidence, she asserts, shows no more than a mere proximity to the drugs and a mere association to LaGuardia. She relies on United States v. Ward, 703 F.2d 1058, 1062 (8th Cir.1983), to argue that the evidence is insufficient to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that she aided and abetted LaGuardia in the possession of cocaine with intent to distribute.

In Ward, Lee Ward and Cheryl Rose, who lived together, appealed their convictions arising out of an attempt to grow marijuana on the property of a third party. The court concluded that the evidence against Rose, which included her fingerprints on several of the cups in which the marijuana was being grown, was insufficient to support her conviction. In our case, however, the evidence against Gato is far more substantial. First, the cocaine, weapons, and cash were present in common areas of a residence leased and occupied by Gato. Second, a firearm and knife were discovered in Gato’s purse. Gato’s connection to the crime charged, therefore, is considerably closer than was Rose’s.

Taking the evidence as a whole, we conclude after a careful review of the record that the jury verdict against Gato is supported by sufficient evidence. The district court did not err in denying Gato’s motion for acquittal. [1]

LaGuardia argues that the government failed to prove intent to distribute. He points out that there was no diluting agent in the house as is usually found in connection with cocaine distribution. He accounts for the presence of such large quantities by explaining that he is simply a very heavy user of cocaine.

These arguments are totally unpersuasive. We repeatedly have held that intent to distribute may be inferred solely from the possession of a large quantity of drugs. United States v. Koua Thao, 712 F.2d at 371; United States v. Briscoe, 574 F.2d at 509, Bass v. United States, 326 F.2d at 886-87. Eighteen ounces of cocaine is a most substantial quantity. In addition, the cocaine was virtually pure. Purity level is another factor properly considered with respect to intent to distribute. See United States v. Franklin, 728 F.2d 994, 998-99 (8th Cir.1984). Also, the presence of weighing scales, United States v. Pugh, 556 F.2d at 628, the $10,000 in cash, United States v. Tramunti, 513 F.2d at 1105, and three loaded firearms plus additional ammunition, United States v. Milham, 590 F.2d at 721, constitutes evidence which a jury properly may consider to infer an intent to distribute. See also United States v. Marszalkowski, 669 F.2d 655, 662 (11th Cir.1982).

II.

LaGuardia further argues that the evidence is insufficient to establish his use[*321] of a firearm to commit a felony in a violation of 18 U.S.C. § 924(c)(1). [2] He argues that the testimony went only to the number and locations of the guns. There was no evidence of a drug sale or transaction, he contends. Nor was there any evidence that the weapons were used in such transactions.

Section 924(c)(1) reaches the possession of a firearm which in any manner facilitates the execution of a felony. In United States v. Grant, 545 F.2d 1309 (2d Cir.1976), ce rt. denied, 429 U.S. 1103, 97 S.Ct. 1130, 51 L.Ed.2d 554 (1977), a search of premises which defendant identified as his office and residence uncovered both cocaine and weapons. The court affirmed the conviction under section 924(c)(1), stating: “We hold that the evidence established that [defendant] used the guns as part of a tight security operation to protect large quantities of cocaine and hence to commit the felony of possessing cocaine with intent to distribute.” Id. at 1312. In United States v. Moore, 580 F.2d 360 (9th Cir.), cert. denied, 439 U.S. 970, 99 S.Ct. 463, 58 L.Ed.2d 430 (1978), the defendant, while proceeding toward a bank he had planned to rob, was arrested for attempted bank robbery. A loaded pistol was concealed in the waistband of his trousers. The court upheld the conviction under section 924(c)(1), reasoning that possession of the gun was central to the accomplishment of the contemplated crime. The defendant “used” his gun, the court observed, much the way he used his gloves and ski mask. “These items increased the likelihood of success; without them he probably would not have sallied forth.” Id. at 362. Cf. United States v. Chase, 692 F.2d 69 (8th Cir.1982) (narcotics agents, pursuant to a lawful search, discovered in defendant’s residence over 38 ounces of cocaine and a .38 caliber pistol; defendant was convicted of illegal use of a firearm under section 924(c)(2)).

We have recognized the utility of firearms in advancing criminal adventures in narcotics. United States v. Milham, 590 F.2d at 721. Accord United States v. Wiener, 534 F.2d 15, 18 (2d Cir.1976). Weapons can be used for protection or intimidation and therefore facilitation of illegal transactions. United States v. Mason, 658 F.2d 1263, 1271 (9th Cir.1981). Here, there was found in the apartment $10,000 in cash and 18 ounces of almost pure cocaine. The weapons had undoubted utility in the protection of the valuable supply and of the cash on hand. The presence and availability in light of the evident need demonstrates the use of the firearm to commit the felony. The evidence of the weapons, found in connection with the cocaine and cash, was sufficient to support the submission of the firearms charge to the jury.

We therefore reject appellants’ contentions and affirm the judgment of conviction.

1

. We do not view as problematic the arguable inconsistency of conviction on the charge of possession of cocaine with intent to distribute, supported by possession of a firearm, and acquittal on the charge of use of a firearm to facilitate possession of cocaine with intent to distribute. As Mr. Justice Holmes has stated:

Consistency in the verdict is not necessary. Each count in an indictment is regarded as if it were a separate indictment * * *. That the verdict may have been the result of compromise, or of mistake on the part of the jury, is possible. But verdicts cannot be upset by speculation or inquiry into such matters.

Dunn v. United States, 284 U.S. 390, 393-94, 52 S.Ct. 189, 190-91, 76 L.Ed. 356 (1932) (footnotes omitted). Accord United States v. Powell, — U.S. —, 105 S.Ct. 471, 83 L.Ed.2d 461 (1984); United States v. Smallwood, 443 F.2d 535, 543 (8th Cir.), cert. denied, 404 U.S. 853, 92 S.Ct. 95, 30 L.Ed.2d 93 (1971).

2

. 18 U.S.C. § 924(c)(1) provides:

Whoever—

(1) uses a firearm to commit any felony for which he may be prosecuted in a court of the United States ...
***** Vi

shall, in addition to the punishment provided for the commission of such felony, be sentenced to a term of imprisonment for not less than one year nor more than ten years.