service requirement (New York) · Go Syfert
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service requirement in New York

37 New York opinions name it 9 courts 1906–2026 5 in the last five years

The cases below were cited by New York courts in a sentence that names this issue. Sides come from how each citing opinion treated the case (Syfertize flag on that citation), so a case can appear on both: that is where the law is contested. A red or yellow chip is the case's own overall treatment.

Followed or applied (16)

CaseFollowedCited
Finnerty v. New York State Thruway Authoritygreen
ny · 1989 · cited in 2 New York opinions naming this issue, 1990–2025
2 sentences

2025Failure to serve a claim upon the Attorney General is a non-waivable jurisdictional defect which divests this Court of subject matter jurisdiction ( Finnerty v New York State Thruway Auth. , 75 NY2d 721, 723 [1989]; Caci v State of New York , 107 AD3d 1121, 1122 [3d Dept 2013]; Johnson v New York State , 71 AD3d 1355, 1355 [3d [*3]Dept 2010], lv denied 15 NY3d 703 [2010]).

1990Assuming, arguendo, that the service of the claim upon the Attorney-General by ordinary mail in contravention of Court of Claims Act § 11 gave rise to a defect in personal jurisdiction (see, Reed v State of New York, 147 AD2d 767 ; Thomas v State of New York, 144 AD2d 882 ; Baggett v State of New York, 124 AD2d 969 ; but see, Finnerty v New York State Thruway Auth., 75 NY2d 721 ; Mingues v State of New York, 146 Misc 2d 412 ), we find unpersuasive the State’s contention that the court improperly denied its motion for leave to amend its answer to assert that defense.

12
Bernstein v. 1995 Associatesgreen
nyappdiv · 1995 · cited in 1 New York opinions naming this issue, 2026–2026
1 sentence

2026Accordingly, dismissal of the complaint due to Plaintiffs alleged non-compliance with Administrative Code § 8-502 (c) is not warranted (see Bernstein v 1995 Assoc., 217 AD2d 512,516 [1st Dept 1995]). with respect to Defendants' contention that Plaintiff lacks standing to assert certain Labor Law claims, the court notes that under Labor Law§ 195 (1), "employers are required to provide their employees (at the time oftheir hiring) notice of, among other things, the rate of pay, whether paid per hour, a salary, or commission, etc., and any allowances claimed as part of the minimum wage, including

11
Johnson v. Stategreen
nyappdiv · 2010 · cited in 1 New York opinions naming this issue, 2025–2025
2 sentences

2025Failure to serve a claim upon the Attorney General is a non-waivable jurisdictional defect which divests this Court of subject matter jurisdiction ( Finnerty v New York State Thruway Auth. , 75 NY2d 721, 723 [1989]; Caci v State of New York , 107 AD3d 1121, 1122 [3d Dept 2013]; Johnson v New York State , 71 AD3d 1355, 1355 [3d [*3]Dept 2010], lv denied 15 NY3d 703 [2010]).

2025Failure to serve a claim upon the Attorney General is a non-waivable jurisdictional defect which divests this Court of subject matter jurisdiction ( Finnerty v New York State Thruway Auth. , 75 NY2d 721, 723 [1989]; Caci v State of New York , 107 AD3d 1121, 1122 [3d Dept 2013]; Johnson v New York State , 71 AD3d 1355, 1355 [3d [*3]Dept 2010], lv denied 15 NY3d 703 [2010]).

11
Byrne v. Stategreen
nyappdiv · 1984 · cited in 1 New York opinions naming this issue, 2025–2025
2 sentences

2025Among these conditions is the service requirement contained in Court of Claims Act § 11(a)(i), which provides, in relevant part, that a copy of the claim "shall be served personally or by certified mail, return receipt requested, upon the attorney general within the times hereinbefore provided for filing with the clerk of the court" ( see Bryne v State of New York , 104 AD2d 782,783 [2d Dept 1984], lv denied 64 NY2d 607 [1984]).

