William R. Gooley v. Mobil Oil Corp., 851 F.2d 513 (1st Cir. 1988). · Go Syfert
William R. Gooley v. Mobil Oil Corp., 851 F.2d 513 (1st Cir. 1988). Cases Citing This Book View Copy Cite
Quick Summary

To survive a motion to dismiss, a complaint must set forth factual allegations, either direct or inferential, regarding each material element necessary to sustain recovery under an actionable legal theory.

A plaintiff sued a franchisor for breach of contract and alleged violations of the Petroleum Marketing Practices Act and a state consumer protection statute after a failed property sale. The defendant moved to dismiss for failure to state a claim under Rule 12(b)(6). The court held that while the pleading standard is minimal, a plaintiff must set forth factual allegations, either direct or inferential, regarding each material element necessary to sustain recovery under an actionable legal theory. Because the plaintiff's allegations were merely conclusory and lacked a sufficient factual predicate, the court affirmed the dismissal of the claims.

1,010 citation events (668 in the last 25 years) across 37 distinct courts.
Treatment trajectory · 1989 → 2026 · click a year to view as-of
1989 2007 2026
Cited for
At page 515 Requiring factual allegations for rule 12(b)(6) motions350 citing cases“factual allegations, either direct or inferential, regarding each material element necessary to sustain recovery under some actionable theory.”131 citing courts quote it · 200 listed here
  • Romero-Barcelo v. Hernandez-Agosto, 75 F.3d 23 (1st Cir. 1996).published
    (Modern ________________ notions of 'notice pleading' notwithstanding, a plaintiff . . . is nonetheless required to set forth factual allegations, either direct or inferential, respecting each material element necessary…)
  • Leonforte, No. 1:25-cv-00441 (D. Me. Sept. 25, 2026).
    Like other plaintiffs, “even a pro se plaintiff is required ‘to set forth factual allegations, either direct or inferential, respecting each material element necessary to sustain recovery under some actionable legal theory.’” Adams v. Step…
  • Hernandez-Padilla, No. 3:25-cv-01387 (D.P.R. July 6, 2026).
    Gooley v. Mobil Oil Corp., 851 F.2d 513, 515 (1st Cir. 1988).
  • Hernandez-Padilla, No. 3:25-cv-01387 (D.P.R. May 21, 2026).
    Gooley v. Mobil Oil Corp., 851 F.2d 513, 515 (1st Cir. 1988).
  • Hernandez-Padilla, No. 3:25-cv-01386 (D.P.R. May 5, 2026).
    Gooley v. Mobil Oil Corp., 851 F.2d 513, 515 (1st Cir. 1988).
  • Fortune, No. 1:25-cv-00377 (D.N.H. Apr. 7, 2026).
    Cir. Jun. 23, 1997) (per curiam) (unpublished table decision) (quoting Gooley v. Mobile Oil Corp., 851 F.2d 513, 515 (1st Cir. 1988)).
  • Isla Verde Serv. Station, Inc. v. Puerto Rico Energy, LLC, No. 3:25-cv-01655 (D.P.R. Dec. 10, 2025).
    (upholding dismissal of PMPA claim where allegation that offer made by franchisor “was other than bona fide was merely a subjective characterization, devoid of a minimally sufficient factual predicate.)
  • Perez, No. 3:25-cv-30063 (D. Mass. Nov. 24, 2025).
    Like other plaintiffs, “even a pro se plaintiff is required ‘to set forth factual allegations, either direct or inferential, respecting each material element necessary to sustain recovery under some actionable legal theory.’” Adams v. Step…
  • Brooks, 806 F. Supp. 3d 127 (D. Mass. 2025).published
    Like other plaintiffs, “even a pro se plaintiff is required ‘to set forth factual allegations, either direct or inferential, respecting each material element necessary to sustain recovery under some actionable legal theory.’” Adams v. Step…
  • Brooks, 806 F. Supp. 3d 139 (D. Mass. 2025).published
    Like other plaintiffs, “even a pro se plaintiff is required ‘to set forth factual allegations, either direct or inferential, respecting each material element necessary to sustain recovery under some actionable legal theory.’” Adams v. Step…
Show 190 more citing cases
At page 514 Analyzing requirements for pleading under rule 12(b)(6)393 citing cases“minimal requirements are not tantamount to nonexistent requirements.”17 citing courts quote it · 200 listed here
