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19 Arizona opinions name it 3 courts 1973–2025 3 in the last five years
The cases below were cited by Arizona courts in a sentence that names this issue. Sides come from how each citing opinion treated the case (Syfertize flag on that citation), so a case can appear on both: that is where the law is contested. A red or yellow chip is the case's own overall treatment.
| Case | Followed | Cited |
|---|---|---|
Mitchell v. Dupnikgreen2 sentences2010See Mitchell v. Dupnik, 75 F.3d 517 , 527 (9th Cir.1996) (counties and government officials sued in their official capacity immune from punitive damages under § 1983). 14 . 2010See Mitchell v. Dupnik, 75 F.3d 517, 527 (9th Cir. 1996) (counties and government officials sued in their official capacity immune from punitive damages under § 1983). 25 12-820.04 is therefore inconsistent with the purpose of § 1983 and must “give way to federal common law rules that permit recovery.” Id. ¶45 Moreover, such a conclusion is congruent with this court‟s prior decisions. | 2 | 2 |
Flanders v. Maricopa Countygreen2 sentences2010See Badia, 195 Ariz. 349, ¶ 25 , 988 P.2d at 141 (§ 12-820.04 “would not necessarily preclude a punitive damage award under § 1983 against those who commit civil rights violations”); Carrillo v. State, 169 Ariz. 126, 129 , 817 P.2d 493, 496 (App.1991) (noting plaintiffs right to seek punitive damages from individual defendant under § 1983 “[balanced [by] ... the right of a defendant named in his personal capacity to assert a defense of qualified or absolute immunity, a defense not available to one named in his official capacity”); see also Flanders, 203 Ariz. 368, ¶ 58 , 54 P.3d at 846 (uphold 2010See Badia, 195 Ariz. 349, ¶ 25 , 988 P.2d at 141 (§ 12-820.04 “would not necessarily preclude a punitive damage award under § 1983 against those who commit civil rights violations”); Carrillo v. State, 169 Ariz. 126, 129 , 817 P.2d 493, 496 (App.1991) (noting plaintiffs right to seek punitive damages from individual defendant under § 1983 “[balanced [by] ... the right of a defendant named in his personal capacity to assert a defense of qualified or absolute immunity, a defense not available to one named in his official capacity”); see also Flanders, 203 Ariz. 368, ¶ 58 , 54 P.3d at 846 (uphold | 2 | 2 |
Carrillo v. Stategreen2 sentences2010See Badia, 195 Ariz. 349, ¶ 25 , 988 P.2d at 141 (§ 12-820.04 “would not necessarily preclude a punitive damage award under § 1983 against those who commit civil rights violations”); Carrillo v. State, 169 Ariz. 126, 129 , 817 P.2d 493, 496 (App.1991) (noting plaintiffs right to seek punitive damages from individual defendant under § 1983 “[balanced [by] ... the right of a defendant named in his personal capacity to assert a defense of qualified or absolute immunity, a defense not available to one named in his official capacity”); see also Flanders, 203 Ariz. 368, ¶ 58 , 54 P.3d at 846 (uphold 2010See Badia, 195 Ariz. 349, ¶ 25 , 988 P.2d at 141 (§ 12-820.04 “would not necessarily preclude a punitive damage award under § 1983 against those who commit civil rights violations”); Carrillo v. State, 169 Ariz. 126, 129 , 817 P.2d 493, 496 (App.1991) (noting plaintiffs right to seek punitive damages from individual defendant under § 1983 “[balanced [by] ... the right of a defendant named in his personal capacity to assert a defense of qualified or absolute immunity, a defense not available to one named in his official capacity”); see also Flanders, 203 Ariz. 368, ¶ 58 , 54 P.3d at 846 (uphold | 2 | 2 |