2025Among these conditions is the service requirement contained in Court of Claims Act § 11(a)(i), which provides, in relevant part, that a copy of the claim "shall be served personally or by certified mail, return receipt requested, upon the attorney general within the times hereinbefore provided for filing with the clerk of the court" ( see Bryne v State of New York , 104 AD2d 782,783 [2d Dept 1984], lv denied 64 NY2d 607 [1984]).

11
Caci v. Stategreen
nyappdiv · 2013 · cited in 1 New York opinions naming this issue, 2025–2025
2 sentences

2025Failure to serve a claim upon the Attorney General is a non-waivable jurisdictional defect which divests this Court of subject matter jurisdiction ( Finnerty v New York State Thruway Auth. , 75 NY2d 721, 723 [1989]; Caci v State of New York , 107 AD3d 1121, 1122 [3d Dept 2013]; Johnson v New York State , 71 AD3d 1355, 1355 [3d [*3]Dept 2010], lv denied 15 NY3d 703 [2010]).

2025Failure to serve a claim upon the Attorney General is a non-waivable jurisdictional defect which divests this Court of subject matter jurisdiction ( Finnerty v New York State Thruway Auth. , 75 NY2d 721, 723 [1989]; Caci v State of New York , 107 AD3d 1121, 1122 [3d Dept 2013]; Johnson v New York State , 71 AD3d 1355, 1355 [3d [*3]Dept 2010], lv denied 15 NY3d 703 [2010]).

11
El Greco Society of Visual Arts, Inc. v. Diamantidisgreen
nyappdiv · 2008 · cited in 1 New York opinions naming this issue, 2017–2017
1 sentence

2017“The method of service provided for in an order to show cause is jurisdictional in nature and must be strictly complied with.” (Matter of El Greco Socy. of Visual Arts, Inc. v Diamantidis, 47 AD3d 929, 929 [2008]; Lobo v Soto, 73 AD3d 1135 [2010]; Matter of Hennessey v DiCarlo, 21 AD3d 505 [2005].) Moreover, “the court in an order to show cause is not restricted to the methods [of personal service] prescribed by CPLR 308 and can devise yet other methods good for the particular case.” (Connors, Practice Commentaries, McKinney’s Cons Laws of NY, Book 7B, CPLR 2214:24.) This court has previously

11
In re de Sanchezgreen
nyappdiv · 2008 · cited in 1 New York opinions naming this issue, 2016–2016
1 sentence

2016In any event, the defense is unavailing in light of the affidavits of service (see Matter of de Sanchez, 57 AD3d 452, 454 [1st Dept 2008]).

11
Ocuto Blacktop & Paving Co. v. Trataros Construction, Inc.green
nyappdiv · 2000 · cited in 1 New York opinions naming this issue, 2014–2014
1 sentence

2014There is no proof in the record that the plaintiff submitted an affidavit of service by mail of an additional copy of the summons upon the defendant’s residence or last known residence in compliance with the additional service requirement of CPLR 3215 (g) (3) (see Bunch v Dollar Budget, Inc., 12 AD3d 391 [2004]; Schilling v Maren Enters., 302 AD2d 375, 376 [2003]; Ocuto Blacktop & Paving Co. v Trataros Constr., 277 AD2d 919, 920 [2000]; Rafa Enters. v Pigand Mgt.

11
Schilling v. Maren Enterprises, Inc.green
nyappdiv · 2003 · cited in 1 New York opinions naming this issue, 2014–2014
1 sentence

2014There is no proof in the record that the plaintiff submitted an affidavit of service by mail of an additional copy of the summons upon the defendant’s residence or last known residence in compliance with the additional service requirement of CPLR 3215 (g) (3) (see Bunch v Dollar Budget, Inc., 12 AD3d 391 [2004]; Schilling v Maren Enters., 302 AD2d 375, 376 [2003]; Ocuto Blacktop & Paving Co. v Trataros Constr., 277 AD2d 919, 920 [2000]; Rafa Enters. v Pigand Mgt.