  • Inhabitants of City of Saco v. Gen. Elec. Co., 779 F. Supp. 186 (D. Me. 1991).published 2 cites
    (the court ‘must accept the well-yleaded factual averments of the latest ... complaint as true and construe these facts in the light most flattering to the [plaintiffs] cause.’)
  • Jorge Correa-Martinez v. Rene Arrillaga-Belendez, 903 F.2d 49 (1st Cir. 1990).published 2 cites
    (court need not conjure up unpled allegations or contrive elaborately arcane scripts)
  • Hughey v. Tippah Cnty., No. 25-60232 (5th Cir. Aug. 20, 2026).published
    Dist., 82 F.3d 414, *1 (5th Cir. 1996) (unpublished); see also McCormack v. Nat’l Collegiate Athletic Ass’n, 845 F.2d 1338, 1343 (5th Cir. 1988) (“[W]e do not assume facts that the plaintiffs have not alleged.”); Rios v. City of Del Rio, T…
  • Mello, No. 1:25-cv-00520 (D.R.I. May 20, 2026).
    “A Rule 12(b)(6) motion will be granted only if, when viewed in this manner, the pleading shows no set of facts which could entitle plaintiff to relief”
  • Lara-Nieves, No. 3:24-cv-01358 (D.P.R. Mar. 9, 2026).
    Likewise, courts are not obligated to “conjure up unpled allegations or contrive elaborately arcane scripts in order to carry the blushing bride [of the Complaint] through the portal [of the Rule 12(b)(6) stage].” Gooley v. Mobil Oil Corp.…
  • Maldonado-Arce v. Mr. Cox Special, No. 3:25-cv-01528 (D.P.R. Oct. 6, 2025).
    Although “the requirements of Rule 8(a)(2) are minimal . . . [,] ‘minimal requirements are not tantamount to nonexistent requirements.’” Id. (quoting Gooley v. Mobil Oil Corp., 851 F.2d 513, 514 (1st Cir. 1988)).
  • Perez, No. 1:25-cv-00140 (S.D. Tex. Sept. 19, 2025).
    Though the Court is bound to draw all reasonable inferences in Perez’s favor, it need not “conjure up unpled allegations or construe elaborately arcane scripts to save a complaint.” Campbell v. City of San Antonio, 43 F.3d 973, 975 (5th Ci…
  • Carr v. BG Retail, LLC, No. 1:24-cv-12387 (D. Mass. Sept. 4, 2025).
    The court accepts well pleaded factual allegations as true and draws all reasonable inferences in the plaintiff’s favor, but it does not accept legal conclusions couched as facts or “bald assertions” and “unsupportable conclusions.” Gooley…
  • Cardona-Gonzalez v. Roldan Concepcion, No. 3:22-cv-01654 (D.P.R. Mar. 31, 2025).
    Goolev v. Mobil Oil Corp., 851 F.2d 513, 514 (1st Cir. 1988).
  • Nieves-Ortiz v. Corporacion del Centro Cardiovascular de Puerto Rico y del Caribe, No. 3:21-cv-01010 (D.P.R. Mar. 31, 2025).
    Goolev v. Mobil Oil Corp., 851 F.2d 513, 514 (1st Cir. 1988).
Show 190 more citing cases
At page 516 “representations in a brief are an impuissant surrogate for a record showing”1 citing case1 citing court quotes it
Retrieving the full opinion text from the archive…
William R. GOOLEY, Plaintiff, Appellant,
v.
MOBIL OIL CORPORATION, Defendant, Appellee
14-1617.
Court of Appeals for the First Circuit.
Jul 13, 1988.
Published opinion
851 F.2d 513
1988 U.S. App. LEXIS 9480
Daniel J. Lyne with whom Barbara A. Wegener and Hanify & King, P.C., Boston, Mass., were on brief for plaintiff, appellant., Robert M. Gault with whom Andrew N. Nathanson, Mintz, Levin, Cohn, Ferris, Glovsky and Popeo, P.C., Boston, Mass., and Charles B. Straus,- III, New York City, were on brief for defendant, appellee.
Coffin, Selya, Acosta.
Cited by 760 opinions  |  Published
1 passages pin-cited by 2 cases
Pinpoint authority: #36,620 of 633,719
Citer courts: First Circuit (2)
SELYA, Circuit Judge.

Plaintiff-appellant William R. Gooley leased a service station in Norwood, Massachusetts from defendant-appellee Mobil Oil Corporation. He operated the facility for some thirteen years. All was sweetness and light until Mobil decided not to renew Gooley’s lease/franchise and to sell the premises. Then, happiness vanished; the pleasures that went before faded fast from memory. Cf S.T. Coleridge, The Friend (1828) (happiness “is made up of minute fractions ... little soon forgotten charities”). We set the stage summarily.