Robertson v. Wegmanngreen2 sentences2010In Badia , this court followed the United States Supreme Court's precedent in Robertson v. Weg-mann, 436 U.S. 584, 594 , 98 S.Ct. 1991 , 56 L.Ed.2d 554 (1978), to find that precluding such damages pursuant to § 14-3110 was not inconsistent with the purposes of § 1983 where "the alleged constitutional violation ... did not result in [the victim]'s death." Badia, 195 Ariz. 349, ¶ 23 , 988 P.2d 134, 141 . 2010In Badia , this court followed the United States Supreme Court's precedent in Robertson v. Weg-mann, 436 U.S. 584, 594 , 98 S.Ct. 1991 , 56 L.Ed.2d 554 (1978), to find that precluding such damages pursuant to § 14-3110 was not inconsistent with the purposes of § 1983 where "the alleged constitutional violation ... did not result in [the victim]'s death." Badia, 195 Ariz. 349, ¶ 23 , 988 P.2d 134, 141 . | 1 | 2 |
Badia v. City of Casa Grandegreen2 sentences2010See Badia, 195 Ariz. 349, ¶ 25 , 988 P.2d at 141 (§ 12-820.04 “would not necessarily preclude a punitive damage award under § 1983 against those who commit civil rights violations”); Carrillo v. State, 169 Ariz. 126, 129 , 817 P.2d 493, 496 (App.1991) (noting plaintiffs right to seek punitive damages from individual defendant under § 1983 “[balanced [by] ... the right of a defendant named in his personal capacity to assert a defense of qualified or absolute immunity, a defense not available to one named in his official capacity”); see also Flanders, 203 Ariz. 368, ¶ 58 , 54 P.3d at 846 (uphold 2010See Badia, 195 Ariz. 349, ¶ 25 , 988 P.2d at 141 (§ 12-820.04 “would not necessarily preclude a punitive damage award under § 1983 against those who commit civil rights violations”); Carrillo v. State, 169 Ariz. 126, 129 , 817 P.2d 493, 496 (App.1991) (noting plaintiffs right to seek punitive damages from individual defendant under § 1983 “[balanced [by] ... the right of a defendant named in his personal capacity to assert a defense of qualified or absolute immunity, a defense not available to one named in his official capacity”); see also Flanders, 203 Ariz. 368, ¶ 58 , 54 P.3d at 846 (uphold | 1 | 2 |
Imbler v. Pachtmangreen2 sentences1994Imbler v. Pachtman, 424 U.S. 409 , 96 S.Ct. 984 , 47 L.Ed.2d 128 (1976) (prosecutors); Babcock v. Tyler, 884 F.2d 497 (9th Cir.1989), cert. denied, 493 U.S. 1072 , 110 S.Ct. 1118 , 107 L.Ed.2d 1025 (1990) (social workers in connection with child dependency proceedings); Coverdell v. Department of Social & Health Serv., 834 F.2d 758 (9th Cir.1987) (child protective service social workers); Meyers v. Contra Costa County Dep’t of Social Serv., 812 F.2d 1154 (9th Cir.1987), cert. denied, 484 U.S. 829 , 108 S.Ct. 98 , 98 L.Ed.2d 59 (1987) (social service workers in child dependency proceedings). 1994Imbler v. Pachtman, 424 U.S. 409 , 96 S.Ct. 984 , 47 L.Ed.2d 128 (1976) (prosecutors); Babcock v. Tyler, 884 F.2d 497 (9th Cir.1989), cert. denied, 493 U.S. 1072 , 110 S.Ct. 1118 , 107 L.Ed.2d 1025 (1990) (social workers in connection with child dependency proceedings); Coverdell v. Department of Social & Health Serv., 834 F.2d 758 (9th Cir.1987) (child protective service social workers); Meyers v. Contra Costa County Dep’t of Social Serv., 812 F.2d 1154 (9th Cir.1987), cert. denied, 484 U.S. 829 , 108 S.Ct. 98 , 98 L.Ed.2d 59 (1987) (social service workers in child dependency proceedings). | 1 | 2 |
Briscoe v. LaHuegreen1 sentence2023See Briscoe v. LaHue, 460 U.S. 325 , 329-41 (1983) (noting that 42 U.S.C. § 1983 does not allow recovery of damages against a private party for testimony in a judicial proceeding). | 1 | 1 |