11
Shine v. Rubensgreen
nyappdiv · 1993 · cited in 1 New York opinions naming this issue, 2003–2003
1 sentence

2003Where, as here, no prejudice has resulted to defendant from this technical violation of CPLR 5403, Supreme Court did not err in rejecting plaintiffs objection to the service as a defense to enforcement of the Michigan judgment (see Shine, Julianelle, Karp, Bozelko & Karazin v Rubens, 192 AD2d 345, 346 [1993], lv dismissed 82 NY2d 778 [1993], cert denied 511 US 1142 [1994]).

11
Beckman v. Greentree Securities, Inc.green
ny · 1996 · cited in 1 New York opinions naming this issue, 1999–1999
11
In Re the Estate of Malloygreen
ny · 1938 · cited in 1 New York opinions naming this issue, 1999–1999
11
First National Stores, Inc. v. Yellowstone Shopping Center, Inc.green
ny · 1968 · cited in 1 New York opinions naming this issue, 1999–1999
11
Roman Catholic Diocese v. New York State Department of Healthgreen
nyappdiv · 1985 · cited in 1 New York opinions naming this issue, 1992–1992
11
Schwartz v. Public Administratorgreen
ny · 1969 · cited in 1 New York opinions naming this issue, 1985–1985
11
Gilberg v. Barbierigreen
ny · 1981 · cited in 1 New York opinions naming this issue, 1985–1985
11

Distinguished, questioned or overruled (2)

CaseNegativeCited
Finnerty v. New York State Thruway Authoritygreen
ny · 1989 · cited in 2 New York opinions naming this issue, 1990–2025
2 sentences

2025Failure to serve a claim upon the Attorney General is a non-waivable jurisdictional defect which divests this Court of subject matter jurisdiction ( Finnerty v New York State Thruway Auth. , 75 NY2d 721, 723 [1989]; Caci v State of New York , 107 AD3d 1121, 1122 [3d Dept 2013]; Johnson v New York State , 71 AD3d 1355, 1355 [3d [*3]Dept 2010], lv denied 15 NY3d 703 [2010]).

1990Assuming, arguendo, that the service of the claim upon the Attorney-General by ordinary mail in contravention of Court of Claims Act § 11 gave rise to a defect in personal jurisdiction (see, Reed v State of New York, 147 AD2d 767 ; Thomas v State of New York, 144 AD2d 882 ; Baggett v State of New York, 124 AD2d 969 ; but see, Finnerty v New York State Thruway Auth., 75 NY2d 721 ; Mingues v State of New York, 146 Misc 2d 412 ), we find unpersuasive the State’s contention that the court improperly denied its motion for leave to amend its answer to assert that defense.

12
Mingues v. Stateyellow
nyclaimsct · 1990 · cited in 1 New York opinions naming this issue, 1990–1990
11

Also cited on this issue (52)

CaseCitedYears
In re M.M. green
nysupct · 2003
2 sentences

2025For example, in In re M.M. , 2 Misc 3d 747 , 771 NYS2d 315 [Supreme Court Rensselaer County 2003] the court dispensed with the notice requirement where the petitioning parent presented credible evidence the non-petitioning parent presented a safety threat to the petitioning parent and the infant.

2025For example, in In re M.M. , 2 Misc 3d 747 , 771 NYS2d 315 [Supreme Court Rensselaer County 2003] the court dispensed with the notice requirement where the petitioning parent presented credible evidence the non-petitioning parent presented a safety threat to the petitioning parent and the infant.