Having announced its intentions to divest itself of the property, Mobil offered to sell the station to plaintiff for a sum certain. Initially, he accepted. • A purchase agreement (Contract) was signed, subject to various contingencies (including financing). Later, when Gooley could not arrange a[*514] bank loan because the premises were not environmentally immaculate, he demanded return of his deposit. Mobil obliged. At a subsequent date, defendant resolved the on-site environmental problems and entered an agreement to sell the premises to a third party at a higher price. Mobil offered plaintiff the first right of refusal at the new price, but he spurned the gesture— claiming an entitlement to purchase for the amount specified in the earlier Contract. When Mobil would not acquiesce, Gooley sued.

After twice revising his complaint, plaintiff presumably put his best foot forward. On April 29, 1987, he filed a second amended complaint which attempted to limn three causes of action against the franchisor, to wit:

1. Count I — breach of the Contract.

2. Count II — violation of the Petroleum Marketing Practices Act, 15 U.S.C. §§ 2801-2841 (1982).

3. Count III — violation of the Massachusetts Consumer Protection Act, Mass. Gen.L. c. 93A (1986).

Mobil moved to dismiss for failure to state a cognizable claim. Fed.R.Civ.P. 12(b)(6). After briefing and oral argument, the district court granted the motion. Gooley v. Mobil Oil Corp., 678 F.Supp. 939 (D.Mass.1987). The district judge held in substance that plaintiff, by requesting a refund of his deposit, effectively rescinded the Contract, “thereby waiving his contractual rights.” Id. at 941. She further ruled that Mobil’s initial offer to sell to the plaintiff was “bona fide” within the purview of 15 U.S.C. § 2802(b)(3)(D)(iii), [1] id. at 941-42, and that Gooley had failed to allege facts sufficient to constitute “deceptive trade practices prohibited by [chapter 93A].” Id. at 942. Plaintiff, eschewing any attempt to amend his complaint further, prosecuted this appeal.

In the precincts patrolled by Rule 12(b)(6), the demands on the pleader are minimal. As we have recently stated, the court must

accept the well-pleaded factual aver-ments of the latest (second amended) complaint as true, and construe these facts in the light most flattering to the [plaintiffs] cause ... exempting], of course, those “facts!’ which have since been conclusively contradicted by [plaintiffs] concessions or otherwise, and likewise eschewpng] any reliance on bald assertions, unsupportable conclusions, and “opprobrious epithets.”

Chongris v. Board of Appeals, 811 F.2d 36, 37 (1st Cir.), cert. denied, — U.S. —, 107 S.Ct. 3266, 97 L.Ed.2d 765 (1987) (citations omitted). A Rule 12(b)(6) motion will be granted only if, when viewed in this manner, the pleading shows no set of facts which could entitle plaintiff to relief. Conley v. Gibson, 355 U.S. 41, 45-48, 78 S.Ct. 99, 101-03, 2 L.Ed.2d 80 (1957). Nevertheless, minimal requirements are not tantamount to nonexistent requirements. The threshold may be low, but it is real — and it is the plaintiffs burden to take the step which brings his case safely into the next phase of the litigation. The court need not conjure up unpled allegations or contrive elaborately arcane scripts in order to carry the blushing bride through the portal.

In this case, the plaintiff pleaded no facts adequate to entitle him to offer evidence in support of his (entirely conclusory) assertions. And we need neither reinvent the wheel nor tarry long over his claims to the contrary. The district court has competently described the shortcomings of the second amended complaint and nothing would be gained by appellate reiteration of the pivotal points. Accordingly, the judgment of dismissal may be affirmed for substantially the reasons set forth in Judge Zobel’s insightful opinion, 678 F.Supp. 939.

We augment the district court’s reasoning in only a few respects. That there was no breach of the Contract was crystal clear[*515] from the papers in the case, see id. at 940-41, and necessitates no extraneous comment. As to appellant’s remaining statements of claim, two minor asides seem appropriate.

As to Count II, plaintiff seems to have shifted his approach. He now intimates in his appellate brief — though nowhere in the second amended complaint— that Mobil’s offer was below par because the site was contaminated by oil seepages, and thus, overvalued at the offering price. Passing all else, we note that Gooley’s allegation that Mobil’s offer was not a “bona fide” one remained, despite multiple opportunities to finetune the complaint, a naked conclusion, unanchored in any meaningful set of factual averments. Modern notions of “notice pleading” notwithstanding, a plaintiff, we think, is nonetheless required to set forth factual allegations, either direct or inferential, respecting each material element necessary to sustain recovery under some actionable legal theory. We agree with the Seventh Circuit that if the facts narrated by the plaintiff “do not at least outline or adumbrate” a viable claim, his complaint cannot pass Rule 12(b)(6) muster. Sutliff, Inc. v. Donovan Companies, 727 F.2d 648, 654 (7th Cir.1984). See also Dewey v. University of New Hampshire, 694 F.2d 1, 3 (1st Cir.1982), cert. denied, 461 U.S. 944, 103 S.Ct. 2121, 77 L.Ed.2d 1301 (1983); Slotnick v. Staviskey, 560 F.2d 31, 33 (1st Cir.1977), cert. denied, 434 U.S. 1077, 98 S.Ct. 1268, 55 L.Ed.2d 783 (1978). [2]