Farmers Investment Co. v. Arizona State Land Departmentgreen1 sentence2021Co. v. Ariz. State Land Dep’t, 136 Ariz. 369, 370, 374 (App. 1982) (in affirming finding that public auction of groundwater “from state land was void because the [Arizona State Land] Department could not impose” a reimbursement condition, rejecting administrative exhaustion argument because “[t]he administrative process had indeed run its course so as to allow judicial intervention”); Manning v. Reilly, 2 Ariz. App. 310, 312 (1965) (finding facial challenges to city zoning ordinance “require judicial determination and are beyond the scope of” the city’s administrative “powers and authority. | 1 | 1 |
Manning v. Reillygreen1 sentence2021Co. v. Ariz. State Land Dep’t, 136 Ariz. 369, 370, 374 (App. 1982) (in affirming finding that public auction of groundwater “from state land was void because the [Arizona State Land] Department could not impose” a reimbursement condition, rejecting administrative exhaustion argument because “[t]he administrative process had indeed run its course so as to allow judicial intervention”); Manning v. Reilly, 2 Ariz. App. 310, 312 (1965) (finding facial challenges to city zoning ordinance “require judicial determination and are beyond the scope of” the city’s administrative “powers and authority. | 1 | 1 |
Coconino County v. Antco, Inc.green1 sentence2021See Coconino Cnty. v. Antco, Inc., 214 Ariz. 82 , 86-87 ¶¶ 11-12 (App. 2006) (“the exhaustion of [administrative] remedies doctrine is clearly inapplicable” where “[n]o administrative action was pending . . . at the time the trial court dismissed [the] complaint” and a “delegation agreement . . . specifically 6 acknowledged [plaintiff’]s statutory right to” file the complaint); Zeigler v. Kirschner, 162 Ariz. 77, 83 , 85-86 (App. 1989) (finding class action claims under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 “in the instant case were not subject to dismissal because of the named plaintiffs’ failure to exhaust their | 1 | 1 |
State v. Moodygreen2 sentences2015See State v. Moody, 208 Ariz. 424 , 452 ¶ 101 n.9, 94 P.3d 1119 , 1147 n.9 (2004) (providing that failure to argue a claim constitutes abandonment and waiver of that claim). ¶9 Regardless of the waiver, as best we understand Maisano’s argument and to the extent that the complaint asserts federal claims under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 , the trial court did not err in dismissing the complaint for lack of jurisdiction and failure to state a claim. 2015See State v. Moody, 208 Ariz. 424 , 452 ¶ 101 n.9, 94 P.3d 1119 , 1147 n.9 (2004) (providing that failure to argue a claim constitutes abandonment and waiver of that claim). ¶9 Regardless of the waiver, as best we understand Maisano’s argument and to the extent that the complaint asserts federal claims under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 , the trial court did not err in dismissing the complaint for lack of jurisdiction and failure to state a claim. | 1 | 1 |
Orme School v. Reevesgreen2 sentences2010See A.R.S. § 12-612. 11 evidence required, that reasonable people could not agree with the conclusion advanced by the proponent of the claim or defense.” Orme Sch. v. Reeves, 166 Ariz. 301, 309 , 802 P.2d 1000, 1008 (1990). 2010See A.R.S. § 12-612. 11 evidence required, that reasonable people could not agree with the conclusion advanced by the proponent of the claim or defense.” Orme Sch. v. Reeves, 166 Ariz. 301, 309 , 802 P.2d 1000, 1008 (1990). | 1 | 1 |