32025–2025
In re the Judicial Settlement of the Account of Whitcher green
nyappdiv · 1930
2 sentences

1944Ct. Act, § 211); and they probably will continue to be so considered until either the Legislature prescribes further steps to be taken by the claimant beyond those which he is now obliged to take, or until judicial interpretation reaches the same result.” Further discussing and comparing the decisions in Matter of Whitcher (supra) and Matter of Dietz ( 134 Misc. 393 ) Surrogate Feely wrote: ‘ ‘ As between the two opinions, that of the majority in the Whitcher case seems preferable to the others; and my conclusion is that the service of the claim and its quasi-judicial rejection as aforesaid to

1944Ct. Act, § 211); and they probably will continue to be so considered until either the Legislature prescribes further steps to be taken by the claimant beyond those which he is now obliged to take, or until judicial interpretation reaches the same result.” Further discussing and comparing the decisions in Matter of Whitcher (supra) and Matter of Dietz ( 134 Misc. 393 ) Surrogate Feely wrote: ‘ ‘ As between the two opinions, that of the majority in the Whitcher case seems preferable to the others; and my conclusion is that the service of the claim and its quasi-judicial rejection as aforesaid to

31935–1944
Wright v. Parole Division neutral
nyappdiv · 1987
2 sentences

1993Petitioner admittedly failed to comply with the service requirements and did not show "that his imprisonment presented obstacles beyond his control which prevented him from complying with the service requirement” (Matter of Wright v Parole Div., 132 AD2d 821, 822 ).

1993Petitioner failed to comply with the service requirements and failed to show that "his imprisonment presented obstacles beyond his control which prevented him from complying with the service requirement” (Matter of Wright v Parole Div., 132 AD2d 821, 822 ).

21993–1993
Hoyer v. Coughlin neutral
nyappdiv · 1992
2 sentences

1993Petitioner therefore did not acquire personal jurisdiction over respondents and the petition was properly dismissed (see, Matter of Hoyer v Coughlin, 179 AD2d 921 ; Matter of Wright v Parole Div., supra).

1993Petitioner thus failed to acquire personal jurisdiction over respondent and the proceeding was properly dismissed (see, Matter of Hoyer v Coughlin, 179 AD2d 921 ; Matter of Wright v Parole Div., supra).

21993–1993
In re Deitz green
nysurct · 1929
2 sentences

1944Ct. Act, § 211); and they probably will continue to be so considered until either the Legislature prescribes further steps to be taken by the claimant beyond those which he is now obliged to take, or until judicial interpretation reaches the same result.” Further discussing and comparing the decisions in Matter of Whitcher (supra) and Matter of Dietz ( 134 Misc. 393 ) Surrogate Feely wrote: ‘ ‘ As between the two opinions, that of the majority in the Whitcher case seems preferable to the others; and my conclusion is that the service of the claim and its quasi-judicial rejection as aforesaid to

1936On the contrary, Surrogate Feely in a very learned and comprehensive opinion writes in Matter of Schorer ( 154 Misc. 198, at p. 208 ): “ As between the two opinions [referring to Matter of Whitcher (supra) and Matter of Deitz ( 134 Misc. 393 ), decided in June, 1929, apparently conflicting opinions] that of the majority in the Whitcher case seems preferable to the others; and my conclusion is that the service of the claim and its quasi-judicial rejection as aforesaid together constituted the joinder of an issue on the claimant’s interposition of his demand by intervening in the official liquid

21936–1944
In re the Estate of Schorer neutral
nysurct · 1935
2 sentences

1936In Matter of Schorer ( 154 Misc. 198 ) the claimant presented a timely verified claim against the estate for services rendered to the decedent.