Appellant asks to be excused from even this minimal burden because of what he characterizes as “the underlying policy considerations” of the Petroleum Marketing Practices Act. Appellant’s Brief at 21. But Gooley’s view of these policy considerations is lopsided; there are two sides to the statutory story. Although we have long acknowledged the need to construe the PMPA liberally to effectuate its ultimate objective — the granting of some meaningful measure of protection to service station franchisees — we have likewise borne in mind that the statute “constituted a diminution of prior rights of franchisors and thus should not be extended beyond [its] language and purpose.” Desfosses v. Wallace Energy, Inc., 836 F.2d 22, 26 (1st Cir.1987) (citation omitted). Here, the allegation that Mobil’s offer was other than bona fide was merely a subjective characterization, devoid of a minimally sufficient factual predicate. To permit a plaintiff, on such a skimpy foundation, to drag a defendant past the pleading threshold would be to invite litigation by hunch and to open gasoline franchisors — just because they are franchisors — to the most unrestrained of fishing expeditions. We decline to impose such an onerous burden. In sum, Count II of the second amended complaint cannot withstand scrutiny because it contains insufficient rudiments of an actionable claim.

As to Count III, we remark that the chapter 93A violation is pleaded in a similarly conclusory fashion. There is no allegation, say, that Mobil had actual knowledge that the site was contaminated and embarked on a coverup. Compare, e.g., Sheehy v. Lipton Industries, 24 Mass. App.Ct. 188, 507 N.E.2d 781, 785, further rev. denied, 400 Mass. 1103, 509 N.E.2d 1202 (1987) (to recover under chapter 93A for nondisclosure, plaintiff must show defendant knew property was contaminated; it is an “obvious principle that someone should not be liable [under chapter 93A] for not disclosing what he does not know”). [3] In Massachusetts, the litmus test[*516] for transgression of chapter 93A involves behavior which falls within “the penumbra of some ... established concept of unfairness,” and is sufficiently “unethical or unscrupulous” to be actionable under the statute. Wasserman v. Agnastopoulos, 22 Mass.App.Ct. 672, 497 N.E.2d 19, 23, further rev. denied, 398 Mass. 1105, 499 N.E.2d 298 (1986), quoting PMP Associates, Inc. v. Globe Newspaper Co., 366 Mass. 593, 321 N.E.2d 915, 917 (1975). In this case, there was no factual predicate in the second amended complaint to suggest that Mobil’s conduct trenched near to — let alone crossed — that line.

We need go no further. The district court did not err in granting the motion to dismiss on all counts. [4]

Affirmed.

1

. Section 2802(b)(3)(D)(iii) provides in pertinent part that the franchisor must make either "a bona fide offer to sell, transfer, or assign to the franchisee such franchisor’s interests in such premises; or ... [grant] the franchisee a right of first refusal of at least 45-days duration of an offer, made by another, to purchase such franchisor's interest in such premises.” One or the other must be done within 90 days of the giving of notice of termination. Id.

2

. "[A]s the greenest of counsel should know,” representations in a brief are an impuissant surrogate for a record showing. United States v. Kobrosky, 711 F.2d 449, 457 (1st Cir.1983); see also Goldstein v. Kelleher, 728 F.2d 32, 37 (1st Cir.), cert. denied, 469 U.S. 852, 105 S.Ct. 172, 83 L.Ed.2d 107 (1984). This is especially true in a situation where — as here — plaintiff has had (and used) several prior opportunities to amend his complaint. To borrow a baseball aphorism, three strikes and out seems to us not unfair.

3

. This is but one illustration of the plaintiffs rampant failure to set forth in his second amended complaint the material elements of a chapter 93A claim. There are several similar deficiencies, including the failure to allege that defendant’s knowledge of the premises, as a landlord out of possession, was somehow supe[*516] rior to that of plaintiff, a daily occupant of the site for well over a decade.

4

. Our disposition of Count III on grounds of insufficiency renders it unnecessary for us to reach appellee’s further contention that section 106(a) of the Petroleum Marketing Practices Act, 15 U.S.C. § 2806(a), preempts chapter 93A in this instance. We take no view of that asseveration.