Mercer v. Rodriquezgreen2 sentences2005See Richardson v. Comm’r of Corr., 87 Conn.App. 46 , 863 A.2d 754, 756 (2005); Mercer v. Rodriquez, 83 Conn.App. 251 , 849 A.2d 886, 894 (2004); Toney v. Briley, 351 Ill.App.3d 295 , 286 Ill.Dec. 282 , 813 N.E.2d 758, 760 (2004); Higgason v. Stogsdill, 818 N.E.2d 486, 490 (Ind.Ct.App.2004); Kellogg v. Neb. 2005See Richardson v. Comm’r of Corr., 87 Conn.App. 46 , 863 A.2d 754, 756 (2005); Mercer v. Rodriquez, 83 Conn.App. 251 , 849 A.2d 886, 894 (2004); Toney v. Briley, 351 Ill.App.3d 295 , 286 Ill.Dec. 282 , 813 N.E.2d 758, 760 (2004); Higgason v. Stogsdill, 818 N.E.2d 486, 490 (Ind.Ct.App.2004); Kellogg v. Neb. | 1 | 1 |
Richardson v. Commissioner of Correctiongreen2 sentences2005See Richardson v. Comm’r of Corr., 87 Conn.App. 46 , 863 A.2d 754, 756 (2005); Mercer v. Rodriquez, 83 Conn.App. 251 , 849 A.2d 886, 894 (2004); Toney v. Briley, 351 Ill.App.3d 295 , 286 Ill.Dec. 282 , 813 N.E.2d 758, 760 (2004); Higgason v. Stogsdill, 818 N.E.2d 486, 490 (Ind.Ct.App.2004); Kellogg v. Neb. 2005See Richardson v. Comm’r of Corr., 87 Conn.App. 46 , 863 A.2d 754, 756 (2005); Mercer v. Rodriquez, 83 Conn.App. 251 , 849 A.2d 886, 894 (2004); Toney v. Briley, 351 Ill.App.3d 295 , 286 Ill.Dec. 282 , 813 N.E.2d 758, 760 (2004); Higgason v. Stogsdill, 818 N.E.2d 486, 490 (Ind.Ct.App.2004); Kellogg v. Neb. | 1 | 1 |
Toney v. Brileygreen2 sentences2005See Richardson v. Comm’r of Corr., 87 Conn.App. 46 , 863 A.2d 754, 756 (2005); Mercer v. Rodriquez, 83 Conn.App. 251 , 849 A.2d 886, 894 (2004); Toney v. Briley, 351 Ill.App.3d 295 , 286 Ill.Dec. 282 , 813 N.E.2d 758, 760 (2004); Higgason v. Stogsdill, 818 N.E.2d 486, 490 (Ind.Ct.App.2004); Kellogg v. Neb. 2005See Richardson v. Comm’r of Corr., 87 Conn.App. 46 , 863 A.2d 754, 756 (2005); Mercer v. Rodriquez, 83 Conn.App. 251 , 849 A.2d 886, 894 (2004); Toney v. Briley, 351 Ill.App.3d 295 , 286 Ill.Dec. 282 , 813 N.E.2d 758, 760 (2004); Higgason v. Stogsdill, 818 N.E.2d 486, 490 (Ind.Ct.App.2004); Kellogg v. Neb. | 1 | 1 |
Higgason v. Stogsdillgreen1 sentence2005See Richardson v. Comm’r of Corr., 87 Conn.App. 46 , 863 A.2d 754, 756 (2005); Mercer v. Rodriquez, 83 Conn.App. 251 , 849 A.2d 886, 894 (2004); Toney v. Briley, 351 Ill.App.3d 295 , 286 Ill.Dec. 282 , 813 N.E.2d 758, 760 (2004); Higgason v. Stogsdill, 818 N.E.2d 486, 490 (Ind.Ct.App.2004); Kellogg v. Neb. | 1 | 1 |
Fair Assessment in Real Estate Assn., Inc. v. McNarygreen2 sentences1996See McNary, 454 U.S. at 108-13 , 102 S.Ct. at 182-85 . 1996See McNary, 454 U.S. at 108-13 , 102 S.Ct. at 182-85 . | 1 | 1 |
Estate of Bohn v. Waddellgreen2 sentences1995See Estate of Bohn, 174 Ariz. at 242 , 848 P.2d at 327 . 1995See Estate of Bohn, 174 Ariz. at 242 , 848 P.2d at 327 . | 1 | 1 |
Westfall v. Erwinred2 sentences1995See Westfall v. Erwin, 484 U.S. 292 , 108 S.Ct. 580 , 98 L.Ed.2d 619 (1988). 1995See Westfall v. Erwin, 484 U.S. 292 , 108 S.Ct. 580 , 98 L.Ed.2d 619 (1988). | 1 | 1 |
| State v. Greengreen | 1 | 1 |
| Smith v. Robinsonred | 1 | 1 |
| Keaukaha-Panaewa Community Association v. Hawaiian Homes Commissiongreen | 1 | 1 |
| Case | Negative | Cited |
|---|---|---|
| No negative-treatment citations attached to this issue in Arizona. Read the followed side critically anyway. | ||
| Case | Cited | Years |
|---|---|---|
Zeigler v. Kirschner
green
2 sentences2021See Coconino Cnty. v. Antco, Inc., 214 Ariz. 82 , 86-87 ¶¶ 11-12 (App. 2006) (“the exhaustion of [administrative] remedies doctrine is clearly inapplicable” where “[n]o administrative action was pending . . . at the time the trial court dismissed [the] complaint” and a “delegation agreement . . . specifically 6 acknowledged [plaintiff’]s statutory right to” file the complaint); Zeigler v. Kirschner, 162 Ariz. 77, 83 , 85-86 (App. 1989) (finding class action claims under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 “in the instant case were not subject to dismissal because of the named plaintiffs’ failure to exhaust their 1995No. We established a rule against administrative exhaustion in Zeigler v. Kirschner, 162 Ariz. 77, 83 , 781 P.2d 54 (App.1989). | 2 | 1995–2021 |