1936On the contrary, Surrogate Feely in a very learned and comprehensive opinion writes in Matter of Schorer ( 154 Misc. 198, at p. 208 ): “ As between the two opinions [referring to Matter of Whitcher (supra) and Matter of Deitz ( 134 Misc. 393 ), decided in June, 1929, apparently conflicting opinions] that of the majority in the Whitcher case seems preferable to the others; and my conclusion is that the service of the claim and its quasi-judicial rejection as aforesaid together constituted the joinder of an issue on the claimant’s interposition of his demand by intervening in the official liquid

21936–1936
Schutz v. . Morette green
ny · 1895
2 sentences

1935(Reynolds v. Collins, 3 Hill, 36 ; Schutz v. Morette, 146 N. Y. 137 ; Matter of Rogers, 153 id. 316, 322.) “ However, the jurisdiction of the Surrogate’s Court in respect of contested claims has been so radically changed and enlarged since these decisions as to weaken their logic.” Apropos of that radical change, it will be recalled that before 1914 a written claim, and a notice of its rejection, and a stipulation for its trial, were jurisdictionally prerequisite to enable the Surrogate’s Court to try the disputed claim.

1930(Reynolds v. Collins, 3 Hill, 36 ; Schutz v. Morette, 146 N. Y. 137, 144 ; Matter of Rogers, 153 id. 316, 322.) However, the jurisdiction of the Surrogate’s Court in respect of contested claims has been so radically changed and enlarged since these decisions as to weaken their logic.

21930–1935
Lobo v. Soto green
nyappdiv · 2010
1 sentence

2017“The method of service provided for in an order to show cause is jurisdictional in nature and must be strictly complied with.” (Matter of El Greco Socy. of Visual Arts, Inc. v Diamantidis, 47 AD3d 929, 929 [2008]; Lobo v Soto, 73 AD3d 1135 [2010]; Matter of Hennessey v DiCarlo, 21 AD3d 505 [2005].) Moreover, “the court in an order to show cause is not restricted to the methods [of personal service] prescribed by CPLR 308 and can devise yet other methods good for the particular case.” (Connors, Practice Commentaries, McKinney’s Cons Laws of NY, Book 7B, CPLR 2214:24.) This court has previously

12017–2017
Hennessey v. DiCarlo green
nyappdiv · 2005
1 sentence

2017“The method of service provided for in an order to show cause is jurisdictional in nature and must be strictly complied with.” (Matter of El Greco Socy. of Visual Arts, Inc. v Diamantidis, 47 AD3d 929, 929 [2008]; Lobo v Soto, 73 AD3d 1135 [2010]; Matter of Hennessey v DiCarlo, 21 AD3d 505 [2005].) Moreover, “the court in an order to show cause is not restricted to the methods [of personal service] prescribed by CPLR 308 and can devise yet other methods good for the particular case.” (Connors, Practice Commentaries, McKinney’s Cons Laws of NY, Book 7B, CPLR 2214:24.) This court has previously

12017–2017
Wells Fargo Bank, N.A. v. Bowie green
nyappdiv · 2011
1 sentence

2016The proposed intervenors lack standing to raise the improper service defense on behalf of the mortgagor (see Wells Fargo Bank, N.A. v Bowie, 89 AD3d 931 [2d Dept 2011]).

12016–2016
Gardner v. City University of New York green
nyclaimsct · 2013
2 sentences

2015This court is in agreement with the conclusion of the Honorable Judge Weinstein in Gardner v City Univ. of N.Y. ( 41 Misc 3d 912 [Ct Cl 2013]) that a failure to abide by a court-imposed deadline, as distinct from the time limitations of Court of Claims Act § 10, is not a jurisdictional defect “ ‘fundamental to the power of adjudication of a court’ ” ( 41 Misc 3d at 917 , quoting Manhattan Telecom.

2015This court is in agreement with the conclusion of the Honorable Judge Weinstein in Gardner v City Univ. of N.Y. ( 41 Misc 3d 912 [Ct Cl 2013]) that a failure to abide by a court-imposed deadline, as distinct from the time limitations of Court of Claims Act § 10, is not a jurisdictional defect “ ‘fundamental to the power of adjudication of a court’ ” ( 41 Misc 3d at 917 , quoting Manhattan Telecom.