Vega v. Tekoh
green
1 sentence2025Vega, 597 U.S. at 138 . | 1 | 2025–2025 |
Will v. Michigan Department of State Police
green
2 sentences2007Will v. Mich. Dep’t of State Police, 491 U.S. 58, 71 , 109 S.Ct. 2304 , 105 L.Ed.2d 45 (1989). 6 . 2007Will v. Mich. Dep’t of State Police, 491 U.S. 58, 71 , 109 S.Ct. 2304 , 105 L.Ed.2d 45 (1989). 6 . | 1 | 2007–2007 |
National Private Truck Council, Inc. v. Oklahoma Tax Commission
green
2 sentences2000We further held that the exemption scheme violated 4 U.S.C. section 111 . ¶ 5 On review, the Arizona Supreme Court returned the case to us for reconsideration in light of the intervening decision in National Private Truck Council v. Oklahoma Tax Com’n., 515 U.S. 582 , 115 S.Ct. 2351 , 132 L.Ed.2d 509 (1995). 2000We further held that the exemption scheme violated 4 U.S.C. section 111 . ¶ 5 On review, the Arizona Supreme Court returned the case to us for reconsideration in light of the intervening decision in National Private Truck Council v. Oklahoma Tax Com’n., 515 U.S. 582 , 115 S.Ct. 2351 , 132 L.Ed.2d 509 (1995). | 1 | 2000–2000 |
Larson v. Wind
green
1 sentence1999See Bass by Lewis; McFadden; Larson v. Wind, 542 F.Supp. 25 (N.D.Ill.1982); O’Connor v. Several Unknown Correctional Officers, 523 F.Supp. 1345 (E.D.Va.1981). | 1 | 1999–1999 |
O'CONNOR v. Several Unknown Correctional Officers
green
1 sentence1999See Bass by Lewis; McFadden; Larson v. Wind, 542 F.Supp. 25 (N.D.Ill.1982); O’Connor v. Several Unknown Correctional Officers, 523 F.Supp. 1345 (E.D.Va.1981). | 1 | 1999–1999 |
Tower v. Glover
green
2 sentences1995First, citing Tower v. Glover, 467 U.S. 914 , 104 S.Ct. 2820 , 81 L.Ed.2d 758 (1984), they contend that a defense of qualified immunity from a section 1983 damages claim may be recognized only if it existed under the common law in 1871, when section 1983 was first adopted, on behalf of the particular variety of official involved. 1995First, citing Tower v. Glover, 467 U.S. 914 , 104 S.Ct. 2820 , 81 L.Ed.2d 758 (1984), they contend that a defense of qualified immunity from a section 1983 damages claim may be recognized only if it existed under the common law in 1871, when section 1983 was first adopted, on behalf of the particular variety of official involved. | 1 | 1995–1995 |
Hafer v. Melo
green
2 sentences1994In Hafer v. Melo, the Court held that state officials, sued in their individual capacities, *459 are “persons” subject to suit for damages under section 1983. 502 U.S. at-, 112 S.Ct. at 364 , 116 L.Ed.2d at 313 . 1994In Hafer v. Melo, the Court held that state officials, sued in their individual capacities, *459 are “persons” subject to suit for damages under section 1983. 502 U.S. at-, 112 S.Ct. at 364 , 116 L.Ed.2d at 313 . | 1 | 1994–1994 |
David Glen Meyers v. Contra Costa County Department of Social Services, Defendants
green
1 sentence1994Imbler v. Pachtman, 424 U.S. 409 , 96 S.Ct. 984 , 47 L.Ed.2d 128 (1976) (prosecutors); Babcock v. Tyler, 884 F.2d 497 (9th Cir.1989), cert. denied, 493 U.S. 1072 , 110 S.Ct. 1118 , 107 L.Ed.2d 1025 (1990) (social workers in connection with child dependency proceedings); Coverdell v. Department of Social & Health Serv., 834 F.2d 758 (9th Cir.1987) (child protective service social workers); Meyers v. Contra Costa County Dep’t of Social Serv., 812 F.2d 1154 (9th Cir.1987), cert. denied, 484 U.S. 829 , 108 S.Ct. 98 , 98 L.Ed.2d 59 (1987) (social service workers in child dependency proceedings). | 1 | 1994–1994 |