12015–2015
Rafa Enterprises, Inc. v. Pigand Management Corp. green
nyappdiv · 1992
1 sentence

2014Corp., 184 AD2d 329 [1992]).

12014–2014
Bunch v. Dollar Budget, Inc. green
nyappdiv · 2004
1 sentence

2014There is no proof in the record that the plaintiff submitted an affidavit of service by mail of an additional copy of the summons upon the defendant’s residence or last known residence in compliance with the additional service requirement of CPLR 3215 (g) (3) (see Bunch v Dollar Budget, Inc., 12 AD3d 391 [2004]; Schilling v Maren Enters., 302 AD2d 375, 376 [2003]; Ocuto Blacktop & Paving Co. v Trataros Constr., 277 AD2d 919, 920 [2000]; Rafa Enters. v Pigand Mgt.

12014–2014
Lepkowski v. State of NY green
ny · 2003
1 sentence

2008Compliance with the filing and service provisions set forth within Court of Claims Act § 11 is jurisdictional in nature (see Kolnacki, 8 NY3d 277 [2007] [the failure to recite total sum due under section 11 (former [b]) is jurisdictional defect]; Lepkowski, 1 NY3d 201 [2003] [the failure to address pleading provisions set forth within section 11 (b) is jurisdictional defect]; Filozof v State of New York, 45 AD3d 1405 [2007] [service by registered mail did not conform to section 11 (a) (i)’s requirement of certified mailing, and thus is jurisdictionally deficient]).

12008–2008
Filozof v. State green
nyappdiv · 2007
1 sentence

2008Compliance with the filing and service provisions set forth within Court of Claims Act § 11 is jurisdictional in nature (see Kolnacki, 8 NY3d 277 [2007] [the failure to recite total sum due under section 11 (former [b]) is jurisdictional defect]; Lepkowski, 1 NY3d 201 [2003] [the failure to address pleading provisions set forth within section 11 (b) is jurisdictional defect]; Filozof v State of New York, 45 AD3d 1405 [2007] [service by registered mail did not conform to section 11 (a) (i)’s requirement of certified mailing, and thus is jurisdictionally deficient]).

12008–2008
Kolnacki v. State green
ny · 2007
1 sentence

2008Compliance with the filing and service provisions set forth within Court of Claims Act § 11 is jurisdictional in nature (see Kolnacki, 8 NY3d 277 [2007] [the failure to recite total sum due under section 11 (former [b]) is jurisdictional defect]; Lepkowski, 1 NY3d 201 [2003] [the failure to address pleading provisions set forth within section 11 (b) is jurisdictional defect]; Filozof v State of New York, 45 AD3d 1405 [2007] [service by registered mail did not conform to section 11 (a) (i)’s requirement of certified mailing, and thus is jurisdictionally deficient]).

12008–2008
Shine, Julianelle, Karp, Bozelko & Karazin, P. C. v. Rubens neutral
ny · 1993
1 sentence

2003Where, as here, no prejudice has resulted to defendant from this technical violation of CPLR 5403, Supreme Court did not err in rejecting plaintiffs objection to the service as a defense to enforcement of the Michigan judgment (see Shine, Julianelle, Karp, Bozelko & Karazin v Rubens, 192 AD2d 345, 346 [1993], lv dismissed 82 NY2d 778 [1993], cert denied 511 US 1142 [1994]).

12003–2003
Rubens v. Shine, Julianelle, Karp, Bozelko & Karazin, P. C. neutral
scotus · 1994
1 sentence

2003Where, as here, no prejudice has resulted to defendant from this technical violation of CPLR 5403, Supreme Court did not err in rejecting plaintiffs objection to the service as a defense to enforcement of the Michigan judgment (see Shine, Julianelle, Karp, Bozelko & Karazin v Rubens, 192 AD2d 345, 346 [1993], lv dismissed 82 NY2d 778 [1993], cert denied 511 US 1142 [1994]).