| Babcock v. Tyler green | 1 | 1994–1994 |
Meyers v. Contra Costa County Department of Social Services
green
2 sentences1994Imbler v. Pachtman, 424 U.S. 409 , 96 S.Ct. 984 , 47 L.Ed.2d 128 (1976) (prosecutors); Babcock v. Tyler, 884 F.2d 497 (9th Cir.1989), cert. denied, 493 U.S. 1072 , 110 S.Ct. 1118 , 107 L.Ed.2d 1025 (1990) (social workers in connection with child dependency proceedings); Coverdell v. Department of Social & Health Serv., 834 F.2d 758 (9th Cir.1987) (child protective service social workers); Meyers v. Contra Costa County Dep’t of Social Serv., 812 F.2d 1154 (9th Cir.1987), cert. denied, 484 U.S. 829 , 108 S.Ct. 98 , 98 L.Ed.2d 59 (1987) (social service workers in child dependency proceedings). 1994Imbler v. Pachtman, 424 U.S. 409 , 96 S.Ct. 984 , 47 L.Ed.2d 128 (1976) (prosecutors); Babcock v. Tyler, 884 F.2d 497 (9th Cir.1989), cert. denied, 493 U.S. 1072 , 110 S.Ct. 1118 , 107 L.Ed.2d 1025 (1990) (social workers in connection with child dependency proceedings); Coverdell v. Department of Social & Health Serv., 834 F.2d 758 (9th Cir.1987) (child protective service social workers); Meyers v. Contra Costa County Dep’t of Social Serv., 812 F.2d 1154 (9th Cir.1987), cert. denied, 484 U.S. 829 , 108 S.Ct. 98 , 98 L.Ed.2d 59 (1987) (social service workers in child dependency proceedings). | 1 | 1994–1994 |
| Coverdell v. Department of Social & Health Services green | 1 | 1994–1994 |
Babcock ex rel. Babcock v. Tyler
green
2 sentences1994Imbler v. Pachtman, 424 U.S. 409 , 96 S.Ct. 984 , 47 L.Ed.2d 128 (1976) (prosecutors); Babcock v. Tyler, 884 F.2d 497 (9th Cir.1989), cert. denied, 493 U.S. 1072 , 110 S.Ct. 1118 , 107 L.Ed.2d 1025 (1990) (social workers in connection with child dependency proceedings); Coverdell v. Department of Social & Health Serv., 834 F.2d 758 (9th Cir.1987) (child protective service social workers); Meyers v. Contra Costa County Dep’t of Social Serv., 812 F.2d 1154 (9th Cir.1987), cert. denied, 484 U.S. 829 , 108 S.Ct. 98 , 98 L.Ed.2d 59 (1987) (social service workers in child dependency proceedings). 1994Imbler v. Pachtman, 424 U.S. 409 , 96 S.Ct. 984 , 47 L.Ed.2d 128 (1976) (prosecutors); Babcock v. Tyler, 884 F.2d 497 (9th Cir.1989), cert. denied, 493 U.S. 1072 , 110 S.Ct. 1118 , 107 L.Ed.2d 1025 (1990) (social workers in connection with child dependency proceedings); Coverdell v. Department of Social & Health Serv., 834 F.2d 758 (9th Cir.1987) (child protective service social workers); Meyers v. Contra Costa County Dep’t of Social Serv., 812 F.2d 1154 (9th Cir.1987), cert. denied, 484 U.S. 829 , 108 S.Ct. 98 , 98 L.Ed.2d 59 (1987) (social service workers in child dependency proceedings). | 1 | 1994–1994 |
| Scheuer v. Rhodes red | 1 | 1990–1990 |
| Boatowners And Tenants Association, Inc. v. Port Of Seattle green | 1 | 1986–1986 |
| Montauk-Caribbean Airways, Inc. v. Hope green | 1 | 1986–1986 |
| Cort v. Ash red | 1 | 1986–1986 |
| Allen v. McCurry green | 1 | 1984–1984 |
| Monell v. New York City Dept. of Social Servs. green | 1 | 1984–1984 |
| Claflin v. Houseman green | 1 | 1973–1973 |
| Charles Dowd Box Co. v. Courtney green | 1 | 1973–1973 |
Counted by distinct opinions that both name this issue and are annotated to the section; sections every opinion cites regardless of issue are not filtered here, so read the counts against the total above.
Opinions by the citing court's state. A doctrine retained in one state and abandoned in another shows up here as a year span that stalls.