12003–2003
Fosco Fabricators, Inc. v. State green
nyappdiv · 1983
1 sentence

2002The claimant’s service of the claim upon the Attorney General on behalf of the State did not satisfy that requirement (see Fosco Fabricators v State of New York, 94 AD2d 667 ; Mem of Off of Gen Servs, L 1970, ch 513, 1970 Legis Ann, at 210).

12002–2002
Worldcom, Inc. v. Dialing Loving Care, Inc. green
nyappdiv · 2000
1 sentence

2002Since defendants did not move to dismiss the complaint until more than 60 days after they served their answer, in which lack of personal jurisdiction was raised as an affirmative defense, the improper service defense was waived (CPLR 3211 [e]; Worldcom, Inc. v Dialing Loving Care, 269 AD2d 159 ).

12002–2002
Maniscalco v. Power neutral
ny · 1957
12001–2001
Maniscalco v. Power green
nysupct · 1957
12001–2001
Maniscalco v. Power green
nyappdiv · 1957
12001–2001
Square Rigger Bar v. New York State Liquor Authority neutral
nyappdiv · 1992
11998–1998
Columbia Gas of New York, Inc. v. New York State Electric & Gas Corp. green
ny · 1971
11997–1997
Splawnik v. Di Caprio green
nyappdiv · 1989
11995–1995
Westwood Pharmaceuticals, Inc. v. Chu green
nyappdiv · 1990
11995–1995
ICS/Executone Telecom, Inc. v. Performance Parts Warehouse, Inc. green
nyappdiv · 1991
11995–1995
Radford v. Sheridan Products, Inc. green
nyappdiv · 1992
11995–1995
Enderby v. Keppler green
nyappdiv · 1992
11995–1995
Zuckerman v. City of New York green
ny · 1980
11992–1992
West v. West green
nyappdiv · 1984
11991–1991
Newell v. Newell green
nysupct · 1983
11991–1991
Mylett v. Mylett green
nyappdiv · 1990
11991–1991
Addesso v. Shemtob green
ny · 1987
11990–1990
Leon v. Montano neutral
nyappdiv · 1986
11990–1990
Baggett v. State green
nyappdiv · 1986
11990–1990
Thomas v. State neutral
nyappdiv · 1988
11990–1990
Reed v. State neutral
nyappdiv · 1989
11990–1990
Markoff v. South Nassau Community Hospital green
ny · 1984
11989–1989

Statutes the citing opinions construe

NY § N.Y. Civil Rights Law § 62 (3) NY § N.Y. Civil Rights Law § 63 (3)

Counted by distinct opinions that both name this issue and are annotated to the section; sections every opinion cites regardless of issue are not filtered here, so read the counts against the total above.

Where else courts name it

NY 37 (1906–2026) PA 34 (1847–2026) TX 30 (1984–2024) OH 26 (1948–2026) IL 23 (1979–2026) CA 22 (1936–2025) GA 19 (1909–2026) WA 17 (1989–2022) NJ 11 (1956–2024) NC 10 (1998–2024) WI 9 (1979–2025) MN 8 (1989–2024) LA 8 (1920–2018) IA 7 (1984–2022) AR 6 (2001–2023) MI 6 (1906–2025) FL 6 (1933–2017) MO 6 (1984–2015) AZ 6 (1986–2010) OR 6 (1980–2024) DC 5 (1949–2014) KS 5 (1980–2026) CT 5 (1914–2000) TN 4 (2020–2025) VT 3 (1859–2024) UT 3 (2016–2016) HI 3 (1992–2008) CO 3 (1964–1989) ND 3 (2006–2018) VA 3 (1936–1989) WV 2 (1885–2013) VI 2 (2000–2017) AL 2 (1988–2011) NM 2 (1996–2009) MD 2 (2004–2009) OK 2 (2017–2017)

Opinions by the citing court's state. A doctrine retained in one state and abandoned in another shows up here as a year span that stalls.

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